Prescription drug misuse: A test of three competing criminological theories

Journal of Drug Issues

Volumn 42, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 4-27

  Schroeder, Ryan D ^a   Ford, Jason A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Criminological theories; Drug misuse; National Survey on Drug Use and Health

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877767577     PISSN: 00220426     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022042612436654     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Adlaf, E., Ivis, F., Smart, R., & Walsh, G. (1996). Enduring resurgence of statistical blip? Recent trends from the Ontario Student Drug Use Survey. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 87, 189-192.
2. Agnew, R. (1985). A revised strain theory of delinquency. Social Forces, 64, 151-167.
3. Agnew, R. (1991). The interactive effects of peer variables on delinquency. Criminology, 29, 47-72.
4. Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30, 47-87.
5. Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 38, 319-361.
6. Agnew, R. (2003). An integrated theory of the adolescent peak in offending. Youth & Society, 34, 263-299.
7. Agnew, R. (2006). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
8. Agnew, R., & White, H. R. (1992). An empirical test of general strain theory. Criminology, 30, 475-499.
9. Akers, R. L. (1985). Deviant behavior: A social learning approach. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
10. Akers, R. L. (1998). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
11. Akers, R. L., Burgess, R. L., & Johnson, W. (1968). Opiate use, addiction, and relapse. Socia1Problems, 15, 459-469.
12. Akers, R. L., & Cochran, J. K. (1985). Adolescent marijuana use: A test of three theories of deviant behavior. Deviant Behavior, 6, 323-346.
13. Akers, R. L., Krohn, M. D., Lanza-Kaduce, L., & Radosevich, M. (1979). Social learning and deviant behavior: A specific test of a general theory. American Sociological Review, 44, 636-655.
14. Akers, R. L., & Lee, G. (1999). Age, social learning, and social bonding in adolescent substance use. Deviant Behavior, 19, 1-25.
15. Andrews, J. A., Hops, H., Ary, D. V., & Tildesley, E. (1993). Parental influence on early adolescent substance use: Specific and nonspecific effects. Journal of Early Adolescence, 13, 285-310.
16. Aquilino, W. S. (1994). Interview mode effects in surveys of drug and alcohol use: A field experiment. Public Opinion Quarterly, 58, 210-240.
17. Babcock, Q., & Byrne, T. (2000). Student perceptions of methylphenidate abuse at a public liberal arts college. Journal of American College Health, 49, 143-145.
18. Bahr, S. J., Maughan, S. L., Marcos, A. C., & Li, B. (1998). Family, religion, and the risk of adolescent drug use. Journal of Marriage and Family, 60, 979-992.
19. Baier, C. J., & Wright, B. R. E. (2001). If you love me, keep my commandments: A meta-analysis of the effect of religion on crime. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 38, 3-21.
20. Brauer, J. R. (2009). Testing social learning theory using reinforcements residue: A multilevel analysis of self-reported theft and marijuana use in the National Youth Survey. Criminology, 47, 929-970.
21. Brezina, T. (1996). Adapting to strain: An examination of delinquent coping responses. Criminology, 34, 39-60.
22. Bryant, A. L., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2002). Examining the effects of academic beliefs and behaviors on changes in substance use among urban adolescents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 621-637.
23. Burkett, S., & White, M. (1974). Hellfire and delinquency: Another look. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 13, 455-462.
24. Carson, D. C., Sullivan, C. J., Cochran, J. K., & Lersch, K. M. (2008). General strain theory and the relationship between early victimization and drug use. Deviant Behavior, 30, 54-88.
25. Catalano, R. F., Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Newcomb, M. D., & Abbot, R. D. (1996). Modeling the etiology of adolescent substance use: A test of the social development model. Journal of Drug Issues, 26, 429-455.
26. Chapple, C. L., Hope, T. L., & Whiteford, S. W. (2005). The direct and indirect effects of parental bonds, parental drug use, and self-control on adolescent substance use. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 14, 17-39.
27. Cicero, T. J., Inciardi, J. A., & Munoz, A. (2005). Trends in abuse of OxyContin and other opioid analgesics in the United States. Journal of Pain, 6, 662-672.
28. Cloward, R., & Ohlin, L. (1960). Delinquency and opportunity. New York, NY: Free Press.
29. Cohen, A. (1955). Delinquent boys. New York, NY: Free Press.
30. Dichter, M. S. (1968). Marijuana and the law: The constitutional challenges to marijuana laws in light of the social aspects of marijuana use. Villanova Law Review, 13, 851-879.
31. Dishion, T. J., & Loeber, R. (1985). Adolescent marijuana and alcohol use: The role of parents and peers revisited. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 11, 11-25.
32. Elliott, D. S. (1994). Serious violent offenders: Onset, developmental course, and terminations-The American Society of Criminology 1993 Presidential Address. Criminology, 32, 1-22.
33. Elliott, D. S., & Huizinga, D. (1984). The relationship between delinquent behavior and ADM problems. The National Youth Survey Project Report (Report No. 28). Boulder, CO: Behavioral Research Institute.
34. Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
35. Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D. & Menard, S. (1989). Multiple problem youth: Delinquency, drugs, and mental health problems. New York, NY: Springer.
36. Evans, T. D., Cullen, F. T., Dunaway, R. G., & Burton, V. S., Jr. (1995). Religion and crime reexamined: The impact of religion, secular controls, and social ecology on adult criminality. Criminology, 33, 195-224.
37. Fazey, C. (1973). Merton, retreatism and drug addiction: The testing of a theory. Sociological Review, 21, 417-436.
38. Ford, J. A. (2008). Nonmedical prescription drug use and delinquency: An analysis with a national sample. Journal of Drug Issues, 38, 493-516.
39. Ford, J. A. (2009). Nonmedical prescription drug use among adolescents: The influence of bonds to family and school. Youth & Society, 40, 336-352.
40. Ford, J. A., & Schroeder, R. D. (2009). Academic strain and non-medical use of prescription stimulants among college students. Deviant Behavior, 30, 26-53.
41. Galliher, J. F., McCartney, J. L., & Baum B. E. (1974). Nebraskas marijuana law: A case of unexpected legislative innovation. Law and Society Review, 8, 441-455.
42. Glueck, S. T., & Glueck, E. T. (1950). Unraveling juvenile delinquency. New York, NY: Commonwealth Fund.
43. Goode, E. (1969). Marijuana and the politics of reality. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 83-94.
44. Hammersley, R., Jenkins, R., & Reid, M. (2001). Cannabis use and social identity. Addiction Research & Theory, 9, 133-150.
45. Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol use and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance use prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64-105.
46. Hawkins, J. D., Lishner, D. M., Catalano, R. F., & Howard, M. O. (1985). Toward an empirically grounded theory. Journal of Children in Contemporary Society, 18, 11-48.
47. Heimer, K., & Matsueda, R. (1994). Role-taking, role commitment, and delinquency: A theory of differential social control. American Sociological Review, 59, 365-390.
48. Higgins, G. E., Mahoney, M., & Ricketts, M. L. (2009). Nonsocial reinforcement of the nonmedical use of prescription drugs: A partial test of social learning and self-control theories. Journal of Drug Issues, 4, 949-964.
49. Higgins, P. C., & Albrecht, G. L. (1977). Hellfire and delinquency revisited. Social Forces, 55, 952-958.
50. Hill, T. D., Burdette, A. M., Weiss, M. L., & Chitwood, D. D. (2009). Religious involvement and adolescent substance use. In C. G. Leukefeld, T. P. Gullota, & M. S. Staton-Tindall (Eds.), Adolescent substance abuse: Evidence-based approaches to prevention and treatment. New York, NY: Springer.
51. Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.
52. Hoffmann, J. P. (1995). The effects of family structure and family relations on adolescent marijuana use. International Journal of the Addictions, 30, 1207-1241.
53. Hoffmann, J. P., Cerbone, F. G., & Su, S. S. (2000). Growth curve analysis of stress and adolescent drug use. Substance Use & Misuse, 35, 687-716.
54. Hoffmann, J. P., & Su, S. S. (1997). The conditional effects of stress on delinquency and drug use: A strain theory assessment of sex differences. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 34, 46-78.
55. Horan, P. M., & Phillips, S. (2003). Theory mapping in social research: An application to social learning theory. In R. L. Akers & G. F. Jensen (Eds.), Social learning theory and the explanation of crime. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
56. Hurwitz, W. (2005). The challenge of prescription drug misuse: A review and commentary. Pain Medicine, 6, 152-161.
57. Jang, S. J., & Johnson, B. R. (2001). Neighborhood disorder, individual religiosity, and adolescent use of illicit drugs: A test of multilevel hypotheses. Criminology, 39, 109-144.
58. Jensen, G., & Erickson, M. (1979). The religious factor and delinquency: Another look at the hellfire hypothesis. In R. Wuthnow (Ed.), The religious dimension: New direction in quantitative research. New York, NY: Academic Press.
59. Johnston, L. D., OMalley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2006). Monitoring the future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2005. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Drug Abuse.
60. Kandel, D. (1973). Adolescent marijuana use: The role of parents and peers. Science, 181, 1067-1070.
61. Kandel, D. (1985). On processes of peer influences in adolescent drug use: A developmental perspective. Advances in Alcohol & Substance Abuse, 4, 139-163.
62. Kandel, D. (1990). Parenting styles, drug use and childrens adjustment in families of young adults. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 186-196.
63. Kandel, D., & Davis, M. (1992). Progression to regular marijuana involvement: Phenomenology and risk factors for near-daily use. In M. Glantz & R. Pickens (Eds.), Vulnerability to drug abuse (pp. 211-253). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
64. Kandel, D., Kessler, R., & Marguelis, R. (1978). Antecedents to adolescent initiation to drug use: A developmental analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 7, 13-40.
65. Kaplan, H. B., Martin, S. S., & Robins, C. (1984). Pathways to adolescent drug use: Self-derogation, peer influence, weakening of social controls, and early substance use. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 25, 270-289.
66. Knight, D. K., Broome, K. M., Cross, D. R., & Simpson, D. D. (1998). Antisocial tendency among drugaddicted adults: Potential long-term effects of parental absence, support and conflict during childhood. American Journal of Drug Issues, 24, 361-375.
67. Kollins, S. H., Barkley, R. A., & DuPaul, G. J. (2001). Use and management of medication for children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Focus on Exceptional Children, 33, 1-24.
68. Krohn, M. D. (1999). Social learning theory: The continuing development of a perspective. Theoretical Criminology, 3, 462-476.
69. Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., Thornberry, T. P., Smith, C., & McDowall, D. (1996). Reciprocal causal relationships among drug use, peers, and beliefs: A five-wave panel model. Journal of Drug Issues, 26, 405-428.
70. Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquency boys to age 70! Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
71. Low, K. G., & Gendaszek, A. E. (2002). Illicit use of psychostimulants among college students: A preliminary study. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 7, 283-287.
72. Marcos, A. C., Bahr, S. J., & Johnson, R. E. (1986). Test of a bonding/association theory of adolescent drug use. Social Forces, 65, 135-161.
73. Matsueda, R. L. (1982). Testing control theory and differential association: A causal modeling approach. American Sociological Review, 47, 489-504.
74. Matsueda, R. L., & Anderson, K. (1998). The dynamics of delinquent peers and delinquent behavior. Criminology, 36, 269-308.
75. McCabe, S. E., Boyd, C. J., & Young, A. (2007). Medical and nonmedical use of prescription drugs among secondary school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 76-83.
76. McCabe, S. E., Teter, C. J., & Boyd, C. J. (2006). Medical use, illicit use, and diversion of abusable prescription drugs. Journal of American College Health, 54, 269-278.
77. McDermott, D. (1984). The relationship of parental drug use and parents attitude concerning adolescent drug use to adolescent drug use. Adolescence, 19, 89-97.
78. Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and Anomie. American Sociological Review, 3, 672-682.
79. Messner, S. F., Krohn, M. D., & Liska, A. E. (1989). Theoretical integration in the study of deviance and crime: Problems and prospects. Albany: State University of New York Press.
80. Mounts, N. S. (2002). Parental management of adolescent peer relationships in context: The role of parenting style. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 58-69.
81. The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University. (2005). Under the counter: The diversion and abuse of controlled prescription drugs in the U.S. New York. New York, NY: Author.
82. Novins, D. K., & Mitchell, C. M. (1998). Factors associated with marijuana use among American Indian adolescents. Addiction, 93, 1963-1702.
83. Nye, F. I. (1958). Family relationships and delinquent behaviors. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
84. Peralta, R. L., & Steele, J. L. (2010). Nonmedical prescription drug use among US college students at a Midwest university: A partial test of social learning theory. Substance Use & Misuse, 45, 865-887.
85. Perkins, W. H. (1985). Religious traditions, parents, and peers as determinants of alcohol and drug use among college students. Review of Religious Research, 27, 15-31.
86. Petraitis, J., Flay, B. R., & Miller, T. Q. (1995). Reviewing theories of adolescent substance use: Organizing pieces in the puzzle. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 67-86.
87. Poulin, C. (2001). Medical and nonmedical stimulant use among adolescents: From sanctioned to unsanctioned. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 165, 1039-1044.
88. Poulin, C., & Elliott, D. (1997). Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use among Nova Scotia adolescents: Implications for prevention and harm reduction. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 156, 1387-1393.
89. Preston, J. D., & Fry, P. A. (1971). Marijuana use among Houston high school students. Social Science Quarterly, 52, 170-178.
90. Quintero, G., Peterson, J., & Young, B. (2006). An exploratory study of socio-cultural factors contributing to prescription drug misuse among college students. Journal of Drug Issues, 36, 903-931.
91. Reasons, C. E. (1974). The politics of drugs: An inquiry in the sociology of social problems. Sociological Quarterly, 15, 381-404.
92. Reckless, W. C. (1973). The crime problem (5th ed.). New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
93. Resnick, M. D., Bearman, P. S., Blum, R. W., Bauman, K. E., Harris, K. M., & Jones, J. (1997). Protecting adolescents from harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 823-832.
94. Roeser, R. W., Eccles, J. S., & Freedman-Doan, C. (1999). Academic functioning and mental health in adolescence: Patterns, progressions, routes from childhood. Journal of Adolescent Research, 14, 135-174.
95. Salmon, R. (1972). An analysis of public marijuana policy. Social Casework, 53, 19-29.
96. Sampson, R. J. (1999). Techniques of research neutralization. Theoretical Criminology, 3, 438-451.
97. Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
98. Sanders, C. R. (1975). Caught in the con-game: The young, White drug users contact with the legal system. Law & Society Review, 9, 197-217.
99. Simons, R. L., Whitbeck, L. B., Conger, R. D., & Conger, K. (1991). Parenting factors, social skills, and value commitment as precursors to school failure, involvement with deviant peers, and delinquent behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 645-663.
100. Slocum, L. E. (2010). General strain theory and the development of stressors and substance use over time. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 1100-1112.
101. Slocum, L. A., Simpson, S. S., & Smith, D. A. (2005). Strained lives and crime: Examining the intraindividual variation in strain and offending in a sample of incarcerated women. Criminology, 43, 1067-1110.
102. Smart, R. G., & Fejer, D. (1969). Illicit LSD Users: Their Social Backgrounds, Drug Use and Psychopathology. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 10, 297-307.
103. Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S. D., Darling, N., Mounts, N. S., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1994). Over-time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 65, 754-770.
104. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2006). Results from the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National findings. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies.
105. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2009). Results from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National findings. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies.
106. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2010). Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of national findings. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies.
107. Sutherland, E. H. (1947). Criminology (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.
108. Teter, C. J., McCabe, S. E., Cranford, J. A., Boyd, C. J., & Guthrie, S. K. (2005). Prevalence and motives for illicit use of prescription stimulants in an undergraduate student sample. Journal of American College Health, 53, 253-262.
109. Thoits, P. A. (1983). Dimensions of life events that influence psychological distress: An evaluation and synthesis of the literature. In H. B. Kaplan (Ed.), Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research. New York, NY: Academic Press.
110. Voelkl, K. E., & Frone, M. R. (2000). Predictors of substance use at school among high school students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 583-592.
111. Warr, M., & Stafford, M. (1991). The influence of delinquent peers: What they think or what they do? Criminology, 29, 851-866.
112. White, H. R. (1996). Empirical validity of theories of drug abuse: Introductory comments. Journal of Drug Issues, 26, 279-288.
113. White, H. R., Johnson, V., & Horwitz, A. (1986). An application of three deviance theories to adolescent substance use. Substance Use & Misuse, 21, 347-366.
114. White, H. R., & Labouvie, E. W. (1989). Toward the assessment of adolescent problem drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 50, 30-37.
115. Wiatrowski, M. D., Griswold, D. B., & Roberts, M. K. (1981). Social control theory and delinquency. American Sociological Review, 46, 525-541.
116. Wills, T., McNamara, G., Vaccaro, D., & Hirky, A. (1996). Escalated substance use: A longitudinal grouping analysis from early to middle adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 166-180.
117. Windle, M. (1996). On the discriminative validity of a family history of problem drinking index with a national sample of young adults. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 57, 378-386.