Porcelain Gallbladder: A Benign Process or Concern for Malignancy?

Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery

Volumn 17, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 1161-1168

  Schnelldorfer, Thomas ^a  

^a LAHEY HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Gallbladder cancer; Gallbladder wall calcification; Porcelain gallbladder; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CALCINOSIS; GALLBLADDER DISEASE; GALLBLADDER TUMOR; HUMAN; RISK ASSESSMENT;

CALCINOSIS; GALLBLADDER DISEASES; GALLBLADDER NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 84877733466     PISSN: 1091255X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11605-013-2170-0     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Polk HC. Carcinoma and the calcified gall bladder. Gastroenterology 1966;50: 582-585.
2. Shimizu M, Miura J, Tanaka T, et al. Porcelain gallbladder: relation between its type by ultrasound and incidence of cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol 1989;11: 471-476.
3. Towfigh S, McFadden DW, Cortina GR, et al. Porcelain gallbladder is not associated with gallbladder carcinoma. Am Surg 2001;67: 7-10.
4. Stephen AE, Berger DL. Carcinoma in the porcelain gallbladder: a relationship revisited. Surgery 2001;129: 699-703.
5. Agarwal R, Pandey RP, Gupta SN. Porcelain gall bladder. J Indian Med Assoc 1982;79: 80-81.
6. Aksoy M, Camli N, Dirvana S, et al. "Porcelain gallbladder" in a case of thalassemia intermedia. Radiology 1970;95: 265-266.
7. Al-Saleem T, Al-Janabi T. Schistosomal cholecystitis: report of six cases. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1989;71: 366-367.
8. Alison SS. Medical cases. London Med Gaz 1844;35: 135-139.
9. Ashur H, Siegal B, Oland Y, et al. Calcified gallbladder (porcelain gallbladder). Arch Surg 1978;113: 594-596.
10. Baker SR, Buchbinder S. Porcelain gallbladder in a 24-year-old woman. N Y State J Med 1985;85: 609.
11. Barakos JA, Ralls PW, Lapin SA, et al. Cholelithiasis: evaluation with CT. Radiology 1987;162: 415-418.
12. Bayless BW, Skinner C. Calcification of gallbladder: case report. Int J Med Surg 1925;38: 305-306.
13. Berk RN, Armbuster TG, Saltzstein SL. Carcinoma in the porcelain gallbladder. Radiology 1973;106: 29-31.
14. Berman V. A case of "porcelain" gall bladder, renal calculi and unusually large bladder calculi. S Afr Med J 1949;23: 724.
15. Bledsoe SE, Maull KI. Image of the month. Arch Surg 2008;143: 1127-1128.
16. Bloom RA, Lebensart PD, Levy P, et al. Survival after ultrasonographic demonstration of portal venous gas due to mesenteric artery occlusion. Postgrad Med J 1990;66: 137-139.
17. Brooks ST. Ossific degeneration of the gall-bladder. Trans Vermont Med Soc 1890;77: 53-55.
18. Brown R. Calcification of the gallbladder. West J Surg 1932;40: 70-71.
19. Busuttil A, McLean N. A "porcelain" gallbladder. Br J Clin Pract 1975;29: 97, 104.
20. Buxbaum JL, Eloubeidi MA. A unique perspective: endoscopic sonogram of a porcelain gallbladder. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;73: 361-362.
21. Casteel HB, Williamson SL, Golladay ES, et al. Porcelain gallbladder in a child: a case report and review. J Pediatr Surg 1990;25: 1302-1303.
22. Castle WN, Wanebo HJ, Fechner RE. Carcinoma of the gallbladder and cholecystostomy. Arch Surg 1982;117: 946-948.
23. Chiam QL, Lau K. Coexistent gallbladder carcinoma in Mirizzi syndrome. Australas Radiol 2003;47: 58-60.
24. Cornell CM, Clarke R. Vicarious calcification involving the gallbladder. Ann Surg 1959;149: 267-272.
25. Daly BD, Cheung H, Arnold M, et al. Ultrasound in the diagnosis of gall-bladder carcinoma in Chinese patients. Clin Radiol 1993;48: 41-44.
26. Davis AFW. A case of calcified gall bladder. S Afr Med J 1953;27: 567.
27. Davis C, Galt RM. "Porcelain" gallbladder associated with carcinoma of the colon. Arch Surg 1961;83: 218-226.
28. Davis JE, Bookmyer RH. Intramural calcification of the gall-bladder. Ann Surg 1932;96: 413-417.
29. Delpierre I, Tack D, Moisse R, et al. Cholecystoduodenal fistula in a porcelain gallbladder. Eur Radiol 2002;12: 2284-2286.
30. Fadare O, DeMartini SD. Eosinophilic dysplasia of the gallbladder: a hitherto undescribed variant identified in association with a "porcelain" gallbladder. Diagn Pathol 2006;1: 15.
31. Fataar S, Bassiony H, Satyanath S, et al. Radiologically visible gallbladder calcification due to schistosomiasis. Br J Radiol 1990;63: 706-709.
32. Fowler WF. Calcareous changes of the gall-bladder wall. Ann Surg 1923; 78: 623-627.
33. Fukui T, Nakayama S, Shimatani M, et al. Endoscopic biliary plastic stenting and successful intentional stent retrieval in a benign biliary stricture with mural spherical calcification and porcelain gallbladder. Inter Med 2009;48: 809-813.
34. Gale ME, Robbins AH. Computed tomography of the gallbladder: unusual diseases. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1985;9: 439-443.
35. Gojnic M, Dugalic V, Vidakovic S, et al. Ultrasound and surgery for gall bladder carcinoma during pregnancy. Eur J Gynaec Oncol 2005;26: 437-438.
36. Grace AJ. Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. CMAJ 1950;63: 573-581.
37. Gregorie HB, Robertson HC, Treen B, et al. Porcelain gallbladder. J S C Med Assoc 1982;78: 48-50.
38. Gurd FB. A case of calcification of the gall-bladder. Can Med Assoc J 1936;34: 187-188.
39. Haldane. Meeting of society. Edinb Med J 1875;20: 836-837.
40. Holden WB. Calcified wall of the gallbladder. Surg Clin N Am 1931;11: 1021-1022.
41. Hoover EL, Natesha RK, Cooperman M, et al. Right upper quadrant calcification: porcelain gallbladder disease. Am Fam Physician 1992;45: 2171-2174.
42. Huang CP, Chiou YY, Chou YH, et al. Imaging findings in mucin-producing carcinoma of the gallbladder. J Formos Med Assoc 2006;105: 427-430.
43. Hubeny MJ, Marcus SM, Ragins AB. Calcification of the gallbladder: roentgenographic and pathologic study. Radiology 1942;39: 88-91.
44. Indra KJ, Bery K, Chawla S. Calcified gall bladder. J Indian Med Assoc 1967;48: 234-235.
45. Ishida J, Ajiki T, Hara S, et al. Gallbladder calcification leads to discovery of carcinosarcoma of the gallbladder. Surgery 2011 in print.
46. Jacobson BC, Pitman MB, Brugge WR. EUS-guided FNA for the diagnosis of gallbladder masses. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57: 251-254.
47. Joo YE, Kim HS, Choi SK, et al. Case of mucinous adenocarcinoma with porcelain gallbladder. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;18: 995-998.
48. Jutras A, Longtin M. Calcified gallbladder. CMAJ 1946;54: 434-437.
49. Kane JT. Calcification of gallbladder. J Abdom Surg 1964;10: 17-18.
50. Kane RA, Jacobs R, Katz J, et al. Porcelain gallbladder: ultrasound and CT appearance. Radiology 1984;152: 137-141.
51. Katz DS, Scheer M, Lumerman JH, et al. Alternative or additional diagnosis on unenhanced helical computed tomography for suspected renal colic. Urology 2000;56: 53-57.
52. Kavalci C, Sezer A, Sezenler E, et al. Calcified mass in right upper abdomen. N Z Med J 2010;123: 105-106.
53. Kazmierski RH. Primary adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder with intramural calcification. Am J Surg 1951;82: 248-250.
54. Kettunen K. Calcification of the gallbladder wall: report of a case of so-called "porcelain gallbladder". Acta Radiol 1951;36: 341-344.
55. Khan ZS, Livingston EH, Huerta S. Reassessing the need for prophylactic surgery in patients with porcelain gallbladder. Arch Surg 2011;146: 1143-1147.
56. Kim JH, Kim WH, Yoo BM, et al. Should we perform surgical management in all patients with suspected porcelain gallbladder? Hepatogastroenterol 2009;56: 943-945.
57. Kuroki T, Tajima Y, Matsuzaki S, et al. Pre- and intraoperative evaluation of biliary system for successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy in porcelain gallbladder patients. Hepatogastroenterology 2002;49: 621-624.
58. Kwon AH, Inui H, Matsui Y, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with porcelain gallbladder based on the preoperative ultrasound findings. Hepatogastroenterol 2004;51: 950-953.
59. Lee KF, Wong SW, Lai PBS. A calcified lesion on abdominal X-ray. Hong Kong Med J 2004;10: 288-289.
60. Lee TC, Liu KL, Lai IR, et al. Diagnosing porcelain gallbladder. Am J Med 2005;118: 1171-1172.
61. Liang HP, Cheung WK, Su FH, et al. Porcelain gallbladder. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56: 960-961.
62. Lo TS, Okada M. Images in clinical medicine: porcelain gallbladder. N Engl J Med 1994;330: 402.
63. Lundberg G, Victor MB. Calcified gallbladder and peritonitis in a newborn. NY State J Med 1986;86: 209-210.
64. McLennan MK, Margolis M. Radiology rounds. Can Fam Physician 1993;39: 1887, 2083-2084.
65. Mourra N, Bell S, Parc R, et al. Calcifying fibrous pseudotumour: first case report in the gallbladder. Histopathology 2004;44: 84-86.
66. Mukhopadhyay M, Majumdar P. Calcification of the gall bladder. J Indian Med Assoc 1983;80: 16-17.
67. Nakagawa T, Yamakado K, Takeda K, et al. An ossifying carcinosarcoma of the gallbladder: radiologic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996;166: 1233-1234.
68. Nakashima H, Tanaka Y. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic: porcelain gallbladder. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;17: 1228.
69. Nelson JJ, Kahn AG. A case of bone metaplasia of the gallbladder epithelium. Southern Med J 2009;102: 322-324.
70. Ochsner SF, Carrera GM. Calcification of the gallbladder ("porcelain gallbladder"). Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1963;89: 847-853.
71. Ohba K, Sugauchi F, Orito E, et al. Cystic lymphangioma of the gall-bladder: a case report. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995;10: 693-696.
72. Olgyai G, Horvath V, Banga P, et al. Extraskeletal osteosarcoma located to the gallbladder. HPB 2006;8: 65-66.
73. Opatrny L. Porcelain gallbladder. CMAJ 2002;166: 933.
74. Ortiz-Hidalgo C, Baquera-Heredia J. Osseous metaplasia in polypoid cholesterosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24: 895.
75. Parikh V. Porcelain gallbladder. Consultant 2004;44: 1178.
76. Parker GW, Joffe N. Calcifying primary mucus-producing adenocarcinoma of the gall-bladder. Br J Radiol 1972;45: 468-469.
77. Patel S, Roa JC, Tapia O, et al. Hyalinizing cholecystitis and associated carcinomas: clinicopathologic analysis of a distinctive variant of cholecystitis with porcelain-like features and accompanying diagnostically challenging carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2011;35: 1104-1113.
78. Perry SP, Carpender JWJ. The significance of calcification in gallbladder. Pennsylvania Med J 1942;45: 477-481.
79. Pettersson H. Carcinoma of the gallbladder: a review of 158 cases. Acta Radiol Diagn 1974;15: 225-236.
80. Phemister DB, Rewbridge AG, Rudisill H. Calcium carbonate gall-stones and calcification of the gall-bladder following cystic-duct obstruction. Ann Surg 1931;94: 493-516.
81. Porcelain gallbladder. Consultant 1999;39: 1291.
82. Reimann AJ, Yeh BM, Breiman RS, et al. Atypical cases of gallstone ileus evaluated with multidetector computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2004;28: 523-527.
83. Rickes S, Ocran K. Images in clinical medicine: porcelain gallbladder. N Engl J Med 2002;346: e4.
84. Rifkin MD, Kurtz AB, Wechsler RJ. Detection of liver and gallbladder calcification. Am Fam Physician 1984;29: 247-250.
85. Robb JJ. Observation on calcification of the gall-bladder: with the presentation of a case. Br J Surg 1928;16: 114-119.
86. Rogers LF, Lastra MP, Lin KT, et al. Calcifying mucinous adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. Am J Gastroenterol 1973;59: 441-445.
87. Roland J, Pouliart C, Raeman F, et al. A porcelain gallbladder affecting the assessment of bone mineral content. Clin Nucl Med 1990;15: 701-702.
88. Rooholamini SA, Tehrani NS, Razavi MK, et al. Imaging of gallbladder carcinoma. Radiographics 1994;14: 291-306.
89. Russell PW, Brown CH. Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder: report of 29 cases. Ann Surg 1950;132: 121-128.
90. Russum BC, Hill FC. Calcification of the gall bladder. Am J Surg 1935;28: 129-134.
91. Scheiner JD, Dupuy DE. Porcelain gallbladder detected on bone scan. Clin Nucl Med 1998;23: 845-846.
92. Seaman WB. The case of the porcelain gallbladder. Hosp Pract 1976;11: 127-128.
93. Sen KK, Upadhyaya A, Pimpalwar Y, et al. Cancer in porcelain gallbladder: rare imaging trait. Indian J Cancer 2011;48: 132-134.
94. Shipton EA, Indyk JS. Heterotopic bone formation in the gall-bladder. Med J Aust 1957;44: 9-11.
95. Silk YN, Douglass HO, Nava HR, et al. Carcinoma of the gallbladder: the Roswell Park experience. Ann Surg 1989;210: 751-757.
96. Smathers RL, Lee JKT, Heiken JP. Differentiation of complicated cholecystitis from gallbladder carcinoma by computed tomography. Am J Roentgenol 1984;143: 255-259.
97. Snajdauf J, Petru O, Pycha K, et al. Porcelain gallbladder with extrahepatic bile duct obstruction in a child. Pediatr Surg Int 2006;22: 293-296.
98. Subbarao K. Right upper quadrant abdominal calcification. N Y State J Med 1981;81: 1210-1211.
99. Takeda K, Sekido H, Sugita M, et al. Porcelain gallbladder complicated with pancreas divisum. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2006;13: 580-583.
100. Talbot P. Cholelithiasis: notes on a case with a calcified gall-bladder. Br J Surg 1920;8: 533.
101. Tian H, Matsumoto S, Takaki H, et al. Mucin-producing carcinoma of the gallbladder: imaging demonstration in four cases. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2003;27: 150-154.
102. Tiethof CHJ, van Es HW. Image of the month. Gastroenterology 1999;117: 760, 1033.
103. Torikai M, Tahara H, Kaji T, et al. Immature teratoma of gallbladder associated with gliomatosis peritonei, a case report. J Pediatr Surg 2007;42: E25-E27.
104. Torres D, Parrinello G, Trapanese C, et al. Porcelain and duplicated gallbladder associated with pancreatic cancer. Intern Emerg Med 2011;6: 567-568.
105. Tsai CJ. Porcelain gallbladder and cholangiocarcinoma with anomalous pancreaticobiliary union. Dig Dis Sci 2001;46: 773-775.
106. Tuck. Reports of medical societies: complete ossification of the gall-bladder. Boston Med Surg J 1872;87: 148-149.
107. Weiner PL, Lawson TL. The radiology corner: porcelain gallbladder. Am J Gastroenterol 1975;64: 224-227.
108. Welch NT, Fitzgibbons RJ, Hinder RA. Beware of the porcelain gallbladder during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Laparosc Endosc 1991;1: 202-205.
109. Yosepovich A, Nass D, Zagatsky M, et al. Chronic cholecystitis with bone metaplasia: a case report. Pathol Res Pract 2002;198: 765-766.
110. Young KJ, Johnson J. Porcelain gallbladder. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2002;25: 534-543.
111. Yun EJ, Yoon DY, Choi CS, et al. Calcified carcinoma of the gallbladder with calcified nodal metastasis presenting as a porcelain gallbladder: a case report. Cancer Res Treat 2011;43: 71-74.
112. de Jong F, Monuteaux MC, van Elburg RM, Gillman MW, Belfort MB. Systematic review and meta-analysis of preterm birth and later systolic blood pressure. Hypertension 2012;59: 226-234.
113. Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Available at: http://www. ohri. ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford. asp. Accessed August 17, 2012.
114. Sakorafas GH, Milingos D, Peros G. Asymptomatic cholelithiasis: is cholecystectomy really needed? Dig Dis Sci 2007;52: 1313-1325.
115. Browning JD, Horton JD. Gallstone disease and its complications. Semin Gastrointest Dis 2003;14: 165-177.
116. Osler W. The principles and practice of medicine. New York: Appleton, 1892: 434.
117. Misra M, Schiff J, Rendon G, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy after the learning curve: what should we expect? Surg Endosc 2005;19: 1266-1271.
118. Kortram K, Reinders JS, van Ramshorst B, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis should be performed by a laparoscopic surgeon. Surg Endosc 2010;24: 2206-2209.
119. Harrison EM, O'Neill S, Meurs TS, et al. Hospital volume and patient outcomes after cholecystectomy in Scotland: retrospective, national population based study. BMJ 2012;344: e3330.
120. Flum DR, Cheadle A, Prela C, et al. Bile duct injury during cholecystectomy and survival in medicare beneficiaries. JAMA 2003;290: 2168-2173.
121. Brown KM, Geller DA. Porcelain gallbladder and risk of gallbladder cancer. Arch Surg 2011;146: 1148.
122. Brown MJ. Non-calculous chronic gall-bladder disease. Am J Surg 1938;41: 238-254.
123. Rifkin MD, Rosato FE, Branch HM, et al. Intraoperative ultrasound of the liver: an important adjunctive tool for decision making in the operating room. Ann Surg 1987;205: 466-472.
124. Rosen CL, Brown DFM, Chang Y, et al. Ultrasonography by emergency physicians in patients with suspected cholecystitis. Am J Emerg Med 2001;19: 32-36.
125. Wetzner SM, Vincent ME, Robbins AH. Ceruletide-assisted cholecystography: a clinical assessment. Radiology 1979;131: 23-26.
126. Henley DS, Ralls PW, Johnson MB, et al. FM sonography in gallbladder disease: efficacy and comparison with conventional sonography. J Clin Ultrasound 1988;16: 563-568.
127. Kwon AH, Imamura A, Kitade H, et al. Unsuspected gallbladder cancer diagnosed during or after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Surg Oncol 2008;97: 241-245.
128. Livingston EH, Miller JAG, Coan B, et al. Indications for selective intraoperative cholangiography. J Gastrointest Surg 2005;9: 1371-1377.