Why abstention is not illegitimate: An essay on the distinction between "legitimate" and "illegitimate" statutory interpretation and judicial lawmaking

Northwestern University Law Review

Volumn 107, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 847-880

  Fallon, Richard H ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84877717812     PISSN: 00293571     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (172)

1. 312 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1941).
2. 312 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1941).
3. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
4. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
5. See Ian Shapiro, Political Criticism 3-4 (1990).
6. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
7. 312 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1941).
8. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
9. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
10. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
11. See Richard H. Fallon, Jr., Legitimacy and the Constitution, 118 Harv. L. Rev. 1787, 1794-1801 (2005) (distinguishing legal, sociological, and moral senses of legitimacy).
12. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
13. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
14. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
15. See David L. Shapiro, Jurisdiction and Discretion, 60 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 543 (1985).
16. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
17. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
18. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
19. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
20. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
21. Noah Feldman, Scorpions: The Battles and Triumphs of FDR's Great Supreme Court Justices 45 (2010).
22. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
23. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
24. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
25. 312 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1941).
26. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
27. See Richard H. Fallon, Jr., The Ideologies of Federal Courts Law, 74 Va. L. Rev. 1141, 1151-64 (1988) (tracing the assumptions of competing "Nationalist" and "Federalist" models reflected in Supreme Court decisions).
28. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
29. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
30. See, e.g., Paul M. Bator, The State Courts and Federal Constitutional Litigation, 22 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 605, 631 (1981) (arguing that the view of state courts as less protective of constitutional rights "derive[s] primarily from a special historical experience, involving the division of the country on the issue of racial segregation, which is no longer of dominating significance in governing the attitudes of state court judges").
31. See, e.g., Burt Neuborne, The Myth of Parity, 90 Harv. L. Rev. 1105 (1977).
32. See Vincent Blasi, Ideas of the First Amendment 475-540 (1st ed. 2006).
33. See H. Jefferson Powell, Constitutional Conscience: The Moral Dimension of Judicial Decision 16 (2008).
34. See David L. Shapiro, Jurisdiction and Discretion, 60 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 543 (1985).
35. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
36. On "the new texualism, " see, e.g., William N. Eskridge, Jr., The New Textualism, 37 UCLA L. Rev. 621 (1990).
37. See Vincent Blasi, Ideas of the First Amendment 475-540 (1st ed. 2006).
38. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
39. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
40. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
41. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
42. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
43. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
44. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
45. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
46. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
47. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
48. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
49. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
50. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
51. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
52. Daniel A. Farber & Philip P. Frickey, Practical Reason and the First Amendment, 34 UCLA L. Rev. 1615, 1637 (1987).
53. Daniel A. Farber & Philip P. Frickey, Practical Reason and the First Amendment, 34 UCLA L. Rev. 1615, 1637 (1987).
54. Daniel A. Farber & Philip P. Frickey, Practical Reason and the First Amendment, 34 UCLA L. Rev. 1615, 1637 (1987).
55. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
56. See John F. Manning, What Divides Textualists from Purposivists?, 106 Colum. L. Rev. 70, 73, 79 (2006).
57. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
58. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
59. Frank H. Easterbrook, The Case of the Speluncean Explorers: Revisited, 112 Harv. L. Rev. 1913, 1913-14 (1999).
60. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
61. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
62. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
63. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
64. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
65. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
66. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
67. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
68. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
69. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
70. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
71. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
72. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
73. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
74. See David L. Shapiro, Jurisdiction and Discretion, 60 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 543 (1985).
75. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
76. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
77. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
78. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
79. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
80. See John F. Manning, What Divides Textualists from Purposivists?, 106 Colum. L. Rev. 70, 73, 79 (2006).
81. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
82. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
83. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
84. Daniel A. Farber & Philip P. Frickey, Practical Reason and the First Amendment, 34 UCLA L. Rev. 1615, 1637 (1987).
85. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
86. See David L. Shapiro, Jurisdiction and Discretion, 60 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 543 (1985).
87. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
88. Ronald Dworkin, A New Map of Censorship, Index on Censorship, no. 1, 2006, at 130, 131.
89. See David L. Shapiro, Jurisdiction and Discretion, 60 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 543 (1985).
90. Frank H. Easterbrook, The Case of the Speluncean Explorers: Revisited, 112 Harv. L. Rev. 1913, 1913-14 (1999).
91. See David L. Shapiro, Jurisdiction and Discretion, 60 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 543 (1985).
92. 312 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1941).
93. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
94. 312 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1941).
95. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
96. 312 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1941).
97. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
98. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
99. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
100. See Richard H. Fallon, Jr., "The Rule of Law" as a Concept in Constitutional Discourse, 97 Colum. L. Rev. 1 (1997).
101. See David L. Shapiro, Jurisdiction and Discretion, 60 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 543 (1985).
102. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
103. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
104. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
105. 312 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1941).
106. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
107. Frank H. Easterbrook, The Case of the Speluncean Explorers: Revisited, 112 Harv. L. Rev. 1913, 1913-14 (1999).
108. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
109. 312 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1941).
110. 312 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1941).
111. See David L. Shapiro, Jurisdiction and Discretion, 60 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 543 (1985).
112. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
113. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
114. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
115. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
116. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
117. See Quackenbush, 517 U.S. at 721.
118. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
119. See David L. Shapiro, Jurisdiction and Discretion, 60 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 543 (1985).
120. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
121. See Richard H. Fallon, Jr., "The Rule of Law" as a Concept in Constitutional Discourse, 97 Colum. L. Rev. 1 (1997).
122. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
123. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
124. See Richard H. Fallon, Jr., "The Rule of Law" as a Concept in Constitutional Discourse, 97 Colum. L. Rev. 1 (1997).
125. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
126. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
127. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
128. See David L. Shapiro, Jurisdiction and Discretion, 60 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 543 (1985).
129. Barry Friedman, A Different Dialogue: The Supreme Court, Congress and Federal Jurisdiction, 85 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1 (1990).
130. See David L. Shapiro, Jurisdiction and Discretion, 60 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 543 (1985).
131. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
132. 312 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1941).
133. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
134. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
135. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
136. 312 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1941).
137. 312 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1941).
138. Martin H. Redish, Abstention, Separation of Powers, and the Limits of the Judicial Function, 94 Yale L.J. 71, 115 (1984).
139. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
140. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
141. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
142. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
143. 312 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1941).
144. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
145. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
146. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
147. Habeas Corpus Act of 1867, ch. 28, 14 Stat. 385.
148. Barry Friedman, A Different Dialogue: The Supreme Court, Congress and Federal Jurisdiction, 85 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1 (1990).
149. See Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214.
150. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
151. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
152. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
153. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
154. See John F. Manning, What Divides Textualists from Purposivists?, 106 Colum. L. Rev. 70, 73, 79 (2006).
155. See 28 U.S.C. § 1257 (2006).
156. 312 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1941).
157. See Gregory Gelfand, "Taking" Informational Property Through Discovery, 66 Wash. U. L.Q. 703 (1988).
158. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
159. See Richard H. Fallon, Jr., "The Rule of Law" as a Concept in Constitutional Discourse, 97 Colum. L. Rev. 1 (1997).
160. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
161. Perhaps the most studied subcategory of class actions relates to plaintiffs' civil rights and employment discrimination cases, which scholars for decades have been arguing constitute a universe of class actions that are more frequently dismissed on summary judgment motions, denied class certification, or otherwise dismissed. See, e.g., Melissa Hart, Will Employment Discrimination Class Actions Survive?, 37 Akron L. Rev. 813 (2004).
162. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
163. See David L. Shapiro, Jurisdiction and Discretion, 60 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 543 (1985).
164. See David L. Shapiro, Jurisdiction and Discretion, 60 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 543 (1985).
165. Barry Friedman, A Different Dialogue: The Supreme Court, Congress and Federal Jurisdiction, 85 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1 (1990).
166. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
167. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 392 (1989).
168. Barry Friedman, A Different Dialogue: The Supreme Court, Congress and Federal Jurisdiction, 85 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1 (1990).
169. Noah Feldman, Scorpions: The Battles and Triumphs of FDR's Great Supreme Court Justices 45 (2010).
170. See David L. Shapiro, Jurisdiction and Discretion, 60 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 543 (1985).
171. See Jack H. Friedenthal, The Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court: A Contemporary Crisis, 27 Stan. L. Rev. 673, 676 (1975).
172. See, e.g., Jeremy Waldron, The Core of the Case Against Judicial Review, 115 Yale L.J. 1346, 1364-69 (2006).