Public Enemy No. 1?: Understanding Media Representations of Outlier Views on Climate Change

American Behavioral Scientist

Volumn 57, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 796-817

  Boykoff, Maxwell T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

climate change; contrarians; cultural politics; deniers; media; outliers; skeptics

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877834013     PISSN: 00027642     EISSN: 15523381     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0002764213476846     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. AdamD. (2010, July7). Climategate review clears scientists of dishonesty over data. Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/jul/07/climategate-review-clears-scientists-dishonesty.
2. Ball J.The earth cools, and fight over warming heats up.Wall Street Journal. 2009;:A21.
3. BenjaminY. (2009, September19). Republican talking points, memes, gotchas and new conservatism. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved from http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/ybenjamin/detail?entry_id=47968.
4. Bennett W. L.News: The politics of illusion. New York, NY: Longman; 2002:.
5. BookerC. (2009, November28). Climate change: This is the worst scientific scandal of our generation. Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/christopherbooker/6679082/Climate-change-this-is-the-worst-scientific-scandal-of-our-generation.html.
6. Borenstein S.Impact: Statisticians reject global cooling.Associated Press. 2009;:.
7. Boykoff M.Lost in translation? United States television news coverage of anthropogenic climate change, 1995-2004.Climatic Change. 2008a;86 (1): 1-11.
8. Boykoff M.The real swindle.Nature Reports Climate Change. 2008b;2 (2): 31-32.
9. Boykoff M."We speak for the trees": Media reporting on the environment.Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 2009;34:431-458.
10. Boykoff M.,Boykoff J.Bias as balance: Global warming and the U.S. prestige press.Global Environmental Change. 2004;14 (2): 125-136.
11. Boykoff M.,Boykoff J.Climate change and journalistic norms: A case-study of U.S. mass-media coverage.Geoforum. 2007;38 (6): 1190-1204.
12. Boykoff M.,Goodman M.,Curtis I.The politics of climate change: A survey. Boykoff M., ed. London, UK: Routledge/Europa; 2009:136-154.
13. Boykoff M.,Mansfield M."Ye olde hot aire": Reporting on human contributions to climate change in the UK tabloid press.Environmental Research Letters. 2008;3 (2): 1-8.
14. BrainardC. (2010, July12). Mediaphobia at the IPCC. Observatory-Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved from http://www.cjr.org/the_observatory/mediaphobia_at_the_ipcc.php.
15. Broder J.Climate fight is heating up in deep freeze.New York Times. 2010;:A1-A18.
16. Brumfiel G.Supplanting the old media?.Nature. 2009;458:274-277.
17. Carvalho A.Ideological cultures and media discourses on scientific knowledge: Re-reading news on climate change.Public Understanding of Science. 2007;16:223-243.
18. Carvalho A.,Burgess J.Cultural circuits of climate change in UK broadsheet newspapers, 1985-2003.Risk Analysis. 2005;25 (6): 1457-1469.
19. Climate lobby explosion. Washington, DC: Author; 2009:.
20. Cunningham B.Re-thinking objectivity.Columbia Journalism Review. 2003;42:24-32.
21. Cushman J. H.Industrial group plans to battle climate treaty.New York Times. 1998;:A1.
22. Donald Trump: Climate campaigner Al Gore should be stripped of Nobel Peace Prize after record snow storms. (2010, February15). Daily Mail Online. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1251283/Donald-Trump-Climate-campaigner-Al-Gore-stripped-Nobel-Peace-Prize-record-snow-storms.html.
23. FifeldA. (2009, November3). US rightwing activists curb efforts to cut CO2 emissions. Financial Times. Retrieved from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1d650e00-c8b7-11de-8f9d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2KhOkKQQ5.
24. Foucault M.Power/knowledge. New York, NY: Pantheon; 1980:.
25. Freudenburg W. R.,Gramling R.,Davidson D. J.Scientific certainty argumentation methods (SCAMs): Science and the politics of doubt.Sociological Inquiry. 2008;78:2-38.
26. Gamson W. A.,Croteau D.,Hoynes W.,Sasson T.Media images and the social construction of reality.Annual Review of Sociology. 1992;18:373-393.
27. Gavin N.Climate change and the media. Boyce T.Lewis J., ed. London, UK: Peter Lang; 2009:129-144.
28. Gieryn T.Cultural boundaries of science: Credibility on the line. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1999:.
29. GronewoldN. (2009, May4). Hansen hopes lawmakers approach to climate will fail. Energy and Environment Reporter. Retrieved from http://www.eenews.net/climatewire/2009/05/04/archive/6?terms=Hansen+hopes+lawmakers+approach+to+climate+will+fail.
30. Hall S.Representation: Cultural representation and signifying practices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1997:.
31. Harvey F.Research says climate change undeniable.Financial Times. 2010;:1.
32. Hoffman A.Talking past each other? Cultural framing of skeptical and convinced logics in the climate change debate.Organization & Environment. 2011;24 (1): 3-33.
33. Hoggan J.,Littlemore R.Climate cover-up: The crusade to deny global warming. Vancouver, Canada: Greystone Books; 2009:.
34. HudsonP. (2009, October13). What happened to global warming?BBC News. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8299079.stm.
35. Hulme M.Why we disagree about climate change: Understanding controversy, inaction and opportunity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2009:.
36. Iyengar S.Is anyone responsible?. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1991:.
37. Jacques P. J.,Dunlap R. E.,Freeman M.The organization of denial.Environmental Politics. 2008;17:349-385.
38. Kahan D. M.,Jenkins-Smith H.,Braman D.Cultural cognition of scientific consensus.Journal of Risk Research. 2010;9 (2): 1-28.
39. LeanG. (2009, November6). American economists recognise the climate change threat. Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthcomment/geoffrey-lean/6515182/American-economists-recognise-the-climate-change-threat.html.
40. Leiserowitz A.American risk perceptions: Is climate change dangerous?.Risk Analysis. 2005;25:1433-1442.
41. Littler J.Radical consumption: Shopping for change in contemporary culture. London, UK: Open University Press; 2009:.
42. Luke T. W.Discourses of the environment. Darier É., ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell; 1999:121-151.
43. MayerJ. (2010, August30). Covert operations: The billionaire brothers who are waging a war against Obama. New Yorker. Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/08/30/100830fa_fact_mayer.
44. McCright A. M.Creating a climate for change: Communicating climate change and facilitating social change. Moser S. C.Dilling L., ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2007:200-212.
45. McCright A. M.,Dunlap R. E.Challenging global warming as a social problem: An analysis of the conservative movement's counter-claims.Social Problems. 2000;47 (4): 499-522.
46. McCright A. M.,Dunlap R. E.Defeating Kyoto: The conservative movement's impact on U.S. climate change policy.Social Problems. 2003;50 (3): 348-373.
47. Media Transparency. (2009). Bridge Project. Retrieved from http://mediamattersaction.org/transparency/.
48. MonbiotG. (2009, November25). Pretending the climate email leak isn't a crisis won't make it go away. Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/georgemonbiot/2009/nov/25/monbiot-climate-leak-crisis-response.
49. Moser S. C.,Dilling L.Creating a climate for change: Communicating climate change and facilitating social change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2007:.
50. MulkernA. C. (2010, August17). Oil group, climate bill supporters clash in summer campaigns. Energy and Environment. Retrieved from http://www.eenews.net/Greenwire/print/2010/08/17/1.
51. Nisbet M.,Mooney C.Framing science.Science. 2007;316:56.
52. O'Neill S. J.,Boykoff M.Climate denier, skeptic, or contrarian?.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010a;107 (39): 151.
53. O'Neill S. J.,Boykoff M.Engaging the public with climate change: Communication and behaviour change. Whitmarsh L.O'Neill S. J.Lorenzoni I., ed. London, UK: Earthscan; 2010b:233-251.
54. O'Reilly B.The O'Reilly Factor. New York, NY: Fox News; 2009:.
55. Oreskes N.Science and public policy: What's proof got to do with it?.Environmental Science and Policy. 2004;7:369-385.
56. OwenJ.BignellP. (2010, February7). Think-tanks take oil money and use it to fund climate deniers. Independent (London). Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/thinktanks-take-oil-money-and-use-it-to-fund-climate-deniers-1891747.html.
57. PalinS. (2009, December8). Sarah Palin on the politicization of the Copenhagen climate conference. Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/08/AR2009120803402.html.
58. Pielke R. A.The climate fix: What scientists and politicians won't tell you about global warming. New York, NY: Basic Books; 2010:.
59. Pooley E.How much would you pay to save the planet? The American press and the economics of climate change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Kennedy School, Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics, and Public Policy; 2009:.
60. Pew Center Project for Excellence in Journalism. (2009, October12-16). Global warming and a balloon drama drive the online conversation. Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/index_report/global_warming_and_balloon_drama_drive_online_conversation.
61. Pew Center Project for Excellence in Journalism. (2010, March29-April2). Bloggers focus on two favorite subjects: Health care and global warming. Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/index_report/bloggers_focus_two_favorite_subjects_health_care_and_global_warming.
62. Randerson J.Hellbent on sabotage or just misguided? Meet the climate sceptics.Guardian. 2009;:A1.
63. RevkinA. (2010a, February10). The distracting debate over climate certainty. Dot Earth New York Times. Retrieved from http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/10/the-distracting-debate-over-climate-certainty/.
64. RevkinA. (2010b, July10). Climate panel struggles with media plan. Dot Earth New York Times. Retrieved from http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/10/climate-panel-struggles-with-media-plan/.
65. Revkin A.,Broder J.Facing skeptics, climate experts sure of peril.New York Times. 2009;:A1.
66. RidleyM. (2010, February3). Global warming guerillas. Spectator UK. Retrieved from http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/all/5749853/the-global-warming-guerrillas.thtml.
67. Sample I.Scientists offered cash to dispute climate study.The Guardian. 2007;:A1.
68. SandellC.BlakemoreB. (2006, July27). Making money by feeding confusion over global warming. ABC News. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/GlobalWarming/story?id=2242565&page=1.
69. Schneider S. H.Science as a contact sport: Inside the battle to save earth's climate. Washington, DC: National Geographic; 2009:.
70. Shapiro H. T.,Diab R.,de Brito Cruz C. H.,Cropper M.,Fang J.,Fresco L. O.,Zakri A. H.Review of the IPCC: An evaluation of the procedures and processes of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Amsterdam, Netherlands: InterAcademy Council; 2010:.
71. SoraghanM. (2010, September9). Companies play "name that disaster" with an eye on posterity. Energy and Environment. Retrieved from http://www.eenews.net/public/Greenwire/2010/09/09/1.
72. SunsteinC. (2007). Republic.com 2.0. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
73. Van Dijk J.The network society. London, UK: Sage; 2006:.
74. Weingart P.,Engels A.,Pansesgrau P.Risks of communication: Discourses on climate change in science, politics, and the mass media.Public Understanding of Science. 2000;9:261-283.
75. Global warming: Fact or fiction?. Providence, RI: Author; 2009:.
76. WRKO. (2009, July2). Richard Lindzen: Global warming denier. Interview with Howie Carr. Retrieved from http://audio.wrko.com/m/audio/24111309/richard-lindzen-global-warming-denier.htm.