Effects of canopy structure and cultural treatments on the survival and growth of Pinus palustris Mill. seedlings underplanted in Pinus taeda L. stands

Ecological Engineering

Volumn 57, Issue , 2013, Pages 46-56

  Knapp, Benjamin O ^a,b   Wang, G Geoff ^a   Walker, Joan L ^a  

^a CLEMSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

Group selection; Herbicide; Longleaf pine restoration; Red cockaded woodpecker; Silviculture; Single tree selection

Indexed keywords

GROUP SELECTION; LONGLEAF PINE; RED-COCKADED WOODPECKERS; SILVICULTURE; SINGLE-TREE SELECTION;

HERBICIDES; REFORESTATION; RESTORATION; WEED CONTROL;

SEED;

CLEARCUTTING; CONIFEROUS TREE; FOREST MANAGEMENT; GROUP SELECTION; GROWING SEASON; GROWTH RATE; REGENERATION; SEEDLING; SILVICULTURE; SURVIVAL;

HERBICIDES; PINUS; REFORESTATION; RESTORATION; SEEDS; WEED CONTROL;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 84877641419     PISSN: 09258574     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.04.014     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Addington R.N., Greene T.A., Elmore M.L., Prior C.E., Harrison W.C. Influence of herbicide site preparation on longleaf pine ecosystem development and fire management. South. J. Appl. For. 2012, 36:173-180.
2. Allen, R.M., 1954. Shade may improve longleaf survival. Southern Forestry Notes 90. U.S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA.
3. Attiwill P.M. The disturbance of forest ecosystems: the ecological basis for conservation management. For. Ecol. Manage. 1994, 63:247-300.
4. Barnett J.P. Longleaf pine: why plant it? Why use containers?. Proceedings of Workshops on Growing Longleaf Pine in Containers - 1999 and 2001 2002, 63. U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC, (Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-56). J.P. Barnett, R.K. Dumroese, D.J. Moorhead (Eds.).
5. Bailey R.G. Description of the Ecoregions of the United States 1995, 108. U.S. Forest Service, Washington, DC, (Misc. Pub. No. 1391). 2nd edition.
6. Bengtson G.W. Comparative response of four southern pine species to fertilization: effects of P, NP, and NPKMgS applied at planting. For. Sci. 1976, 22:487-494.
7. Berrill J.P., Dagley C.M. Assessing longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) restoration after southern pine beetle kill using a compact experimental design. Scand. J. Forest Res. 2010, 25:75-85.
8. Boyer W.D. Development of Longleaf Pine Seedlings under Parent Trees 1963, U.S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA, (Res. Pap. SO-4).
9. Boyer W.D. Impact of Prescribed Fires on Mortality of Released and Unreleased Longleaf Pine Seedlings 1974, U.S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA, (Res. No. SO-182).
10. Boyer, W.D., 1988. Effects of site preparation and release on the survival and growth of planted bare-root and container-grown longleaf pine. Georgia Forest Research Paper 76. Georgia Forestry Commission, Research Division, 8 pp.
11. Boyer W.D. Pinus palustris Mill. longleaf pine. Silvics of North America 1990, vol. 1, Conifers. Agricultural Handbook 654:405-412. U.S. Forest Service, Washington, DC.
12. Boyer W.D. Long-term development of regeneration under longleaf pine seedtree and shelterwood stands. South. J. Appl. For. 1993, 17:10-15.
13. Brockway D.G., Outcalt K.W. Gap-phase regeneration in longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystems. For. Ecol. Manage. 1998, 106:125-139.
14. Brockway D.G., Outcalt K.W., Guldin J.M., Boyer W.D., Walker J.L., Rudolph D.C., Rummer R.B., Barnett J.P., Jose S., Nowak J. Uneven-aged Management of Longleaf Pine Forests: A Scientist and Manager Dialogue 2005, U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC, 38 pp. (Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-78).
15. Brockway D.G., Outcalt K.W., Boyer W.D. Longleaf pine regeneration ecology and methods. The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem: Ecology, Silviculture, and Restoration 2006, 95-133. Springer, New York, NY. S. Jose, E.J. Jokela, D.L. Miller (Eds.).
16. Fort Benning, 2001. Integrated natural resources management plan. U.S. Department of the Army.
17. Franklin J.F., Spies T.A., Van Pelt R., Carey A.B., Thornburgh D.A., Berg D.R., Lindenmayer D.B., Harmon M.E., Keeton W.S., Shaw D.C., Bible K., Chen J. Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example. For. Ecol. Manage. 2002, 155:399-423.
18. Freeman J.E., Jose S. The role of herbicide in savanna restoration: effects of shrub reduction treatments on the understory and overstory of a longleaf pine flatwoods. For. Ecol. Manage. 2009, 257:978-986.
19. Gagnon J.L., Jokela E.J., Moser W.K., Huber D.A. Dynamics of artificial regeneration in gaps within a longleaf pine flatwoods ecosystem. For. Ecol. Manage. 2003, 172:133-144.
20. Gagnon J.L., Jokela E.J., Moser W.K., Huber D.A. Characteristics of gaps and natural regeneration in mature longleaf pine flatwoods ecosystems. For. Ecol. Manage. 2004, 187:373-380.
21. Glitzenstein J.S., Streng D.R., Wade D.D., Brubaker J. Starting new populations of longleaf pine ground-layer plants in the Outer Coastal Plain of South Carolina, USA. Natural Areas J. 2001, 21:89-110.
22. Grace S.L., Platt W.J. Effects of adult tree density and fire on the demography of pregrass stage juvenile longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). J. Ecol. 1995, 83:75-86.
23. Grace S.L., Platt W.J. Neighborhood effects on juveniles of an old-growth stand of longleaf pine, Pinus palustris. Oikos 1995, 72:99-105.
24. Haywood J.D. Mulch and hexazinone herbicide shorten the time longleaf pine seedlings are in the grass stage and increase height growth. New Forest. 2000, 19:279-290.
25. Haywood J.D. Effects of herbaceous and woody plant control on Pinus palustris growth and foliar nutrients through six growing seasons. For. Ecol. Manage. 2005, 214:384-397.
26. Haywood J.D. Influence of herbicides and felling, fertilization, and prescribed fire on longleaf pine establishment and growth through six growing seasons. New Forest. 2007, 33:257-279.
27. Haywood J.D., Tiarks A.E. Eleventh-year results of fertilization, herbaceous, and woody plant control in a loblolly pine plantation. South. J. Appl. For. 1990, 14:173-177.
28. Holmgren M., Scheffer M., Huston M.A. The interplay of facilitation and competition in plant communities. Ecology 1997, 78:1966-1975.
29. Hu, H., 2011. Restoring longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) in loblolly pine (P. taeda) stands on the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Ph.D. Dissertation. School of Agricultural, Forest, and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC.
30. Hu H., Wang G.G., Walker J.L., Knapp B.O. Silvicultural treatments for converting loblolly pine to longleaf pine dominance: effects on planted longleaf pine seedlings. For. Ecol. Manage. 2012, 276:209-216.
31. Hu H., Wang G.G., Walker J.L., Knapp B.O. Silvicultural treatments for converting loblolly pine to longleaf pine dominance: effects on resource availability and their relationships with planted longleaf pine seedlings. For. Ecol. Manage. 2012, 282:115-123.
32. Jack S.B., Mitchell R.J., Pecot S.D. Silvicultural alternatives in a longleaf pine/wiregrass woodland in southwest Georgia: understory hardwood response to harvest-created gaps. Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference 2006, 85-89. U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC, (Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-92). K.F. Connor (Ed.).
33. Jack S.B., Hiers J.K., Mitchell R.J., Gagnon J.L. Fuel loading and fire intensity - effects on longleaf pine seedling survival. Proceedings of the 14th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference 2010, 275-279. U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC, (Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-121). J.A. Stanturf (Ed.).
34. Jokela E.J., Dougherty P.M., Martin T.A. Production dynamics of intensively managed loblolly pine stands in the southern United States: a synthesis of seven long-term experiments. For. Ecol. Manage. 2004, 192:117-130.
35. Jose S., Ranasinghe S., Ramsey C.L. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris P. Mill.) restoration using herbicides: overstory and understory vegetation responses on a Coastal Plain Flatwoods site n Florida USA. Restor. Ecol. 2010, 18:244-251.
36. Kirkman L.K., Mitchell R.J. Conservation management of Pinus palustris ecosystems from a landscape perspective. Appl. Veg. Sci. 2006, 9:67-74.
37. Kirkman L.K., Mitchell R.J., Kaeser M.J., Pecot S.D., Coffey K.L. The perpetual forest: using undesirable species to bridge restoration. J. Appl. Ecol. 2007, 44:604-614.
38. Knapp B.O., Wang G.G., Walker J.L., Cohen S. Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina. For. Ecol. Manage. 2006, 226:122-128.
39. Knapp B.O., Wang G.G., Hu H., Walker J.L., Tennant C. Restoring longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands: effects of restoration treatments on natural loblolly pine regeneration. For. Ecol. Manage. 2011, 262:1157-1167.
40. Lavoie M., Kobziar L., Long A., Hainds M. Problems and needs for restorationists of longleaf pine ecosystems: a survey. Natural Areas J. 2011, 31:294-299.
41. Loveless R.W., Paitt J.A., McElwain T. Response of longleaf pine to varying intensity of silvicultural treatments. Proceedings of the 5th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference 1989, 159-164. in: Miller, J.H. (Comp.), U.S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA, (Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-74).
42. McGuire J.P., Mitchell R.J., Moser E.B., Pecot S.D., Gjerstad D.H., Hedman C.W. Gaps in a gappy forest: plant resources, longleaf pine regeneration, and understory response to tree removal in longleaf pine savannas. Can. J. For. Res. 2001, 31:765-778.
43. Mitchell R.J., Hiers J.K., O'Brien J.J., Jack S.B., Engstrom R.T. Silviculture that sustains: the nexus between silviculture, frequent prescribed fire, and conservation of biodiversity in longleaf pine forests of the southeastern United States. Can. J. For. Res. 2006, 36:2724-2736.
44. Mitchell R.J., Kiers J.K., O'Brien J., Starr G. Ecological forestry in the southeast: understanding the ecology of fuels. J. Forest. 2009, 107:391-397.
45. Nelson L.R., Zutter B.R., Gjerstad D.H. Planted longleaf pine seedlings respond to herbaceous weed control using herbicides. South. J. Appl. For. 1985, 9:236-240.
46. Outcalt K.W. Lightning, fire and longleaf pine: using natural disturbance to guide management. For. Ecol. Manage. 2008, 255:3351-3359.
47. Palik B.J., Pederson N. Overstory mortality and canopy disturbances in longleaf pine ecosystems. Can. J. For. Res. 1996, 26:2035-2047.
48. Palik B.J., Mitchell R.J., Houseal G., Pederson N. Effects of canopy structure on resource availability and seedling responses in a longleaf pine ecosystem. Can. J. For. Res. 1997, 27:1458-1464.
49. Palik B.J., Mitchell R.J., Hiers J.K. Modeling silviculture after natural disturbance to sustain biodiversity in the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem: balancing complexity with implementation. For. Ecol. Manage. 2002, 155:347-356.
50. Palik B.J., Mitchell R.J., Pecot S., Battaglia M., Pu M. Spatial distribution of overstory retention influences resources and growth of longleaf pine seedlings. Ecol. Appl. 2003, 13:674-686.
51. Paquette A., Bouchard A., Cogliastro A. Survival and growth of under-planted trees: a meta-analysis across four biomes. Ecol. Appl. 2006, 16:1575-1589.
52. Pecot S.D., Mitchell R.J., Palik B.J., Moser E.B., Hiers J.K. Competitive responses of seedlings and understory plants in longleaf pine woodlands: separating canopy influences above and below ground. Can. J. For. Res. 2007, 37:634-648.
53. Peet R.K. Ecological classification of longleaf pine woodlands. The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem: Ecology, Silviculture, and Restoration 2006, 51-93. Springer, New York, NY. S. Jose, E.J. Jokela, D.L. Miller (Eds.).
54. Platt W.J., Evans G.W., Rathbun S.L. The population dynamics of a long-lived conifer (Pinus palustris). Am. Nat. 1988, 131:491-525.
55. Ramsey C.L., Jose S., Brecke B.J., Merritt S. Growth response of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings to fertilization and herbaceous weed control in an old field in southern USA. For. Ecol. Manage. 2003, 172:281-289.
56. Rodríguez-Trejo D.A., Duryea M.L., White T.L., English J.R., McGuire J. Artificially regenerating longleaf pine in canopy gaps: initial survival and growth during a year of drought. For. Ecol. Manage. 2003, 180:25-36.
57. Sorrie B.A., Weakley A.S. Coastal Plain vascular plant endemics: phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 2001, 66:50-82.
58. South D.B., Harris S.W., Barnett J.P., Hainds M.J., Gjerstad D.H. Effect of container type and seedling size on survival and early height growth of Pinus palustris seedlings in Alabama, U.S.A. For. Ecol. Manage. 2005, 204:385-398.
59. South D.B. Planting longleaf pine at wide spacings. Native Plants J. 2006, 7:79-88.
60. U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service Recovery Plan for the Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis): second revision 2003, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region, Atlanta, GA, 296 pp.
61. Van Lear D.H., Carroll W.D., Kapeluck P.R., Johnson R. History and restoration of the longleaf pine-grassland ecosystem: implications for species at risk. For. Ecol. Manage. 2005, 211:150-165.
62. Walker J.L. Rare vascular plant taxa associated with the longleaf pine ecosystems: patterns in taxonomy and ecology. Proceedings of the Tall Timber Fire Ecology Conference, vol. 18 1993, 105-125. S.M. Hermann (Ed.).
63. Walker J., Peet R.K. Composition and species diversity of pine-wiregrass savannas of the Green Swamp, North Carolina. Plant Ecol. 1984, 55:163-179.