Review: Influenza virus in pigs

Molecular Immunology

Volumn 55, Issue 3-4, 2013, Pages 200-211

  Crisci, Elisa ^a   Mussá, Tufária ^a   Fraile, Lorenzo ^b   Montoya, Maria ^a,c  

^a CENTRE DE RECERCA EN SANITAT ANIMAL CRESA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LLEIDA   (Spain)

^c IRTA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Immune responses; Influenza virus; Pig

Indexed keywords

ACUTE PHASE PROTEIN; MATERNAL ANTIBODY;

AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS; DENDRITIC CELL; EPITHELIUM CELL; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; GENETIC REASSORTMENT; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INFLUENZA; INFLUENZA A (H1N1); INFLUENZA VIRUS; INFLUENZA VIRUS A H1N1; INFLUENZA VIRUS A H1N2; INFLUENZA VIRUS A H3N2; INNATE IMMUNITY; MACROPHAGE; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NONHUMAN; PANDEMIC; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STROMA CELL; SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; INFLUENZA A VIRUS, H1N1 SUBTYPE; INFLUENZA, HUMAN; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; SUS SCROFA; SWINE; SWINE DISEASES;

ANIMALIA; AVES; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE; SUIDAE; SUS; SUS SCROFA DOMESTICA; SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS;

EID: 84877599924     PISSN: 01615890     EISSN: 18729142     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.02.008     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Aigner B., Renner S., Kessler B., Klymiuk N., Kurome M., Wunsch A., Wolf E. Transgenic pigs as models for translational biomedical research. Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin) 2010, 88:653-664.
2. Arranz R., Coloma R., Chichon F.J., Conesa J.J., Carrascosa J.L., Valpuesta J.M., Ortin J., Martin-Benito J. The structure of native influenza virion ribonucleoproteins. Science 2012, 338(December (6114)):1634-1637.
3. Barbe F., Atanasova K., Van Reeth K. Cytokines and acute phase proteins associated with acute swine influenza infection in pigs. Veterinary Journal 2011, 187:48-53.
4. Barbe F., Saelens X., Braeckmans D., Lefevre F., Reeth K.V. Role of IFN-alpha during the acute stage of a swine influenza virus infection. Research in Veterinary Science 2009, 88:172-178.
5. Bateman A.C., Karasin A.I., Olsen C.W. Differentiated swine airway epithelial cell cultures for the investigation of influenza A virus infection and replication. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 2013, 7(March (2)):139-150.
6. Bel M., Ocana-Macchi M., Liniger M., McCullough K.C., Matrosovich M., Summerfield A. Efficient sensing of avian influenza viruses by porcine plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Viruses 2011, 3:312-330.
7. Belser J.A., Katz J.M., Tumpey T.M. The ferret as a model organism to study influenza A virus infection. Disease Models and Mechanisms 2011, 4:575-579.
8. Brookes S.M., Nunez A., Choudhury B., Matrosovich M., Essen S.C., Clifford D., Slomka M.J., Kuntz-Simon G., Garcon F., Nash B., Hanna A., Heegaard P.M., Queguiner S., Chiapponi C., Bublot M., Garcia J.M., Gardner R., Foni E., Loeffen W., Larsen L., Van Reeth K., Banks J., Irvine R.M., Brown I.H. Replication, pathogenesis and transmission of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in non-immune pigs. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e9068.
9. Brown I.H. The epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs. Veterinary Microbiology 2000, 74:29-46.
10. Brown I.H. History and epidemiology of swine influenza in Europe. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 2012, January. (Epub ahead of print).
11. Busch M.G., Bateman A.C., Landolt G.A., Karasin A.I., Brockman-Schneider R.A., Gern J.E., Suresh M., Olsen C.W. Identification of amino acids in the HA of H3 influenza viruses that determine infectivity levels in primary swine respiratory epithelial cells. Virus Research 2008, 133:269-279.
12. Busquets N., Segales J., Cordoba L., Mussá T., Crisci E., Martin-Valls G.E., Simon-Grife M., Perez-Simo M., Perez-Maillo M., Nunez J.I., Abad F.X., Fraile L., Pina S., Majo N., Bensaid A., Domingo M., Montoya M. Experimental infection with H1N1 European swine influenza virus protects pigs from an infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 human influenza virus. Veterinary Research 2010, 41:74.
13. Bussfeld D., Kaufmann A., Meyer R.G., Gemsa D., Sprenger H. Differential mononuclear leukocyte attracting chemokine production after stimulation with active and inactivated influenza A virus. Cellular Immunology 1998, 186:1-7.
14. Calzada-Nova G., Schnitzlein W., Husmann R., Zuckermann F.A. Characterization of the cytokine and maturation responses of pure populations of porcine plasmacytoid dendritic cells to porcine viruses and toll-like receptor agonists. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 2009, 135:20-33.
15. Charley B., Riffault S., Van Reeth K. Porcine innate and adaptative immune responses to influenza and coronavirus infections. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2006, 1081:130-136.
16. Choi Y.K., Nguyen T.D., Ozaki H., Webby R.J., Puthavathana P., Buranathal C., Chaisingh A., Auewarakul P., Hanh N.T., Ma S.K., Hui P.Y., Guan Y., Peiris J.S., Webster R.G. Studies of H5N1 influenza virus infection of pigs by using viruses isolated in Vietnam and Thailand in 2004. Journal of Virology 2005, 79:10821-10825.
17. De Vleeschauwer A., Van Reeth K. Prior infection of pigs with swine influenza viruses is a barrier to infection with avian influenza viruses. Veterinary Microbiology 2010, 15:340-345.
18. Ferrari M., Candotti P., Lombardi G., Amadori M., Dotti S., Guana S., Petrini S. A comparison of the humoral and cell-mediated response of pigs experimentally infected with either influenza or PRRS viruses. Veterinary Research Communications 2008, 32(Suppl. 1):S199-S201.
19. Fouchier R.A., Osterhaus A.D., Brown I.H. Animal influenza virus surveillance. Vaccine 2003, 21:1754-1757.
20. Gao W., Sun W., Qu B., Cardona C.J., Powell K., Wegner M., Shi Y., Xing Z. Distinct regulation of host responses by ERK and JNK MAP kinases in swine macrophages infected with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e30328.
21. Garten R.J., Davis C.T., Russell C.A., Shu B., Lindstrom S., Balish A., Sessions W.M., Xu X., Skepner E., Deyde V., Okomo-Adhiambo M., Gubareva L., Barnes J., Smith C.B., Emery S.L., Hillman M.J., Rivailler P., Smagala J., de Graaf M., Burke D.F., Fouchier R.A., Pappas C., Alpuche-Aranda C.M., Lopez-Gatell H., Olivera H., Lopez I., Myers C.A., Faix D., Blair P.J., Yu C., Keene K.M., Dotson P.D., Boxrud D., Sambol A.R., Abid S.H., St George K., Bannerman T., Moore A.L., Stringer D.J., Blevins P., Demmler-Harrison G.J., Ginsberg M., Kriner P., Waterman S., Smole S., Guevara H.F., Belongia E.A., Clark P.A., Beatrice S.T., Donis R., Katz J., Finelli L., Bridges C.B., Shaw M., Jernigan D.B., Uyeki T.M., Smith D.J., Klimov A.I., Cox N.J. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science 2009, 325:197-201.
22. Genzel Y., Dietzsch C., Rapp E., Schwarzer J., Reichl U. MDCK and Vero cells for influenza virus vaccine production: a one-to-one comparison up to lab-scale bioreactor cultivation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2010, 88:461-475.
23. GeurtsvanKessel C.H., Lambrecht B.N. Division of labor between dendritic cell subsets of the lung. Mucosal Immunology 2008, 1:442-450.
24. Heegaard P.M., Klausen J., Nielsen J.P., Gonzalez-Ramon N., Pineiro M., Lampreave F., Alava M.A. The porcine acute phase response to infection with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Haptoglobin, C-reactive protein, major acute phase protein and serum amyloid A protein are sensitive indicators of infection. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 1998, 119:365-373.
25. Heinen P.P., de Boer-Luijtze E.A., Bianchi A.T. Respiratory and systemic humoral and cellular immune responses of pigs to a heterosubtypic influenza A virus infection. Journal of General Virology 2001, 82:2697-2707.
26. Heinen P.P., van Nieuwstadt A.P., Pol J.M., de Boer-Luijtze E.A., van Oirschot J.T., Bianchi A.T. Systemic and mucosal isotype-specific antibody responses in pigs to experimental influenza virus infection. Viral Immunology 2000, 13:237-247.
27. Hillaire M.L., van Eijk M., van Trierum S.E., van Riel D., Saelens X., Romijn R.A., Hemrika W., Fouchier R.A., Kuiken T., Osterhaus A.D., Haagsman H.P., Rimmelzwaan G.F. Assessment of the antiviral properties of recombinant porcine SP-D against various influenza A viruses in vitro. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e25005.
28. Hofmann P., Sprenger H., Kaufmann A., Bender A., Hasse C., Nain M., Gemsa D. Susceptibility of mononuclear phagocytes to influenza A virus infection and possible role in the antiviral response. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 1997, 61:408-414.
29. Hvistendahl M. Pigs as stand-ins for microbiome studies. Science 2012, 336:1250.
30. Ibrahim Z., Busch J., Awwad M., Wagner R., Wells K., Cooper D.K. Selected physiologic compatibilities and incompatibilities between human and porcine organ systems. Xenotransplantation 2006, 13:488-499.
31. Isoda N., Sakoda Y., Kishida N., Bai G.R., Matsuda K., Umemura T., Kida H. Pathogenicity of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/04 (H5N1) in different species of birds and mammals. Archives of Virology 2006, 151:1267-1279.
32. Itoh Y., Shinya K., Kiso M., Watanabe T., Sakoda Y., Hatta M., Muramoto Y., Tamura D., Sakai-Tagawa Y., Noda T., Sakabe S., Imai M., Hatta Y., Watanabe S., Li C., Yamada S., Fujii K., Murakami S., Imai H., Kakugawa S., Ito M., Takano R., Iwatsuki-Horimoto K., Shimojima M., Horimoto T., Goto H., Takahashi K., Makino A., Ishigaki H., Nakayama M., Okamatsu M., Warshauer D., Shult P.A., Saito R., Suzuki H., Furuta Y., Yamashita M., Mitamura K., Nakano K., Nakamura M., Brockman-Schneider R., Mitamura H., Yamazaki M., Sugaya N., Suresh M., Ozawa M., Neumann G., Gern J., Kida H., Ogasawara K., Kawaoka Y. In vitro and in vivo characterization of new swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses. Nature 2009, 460:1021-1025.
33. Jo S.K., Kim H.S., Cho S.W., Seo S.H. Pathogenesis and inflammatory responses of swine H1N2 influenza viruses in pigs. Virus Research 2007, 129:64-70.
34. Khatri M., Dwivedi V., Krakowka S., Manickam C., Ali A., Wang L., Qin Z., Renukaradhya G.J., Lee C.W. Swine influenza H1N1 virus induces acute inflammatory immune responses in pig lungs: a potential animal model for human H1N1 influenza virus. Journal of Virology 2010, 84:11210-11218.
35. Khatri M., Goyal S.M., Saif Y.M. Oct4+ stem/progenitor Swine lung epithelial cells are targets for influenza virus replication. Journal of Virology 2012, 86:6427-6433.
36. Khatri M., Saif Y.M. Epithelial cells derived from swine bone marrow express stem cell markers and support influenza virus replication in vitro. PLoS One 2011, 6:e29567. 10.1371/journal.pone.0029567.
37. Kida H., Ito T., Yasuda J., Shimizu Y., Itakura C., Shortridge K.F., Kawaoka Y., Webster R.G. Potential for transmission of avian influenza viruses to pigs. Journal of General Virology 1994, 75(Pt 9):2183-2188.
38. Kim B., Ahn K.K., Ha Y., Lee Y.H., Kim D., Lim J.H., Kim S.H., Kim M.Y., Cho K.D., Lee B.H., Chae C. Association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha with fever and pulmonary lesion score in pigs experimentally infected with swine influenza virus subtype H1N2. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 2009, 71:611-616.
39. Kim H.M., Lee Y.W., Lee K.J., Kim H.S., Cho S.W., van Rooijen N., Guan Y., Seo S.H. Alveolar macrophages are indispensable for controlling influenza viruses in lungs of pigs. Journal of Virology 2008, 82:4265-4274.
40. Kim W.I., Wu W.H., Janke B., Yoon K.J. Characterization of the humoral immune response of experimentally infected and vaccinated pigs to swine influenza viral proteins. Archives of Virology 2006, 151:23-36.
41. Kitikoon P., Nilubol D., Erickson B.J., Janke B.H., Hoover T.C., Sornsen S.A., Thacker E.L. The immune response and maternal antibody interference to a heterologous H1N1 swine influenza virus infection following vaccination. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 2006, 112:117-128.
42. Kitikoon P., Strait E.L., Thacker E.L. The antibody responses to swine influenza virus (SIV) recombinant matrix 1 (rM1), matrix 2 (M2), and hemagglutinin (HA) proteins in pigs with different SIV exposure. Veterinary Microbiology 2008, 126:51-62.
43. Kitikoon P., Vincent A.L., Gauger P.C., Schlink S.N., Bayles D.O., Gramer M.R., Darnell D., Webby R.J., Lager K.M., Swenson S.L., Klimov A. Pathogenicity and transmission in pigs of the novel A(H3N2)v influenza virus isolated from humans and characterization of swine H3N2 viruses isolated in 2010-2011. Journal of Virology 2012, 86:6804-6814.
44. Kreijtz J.H., Fouchier R.A., Rimmelzwaan G.F. Immune responses to influenza virus infection. Virus Research 2011, 162:19-30.
45. Lange E., Kalthoff D., Blohm U., Teifke J.P., Breithaupt A., Maresch C., Starick E., Fereidouni S., Hoffmann B., Mettenleiter T.C., Beer M., Vahlenkamp T.W. Pathogenesis and transmission of the novel swine-origin influenza virus A/H1N1 after experimental infection of pigs. Journal of General Virology 2009, 90:2119-2123.
46. Larsen D.L., Karasin A., Zuckermann F., Olsen C.W. Systemic and mucosal immune responses to H1N1 influenza virus infection in pigs. Veterinary Microbiology 2000, 74:117-131.
47. Li X., Jin M., Yu Z., Zhang A., Chen H., Qian P. Pathogenicity of a goose isolate of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus for chickens, mice, and pigs. Acta Virologica 2008, 52:41-46.
48. Lipatov A.S., Kwon Y.K., Sarmento L.V., Lager K.M., Spackman E., Suarez D.L., Swayne D.E. Domestic pigs have low susceptibility to H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. PLoS Pathogens 2008, 4:e1000102.
49. Loeffen W.L., Heinen P.P., Bianchi A.T., Hunneman W.A., Verheijden J.H. Effect of maternally derived antibodies on the clinical signs and immune response in pigs after primary and secondary infection with an influenza H1N1 virus. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 2003, 92:23-35.
50. Lombardo T., Dotti S., Renzi S., Ferrari M. Susceptibility of different cell lines to Avian and Swine Influenza viruses. Journal of Virological Methods 2012, 185:82-88.
51. Londt B.Z., Brookes S.M., Nash B.J., Nunez A., Stagg D.A., Brown I.H. The infectivity of pandemic 2009 H1N1 and avian influenza viruses for pigs: an assessment by ex vivo respiratory tract organ culture. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 2012, June. (Epub ahead of print). 10.1111/j. 1750-2659.2012.00397.x.
52. Ma W., Lager K.M., Vincent A.L., Janke B.H., Gramer M.R., Richt J.A. The role of swine in the generation of novel influenza viruses. Zoonoses Public Health 2009, 56:326-337.
53. Mair K.H., Essler S.E., Patzl M., Storset A.K., Saalmuller A., Gerner W. NKp46 expression discriminates porcine NK cells with different functional properties. European Journal of Immunology 2012, 42:1261-1271.
54. Mandelboim O., Lieberman N., Lev M., Paul L., Arnon T.I., Bushkin Y., Davis D.M., Strominger J.L., Yewdell J.W., Porgador A. Recognition of haemagglutinins on virus-infected cells by NKp46 activates lysis by human NK cells. Nature 2001, 409:1055-1060.
55. Medina R.A., Garcia-Sastre A. Influenza A viruses: new research developments. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2011, 9:590-603.
56. Meurens F., Summerfield A., Nauwynck H., Saif L., Gerdts V. The pig: a model for human infectious diseases. Trends in Microbiology 2012, 20:50-57.
57. Mussá, T., Ballester, M., Silva-Campa, E., Baratelli, M., Busquets, N., Lecours, M.P., Dominguez, J., Amadori, M., Fraile, L., Hernández, J., Montoya, M. Infection by swine, human or avian influenza viruses differentially activates porcine dendritic cells cytokine profile. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, accepted for publication.
58. Mussá T., Rodriguez-Carino C., Pujol M., Cordoba L., Busquets N., Crisci E., Dominguez J., Fraile L., Montoya M. Interaction of porcine conventional dendritic cells with swine influenza virus. Virology 2011, 420:125-134.
59. Nayak D.P., Balogun R.A., Yamada H., Zhou Z.H., Barman S. Influenza virus morphogenesis and budding. Virus Research 2009, 143:147-161.
60. Nayak D.P., Hui E.K., Barman S. Assembly and budding of influenza virus. Virus Research 2004, 106:147-165.
61. Nidom C.A., Takano R., Yamada S., Sakai-Tagawa Y., Daulay S., Aswadi D., Suzuki T., Suzuki Y., Shinya K., Iwatsuki-Horimoto K., Muramoto Y., Kawaoka Y. Influenza A (H5N1) viruses from pigs, Indonesia. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2010, 16:1515-1523.
62. Nunes S.F., Murcia P.R., Tiley L.S., Brown I.H., Tucker A.W., Maskell D.J., Wood J.L. An ex vivo swine tracheal organ culture for the study of influenza infection. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 2010, 4:7-15.
63. Ocana-Macchi M., Ricklin M.E., Python S., Monika G.A., Stech J., Stech O., Summerfield A. Avian influenza A virus PB2 promotes interferon type I inducing properties of a swine strain in porcine dendritic cells. Virology 2012, 427:1-9.
64. Paget C., Ivanov S., Fontaine J., Blanc F., Pichavant M., Renneson J., Bialecki E., Pothlichet J., Vendeville C., Barba-Spaeth G., Huerre M.R., Faveeuw C., Si-Tahar M., Trottein F. Potential role of invariant NKT cells in the control of pulmonary inflammation and CD8+ T cell response during acute influenza A virus H3N2 pneumonia. Journal of Immunology 2011, 186:5590-5602.
65. Palese P., Shaw M.L. Orthomyxoviridae: the viruses and their replication. Fields Virology 2007, 1647-1689. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. D.M. Knipe, P.M. Howley (Eds.).
66. Pomorska-Mol M., Markowska-Daniel I., Kwit K. Immune and acute phase response in pigs experimentally infected with H1N2 swine influenza virus. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 2012, 66:334-342.
67. Pomorska-Mol M., Markowska-Daniel I., Pejsak Z. Acute phase protein response during subclinical infection of pigs with H1N1 swine influenza virus. Veterinary Microbiology 2012, 159:499-503.
68. Punyadarsaniya D., Liang C.H., Winter C., Petersen H., Rautenschlein S., Hennig-Pauka I., Schwegmann-Wessels C., Wu C.Y., Wong C.H., Herrler G. Infection of differentiated porcine airway epithelial cells by influenza virus: differential susceptibility to infection by porcine and avian viruses. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e28429.
69. Renukaradhya G.J., Manickam C., Khatri M., Rauf A., Li X., Tsuji M., Rajashekara G., Dwivedi V. Functional invariant NKT cells in pig lungs regulate the airway hyperreactivity: a potential animal model. Journal of Clinical Immunology 2011, 31:228-239.
70. + exchange in porcine jejunal enterocytes. American Journal of Physiology 1994, 266:G828-G838.
71. Rothkotter H.J., Sowa E., Pabst R. The pig as a model of developmental immunology. Human and Experimental Toxicology 2002, 21:533-536.
72. Seo S.H., Webby R., Webster R.G. No apoptotic deaths and different levels of inductions of inflammatory cytokines in alveolar macrophages infected with influenza viruses. Virology 2004, 329:270-279.
73. Sun Y., Bi Y., Pu J., Hu Y., Wang J., Gao H., Liu L., Xu Q., Tan Y., Liu M., Guo X., Yang H., Liu J. Guinea pig model for evaluating the potential public health risk of swine and avian influenza viruses. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e15537.
74. Sun Z., Huber V.C., McCormick K., Kaushik R.S., Boon A.C., Zhu L., Hause B., Webby R.J., Fang Y. Characterization of a porcine intestinal epithelial cell line for influenza virus production. Journal of General Virology 2012, 93:2008-2016.
75. Tobita K., Sugiura A., Enomote C., Furuyama M. Plaque assay and primary isolation of influenza A viruses in an established line of canine kidney cells (MDCK) in the presence of trypsin. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 1975, 162:9-14.
76. Tong S., Li Y., Rivailler P., Conrardy C., Castillo D.A., Chen L.M., Recuenco S., Ellison J.A., Davis C.T., York I.A., Turmelle A.S., Moran D., Rogers S., Shi M., Tao Y., Weil M.R., Tang K., Rowe L.A., Sammons S., Xu X., Frace M., Lindblade K.A., Cox N.J., Anderson L.J., Rupprecht C.E., Donis R.O. A distinct lineage of influenza A virus from bats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012, 109:4269-4274.
77. Van Poucke S.G., Nicholls J.M., Nauwynck H.J., Van Reeth K. Replication of avian, human and swine influenza viruses in porcine respiratory explants and association with sialic acid distribution. Virology Journal 2010, 7:38.
78. Van Reeth K. Cytokines in the pathogenesis of influenza. Veterinary Microbiology 2000, 74:109-116.
79. Van Reeth K. Avian and swine influenza viruses: our current understanding of the zoonotic risk. Veterinary Research 2007, 38:243-260.
80. Van Reeth K., Braeckmans D., Cox E., Van Borm S., van den Berg T., Goddeeris B., De Vleeschauwer A. Prior infection with an H1N1 swine influenza virus partially protects pigs against a low pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus. Vaccine 2009, 27:6330-6339.
81. Van Reeth K., Labarque G., Pensaert M. Serological profiles after consecutive experimental infections of pigs with European H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2 swine influenza viruses. Viral Immunology 2006, 19:373-382.
82. Van Reeth K., Ma W. Swine influenza virus vaccines: to change or not to change-that's the question. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 2012, September. (Epub ahead of print).
83. Van Reeth K., Nauwynck H., Pensaert M. Bronchoalveolar interferon-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, and inflammation during acute influenza in pigs: a possible model for humans?. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1998, 177:1076-1079.
84. Van Reeth K., Van Gucht S., Pensaert M. Correlations between lung proinflammatory cytokine levels, virus replication, and disease after swine influenza virus challenge of vaccination-immune pigs. Viral Immunology 2002, 15:583-594.
85. Van Reeth K., Van Gucht S., Pensaert M. In vivo studies on cytokine involvement during acute viral respiratory disease of swine: troublesome but rewarding. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 2002, 87:161-168.
86. Vincent A.L., Ma W., Lager K.M., Richt J.A., Janke B.H., Sandbulte M.R., Gauger P.C., Loving C.L., Webby R.J., Garcia-Sastre A. Live attenuated influenza vaccine provides superior protection from heterologous infection in pigs with maternal antibodies without inducing vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease. Journal of Virology 2012, 86:10597-10605.
87. Webster R.G., Bean W.J., Gorman O.T., Chambers T.M., Kawaoka Y. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiological Reviews 1992, 56:152-179.
88. Weingartl H.M., Albrecht R.A., Lager K.M., Babiuk S., Marszal P., Neufeld J., Embury-Hyatt C., Lekcharoensuk P., Tumpey T.M., Garcia-Sastre A., Richt J.A. Experimental infection of pigs with the human 1918 pandemic influenza virus. Journal of Virology 2009, 83:4287-4296.
89. Zhu H., Zhou B., Fan X., Lam T.T., Wang J., Chen A., Chen X., Chen H., Webster R.G., Webby R., Peiris J.S., Smith D.K., Guan Y. Novel reassortment of Eurasian avian-like and pandemic/2009 influenza viruses in swine: infectious potential for humans. Journal of Virology 2011, 85:10432-10439.