Unique demands of the femoral anatomy and pathology and the need for unique interventions

Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery

Volumn 54, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 191-210

  Otsuka, F ^a   Nakano, M ^a   Sakakura, K ^a   Ladich, E ^a   Kolodgie, F D ^a   Virmani, R ^a  

^a CVPATH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Anatomy; Femoral artery; Pathology; Peripheral artery disease; Stents

Indexed keywords

EVEROLIMUS; PACLITAXEL; RAPAMYCIN; ZOTAROLIMUS;

ATHERECTOMY; ATHERECTOMY DEVICE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BAROTRAUMA; BELOW KNEE PROSTHESIS; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CRITICAL LIMB ISCHEMIA; DRUG ELUTING STENT; FEMORAL ARTERY STENT; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IN-STENT RESTENOSIS; MEDICAL DEVICE COMPLICATION; MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NEOINTIMA; NITINOL STENT; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY; PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SELF EXPANDING STENT; SUPERFICIAL FEMORAL ARTERY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON; ANIMALS; ATHERECTOMY; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DRUG-ELUTING STENTS; EQUIPMENT FAILURE; FEMALE; FEMORAL ARTERY; HUMANS; MALE; PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE; STENTS; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 84877358378     PISSN: 00219509     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Allison MA, Ho E, Denenberg JO, Langer RD, Newman AB, Fabsitz RR, et al. Ethnic-specific prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in the United States. Am J Prev Med 2007;32:328-33. (Pubitemid 46441734)
2. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg 2007;45 (Suppl S):S5-67.
3. Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2012;125:e2-e220.
4. Wennberg PW, Rooke TW. Diagnosis and Management of Peripheral Arteries and Veins. In: Fuster V, O'Rourke RA, Walsh RA, Poole-Wilson P, eds. Hurst's THE HEART 12th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill; 2008.p. 2371-88.
5. Dormandy JA, Rutherford RB. Management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). TASC Working Group. TransAtlantic InterSociety Consensus (TASC). J Vase Surg 2000;31:S1-S296.
6. Criqui MH, Langer RD, Fronek A, Feigelson HS, Klauber MR, McCann TJ, et al. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med 1992;326:381-6.
7. Stary HC, Chandler AB, Glagov S, Guyton JR, Insull W, Jr., Rosenfeld ME, et al. A definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation 1994;89:2462-78. (Pubitemid 24142837)
8. Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE, Fuster V, Glagov S, Insull W, Jr., et al. A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation 1995;92:1355-74.
9. Stary HC. Natural history and histological classification of atherosclerotic lesions: an update. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:1177-8. (Pubitemid 30262913)
10. Arbustini E, Grasso M, Diegoli M, Pucci A, Bramerio M, Ardissino D, et al. Coronary atherosclerotic plaques with and without thrombus in ischemic heart syndromes: a morphologic, immunohistochemical, and biochemical study. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:36B-50B.
11. van der Wal AC, Becker AE, van der Loos CM, Das PK. Site of intimal rupture or erosion of thrombosed coronary atherosclerotic plaques is characterized by an inflammatory process irrespective of the dominant plaque morphology. Circulation 1994;89:36-44. (Pubitemid 24026469)
12. Farb A, Burke AP, Tang AL, Liang TY, Mannan P, Smialek J, et al. Coronary plaque erosion without rupture into a lipid core. A frequent cause of coronary thrombosis in sudden coronary death. Circulation 1996;93:1354-63. (Pubitemid 26099346)
13. Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM. Lessons from sudden coronary death: a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:1262-75. (Pubitemid 30262927)
14. McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA, Zieske AW, Tracy RE, Malcom GT, Herderick EE, et al. Association of Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors with microscopic qualities of coronary atherosclerosis in youth. Circulation 2000;102:374-9. (Pubitemid 30490673)
15. Sawabe M, Arai T, Kasahara I, Hamamatsu A, Esaki Y, Nakahara K, et al. Sustained progression and loss of the gender-related difference in atherosclerosis in the very old: a pathological study of 1074 consecutive autopsy cases. Atherosclerosis 2006;186:374-9.
16. Dalager S, Paaske WP, Kristensen IB, Laurberg JM, Falk E. Artery-related differences in atherosclerosis expression: implications for atherogenesis and dynamics in intima-media thickness. Stroke 2007;38:2698-705. (Pubitemid 47494006)
17. Otsuka F, Fuster V, Narula J, Virmani R. Omnipresent atherosclerotic disease: time to depart from analysis of individual vascular beds. Mt Sinai J Med 2012;79:641-53.
18. Herisson F, Heymann MF, Chetiveaux M, Charrier C, Battaglia S, Pilet P et al. Carotid and femoral atherosclerotic plaques show different morphology. Atherosclerosis 2011;216:348-54.
19. Derksen WJ, de Vries JP, Vink A, Velema E, Vos JA, de Kleijn D et al. Histologic atherosclerotic plaque characteristics are associated with restenosis rates after endarterectomy of the common and superficial femoral arteries. J Vasc Surg 2010;52:592-9.
20. Soor GS, Vukin I, Leong SW, Oreopoulos G, Butany J. Peripheral vascular disease: who gets it and why? A histomorphological analysis of 261 arterial segments from 58 cases. Pathology 2008;40:385-91. (Pubitemid 351630891)
21. Kolodgie FD, Nakazawa G, Santorgi G, Ladich E, Burke AP, Virmani R. Differences and commons in pathology and reaction on stents between cardiac and peripheral arteries. In: Chakfe N, Durand B, Kretz JG, eds. European Symposium of Vascular Biomaterials [ESVB] 2007. France: EUROPORT; 2007. p. 49-70.
22. Lachman AS, Spray TL, Kerwin DM, Shugoll GI, Roberts WC. Medial calcinosis of Monckeberg. A review of the problem and a description of a patient with involvement of peripheral, visceral and coronary arteries. Am J Med 1977;63:615-22. (Pubitemid 8214935)
23. Mohr W, Gorz E. [Morphogenesis of media calcinosis in Monckeberg disease. Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and roentgen microanalysis findings]. Z Kardiol 2002;91:557-67.
24. Doherty TM, Fitzpatrick LA, Inoue D, Qiao JH, Fishbein MC, Detrano RC et al. Molecular, endocrine, and genetic mechanisms of arterial calcification. Endocr Rev 2004;25:629-72. (Pubitemid 39096073)
25. Amos RS, Wright V. Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis and metabolic bone disease. Lancet 1980;2:248-9. (Pubitemid 10084834)
26. Goebel FD, Fuessl HS. Monckeberg's sclerosis after sympathetic denervation in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 1983;24:347-50. (Pubitemid 13092220)
27. Shanahan CM, Cary NR, Salisbury JR, Proudfoot D, Weissberg PL, Edmonds ME. Medial localization of mineralization-regulating proteins in association with Monckeberg's sclerosis: evidence for smooth muscle cell-mediated vascular calcification. Circulation 1999;100:2168-76.
28. Speer MY, McKee MD, Guldberg RE, Liaw L, Yang HY, Tung E et al. Inactivation of the osteopontin gene enhances vascular calcification of matrix Gla protein-deficient mice: evidence for osteopontin as an inducible inhibitor of vascular calcification in vivo. J Exp Med 2002;196:1047-55. (Pubitemid 35231763)
29. Diehm N, Silvestro A, Baumgartner I, Do DD, Diehm C, Schmidli J et al. Chronic critical limb ischemia: European experiences. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2009;50:647-53.
30. Nguyen LL, Hevelone N, Rogers SO, Bandyk DF, Clowes AW, Moneta GL et al. Disparity in outcomes of surgical revascularization for limb salvage: race and gender are synergistic determinants of vein graft failure and limb loss. Circulation 2009;119:123-30.
31. Timaran CH, Stevens SL, Freeman MB, Goldman MH. Predictors for adverse outcome after iliac angioplasty and stenting for limb-threatening ischemia. J Vasc Surg 2002;36:507-13.
32. Ortmann J, Nuesch E, Traupe T, Diehm N, Baumgartner I. Gender is an independent risk factor for distribution pattern and lesion morphology in chronic critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg 2012;55:98-104.
33. Willis GC. Localizing factors in atherosclerosis. Can Med Assoc J 1954;70:1-9.
34. Wood NB, Zhao SZ, Zambanini A, Jackson M, Gedroyc W, Thorn SA et al. Curvature and tortuosity of the superficial femoral artery: a possible risk factor for peripheral arterial disease. J Appl Physiol 2006;101:1412-8.
35. Back LH, Back MR, Kwack EY, Crawford DW. Flow measurements in a human femoral artery model with reverse lumen curvature. J Biomech Eng 1988;110:300-9. (Pubitemid 19006709)
36. Smedby O, Johansson J, Molgaard J, Olsson AG, Walldius G, Erikson U. Predilection of atherosclerosis for the inner curvature in the femoral artery. A digitized angiography study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:912-7.
37. Tarbell JM. Mass transport in arteries and the localization of atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2003;5:79-118. (Pubitemid 40136486)
38. Davies PF. Flow-mediated endothelial mechanotransduction. Physiol Rev 1995;75:519-60.
39. Qi YX, Qu MJ, Long DK, Liu B, Yao QP, Chien S et al. Rho-GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha downregulated by low shear stress promotes vascular smooth muscle cell migration and apoptosis: a proteomic analysis. Cardiovasc Res 2008;80:114-22.
40. Yamamura S, Okadome K, Onohara T, Komori K, Sugimachi K. Blood flow and kinetics of smooth muscle cell proliferation in canine autogenous vein grafts: in vivo BrdU incorporation. J Surg Res 1994;56:155-61. (Pubitemid 24096505)
41. Wensing PJ, Meiss L, Mali WP, Hillen B. Early atherosclerotic lesions spiraling through the femoral artery. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:1554-8. (Pubitemid 28465406)
42. Ku DN, Giddens DP, Zarins CK, Glagov S. Pulsatile flow and atherosclerosis in the human carotid bifurcation. Positive correlation between plaque location and low oscillating shear stress. Arteriosclerosis 1985;5:293-302. (Pubitemid 15098005)
43. Scheinert D, Scheinert S, Sax J, Piorkowski C, Braunlich S, Ulrich M et al. Prevalence and clinical impact of stent fractures after femoropopliteal stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:312-5. (Pubitemid 40094743)
44. Rits J, van Herwaarden JA, Jahrome AK, Krievins D, Moll FL. The incidence of arterial stent fractures with exclusion of coronary, aortic, and non-arterial settings. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2008;36:339-45.
45. Gray BH, Olin JW. Limitations of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stenting for femoropopliteal arterial occlusive disease. Semin Vasc Surg 1997;10:8-16. (Pubitemid 27108233)
46. Johnston KW. Femoral and popliteal arteries: reanalysis of results of balloon angioplasty. Radiology 1992;183:767-71.
47. Laird JR. Limitations of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting for the treatment of disease of the superficial femoral and popliteal arteries. J Endovasc Ther 2006;13 Suppl 2:II30-40. (Pubitemid 43273488)
48. Capek P, McLean GK, Berkowitz HD. Femoropopliteal angioplasty. Factors influencing long-term success. Circulation 1991;83:170-80.
49. Grenacher L, Saam T, Geier A, Muller-Hulsbeck S, Cejna M, Kauffmann GW et al. PTA versus Palmaz stent placement in femoropopliteal artery stenoses: results of a multicenter prospective randomized study (REFSA). Rofo 2004;176:1302-10. (Pubitemid 39242659)
50. Gordon IL, Conroy RM, Arefi M, Tobis JM, Stemmer EA, Wilson SE. Three-year outcome of endovascular treatment of superficial femoral artery occlusion. Arch Surg 2001;136:221-8. (Pubitemid 32143848)
51. Farb A, Weber DK, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Virmani R. Morphological predictors of restenosis after coronary stenting in humans. Circulation 2002;105:2974-80. (Pubitemid 34693829)
52. Carter AJ, Scott D, Laird JR, Bailey L, Kovach JA, Hoopes TG et al. Progressive vascular remodeling and reduced neointimal formation after placement of a thermoelastic self-expanding nitinol stent in an experimental model. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1998;44:193-201. (Pubitemid 28255918)
53. Harnek J, Zoucas E, Stenram U, Cwikiel W. Insertion of self-expandable nitinol stents without previous balloon angioplasty reduces restenosis compared with PTA prior to stenting. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2002;25:430-6. (Pubitemid 36919614)
54. Schillinger M, Sabeti S, Loewe C, Dick P, Amighi J, Mlekusch W, et al. Balloon angioplasty versus implantation of nitinol stents in the superficial femoral artery. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1879-88. (Pubitemid 43872689)
55. Schillinger M, Sabeti S, Dick P, Amighi J, Mlekusch W, Schlager O, et al. Sustained benefit at 2 years of primary femoropopliteal stenting compared with balloon angioplasty with optional stenting. Circulation 2007;115:2745-9. (Pubitemid 46842791)
56. Krankenberg H, Schluter M, Steinkamp HJ, Burgelin K, Scheinert D, Schulte KL et al. Nitinol stent implantation versus percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in superficial femoral artery lesions up to 10 cm in length: the femoral artery stenting trial (FAST). Circulation 2007;116:285-92. (Pubitemid 47196564)
57. Laird JR, Katzen BT, Scheinert D, Lammer J, Carpenter J, Buchbinder M et al. Nitinol stent implantation vs. balloon angioplasty for lesions in the superficial femoral and proximal popliteal arteries of patients with claudication: three-year follow-up from the RESILIENT randomized trial. J Endovasc Ther 2012,19:1-9.
58. Scheinert D, Werner M, Scheinert S, Paetzold A, Banning-Eichenseer U, Piorkowski M et al. Treatment of Complex Atherosclerotic Popliteal Artery Disease With a New Self-Expanding Interwoven Nitinol Stent: 12-Month Results of the Leipzig SUPERA Popliteal Artery Stent Registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2013;6:65-71.
59. Umeda H, Gochi T, Iwase M, Izawa H, Shimizu T, Ishiki R et al. Frequency, predictors and outcome of stent fracture after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation. Int J Cardiol 2009;133:321-6.
60. Chung WS, Park CS, Seung KB, Kim PJ, Lee JM, Koo BK et al. The incidence and clinical impact of stent strut fractures developed after drug-eluting stent implantation. Int J Cardiol 2008;125:325-31.
61. Iida O, Nanto S, Uematsu M, Morozumi T, Kotani J, Awata M et al. Effect of exercise on frequency of stent fracture in the superficial femoral artery. Am J Cardiol 2006;98:272-4. (Pubitemid 43975509)
62. Duda SH, Pusich B, Richter G, Landwehr P, Oliva VL, Tielbeek A et al. Sirolimus-eluting stents for the treatment of obstructive superficial femoral artery disease: six-month results. Circulation 2002;106:1505-9.
63. Lammer J, Bosiers M, Zeller T, Schillinger M, Boone E, Zaugg MJ et al. First clinical trial of nitinol self-expanding everolimus-eluting stent implantation for peripheral arterial occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 2011;54:394-401.
64. Duda SH, Bosiers M, Lammer J, Scheinert D, Zeller T, Oliva V et al. Drug-eluting and bare nitinol stents for the treatment of atherosclerotic lesions in the superficial femoral artery: long-term results from the SIROCCO trial. J Endovasc Ther 2006;13:701-10. (Pubitemid 44907633)
65. Duda SH, Bosiers M, Lammer J, Scheinert D, Zeller T, Tielbeek A et al. Sirolimus-eluting versus bare nitinol stent for obstructive superficial femoral artery disease: the SIROCCO II trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005;16:331-8. (Pubitemid 40354849)
66. Katzen BT. A visionary roadmap for endovascular intervention: growth opportunities, probing the known and unknown, and trends for the future. [Accessed 2012 October 24]. Available at : www.tctmd.com/show.aspx?id=113847.
67. Romiti M, Albers M, Brochado-Neto FC, Durazzo AE, Pereira CA, De Luccia N. Meta-analysis of infrapopliteal angioplasty for chronic critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg 2008;47:975-81.
68. Kudo T, Chandra FA, Ahn SS. The effectiveness of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for the treatment of critical limb ischemia: a 10-year experience. J Vasc Surg 2005;41:423-35; discussion 35.
69. Feiring AJ, Wesolowski AA, Lade S. Primary stent-supported angioplasty for treatment of below-knee critical limb ischemia and severe claudication: early and one-year outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:2307-14. (Pubitemid 39647603)
70. Siablis D, Kraniotis P, Karnabatidis D, Kagadis GC, Katsanos K, Tsolakis J. Sirolimus-eluting versus bare stents for bailout after suboptimal infrapopliteal angioplasty for critical limb ischemia: 6-month angiographic results from a nonrandomized prospective single-center study. J Endovasc Ther 2005;12:685-95. (Pubitemid 43100926)
71. Scheinert D, Ulrich M, Scheinert S, Sax J, Braunlich S, Biamino G. Comparison of sirolimus-eluting vs. bare-metal stents for the treatment of infrapopliteal obstructions. Eurointervention 2006;2:169-74.
72. Hunink MG, Wong JB, Donaldson MC, Meyerovitz MF, de Vries J, Harrington DP. Revascularization for femoropopliteal disease. A decision and cost-effectiveness analysis. JAMA 1995;274:165-71.
73. Feiring AJ, Krahn M, Nelson L, Wesolowski A, Eastwood D, Szabo A. Preventing leg amputations in critical limb ischemia with below-the-knee drug-eluting stents: the PaRADISE (PReventing Amputations using Drug eluting StEnts) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:1580-9.
74. Virmani R, Farb A, Burke AP. Coronary angioplasty from the perspective of atherosclerotic plaque: morphologic predictors of immediate success and restenosis. Am Heart J 1994;127:163-79.
75. Essed CE, Van den Brand M, Becker AE. Transluminal coronary angioplasty and early restenosis. Fibrocellular occlusion after wall laceration. Br Heart J 1983;49:393-6. (Pubitemid 13110466)
76. Farb A, Virmani R, Atkinson JB, Kolodgie FD. Plaque morphology and pathologic changes in arteries from patients dying after coronary balloon angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;16:1421-9.
77. Farb A, Sangiorgi G, Carter AJ, Walley VM, Edwards WD, Schwartz RS et al. Pathology of acute and chronic coronary stenting in humans. Circulation 1999;99:44-52. (Pubitemid 29035956)
78. Joner M, Finn AV, Farb A, Mont EK, Kolodgie FD, Ladich E et al. Pathology of drug-eluting stents in humans: delayed healing and late thrombotic risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:193-202. (Pubitemid 43929240)
79. Nakazawa G, Finn AV, Vorpahl M, Ladich ER, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R. Coronary responses and differential mechanisms of late stent thrombosis attributed to first-generation sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting stents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:390-8.
80. Nakazawa G, Otsuka F, Nakano M, Vorpahl M, Yazdani SK, Ladich E et al. The pathology of neoatherosclerosis in human coronary implants: bare-metal and drug-eluting stents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:1314-22.
81. Granada JF, Milewski K, Zhao H, Stankus JJ, Tellez A, Aboodi MS et al. Vascular response to zotarolimus-coated balloons in injured superficial femoral arteries of the familial hypercholesterolemic Swine. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2011;4:447-55.
82. Nakano M, Yazdani SK, Virmani R. The Present State of Drug-Coated Balloons. Cardiology Today's Intervention 2012;1:10-1.
83. Kelsch B, Scheller B, Biedermann M, Clever YP, Schaffner S, Mahnkopf D et al. Dose response to Paclitaxel-coated balloon catheters in the porcine coronary overstretch and stent implantation model. Invest Radiol 2011;46:255-63.
84. Tepe G, Zeller T, Albrecht T, Heller S, Schwarzwalder U, Beregi JP et al. Local delivery of paclitaxel to inhibit restenosis during angioplasty of the leg. N Engl J Med 2008;358:689-99. (Pubitemid 351240748)
85. Scheinert D. LEVANT I: A prospective randomized trial of a paclitaxel-eluting balloon compared to a non-drug-eluting balloon with and without stenting in patients with diseased femoropopliteal arteries. 2010.[Accessed 2010 September 23]. Available at : www.tctmd.com/show.aspx?id= 102034.
86. Scheinert D. Six-month results of the BIOLUX P-I first-in-man study comparing a paclitaxel-releasing balloon catheter vs. an uncoated balloon catheter in femoropopliteal lesions. 2012.[Accessed 2012 October 23). Available at: www.tctmd.com/show.aspx?id=114453.
87. Werk M, Albrecht T, Meyer DR, Ahmed MN, Behne A, Dietz U et al. Paclitaxel-coated balloons reduce restenosis after femoropopliteal angioplasty: evidence from the randomized PACIFIER trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2012;5:831-40.
88. Stabile E, Virga V, Salemme L, Cioppa A, Ambrosini V, Sorropago G et al. Drug-eluting balloon for treatment of superficial femoral artery in-stent restenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:1739-42.
89. Tielbeek AV, Vroegindeweij D, Buth J, Landman GH. Comparison of balloon angioplasty and Simpson atherectomy for lesions in the femoropopliteal artery: angiographic and clinical results of a prospective randomized trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996;7:837-44. (Pubitemid 126729608)
90. Vroegindeweij D, Kemper FJ, Tielbeek AV, Buth J, Landman G. Recurrence of stenoses following balloon angioplasty and Simpson atherectomy of the femoro-popliteal segment. A randomised comparative 1-year follow-up study using colour flow duplex. Eur J Vasc Surg 1992;6:164-71.
91. Ahn SS, Concepcion B. Current status of atherectomy for peripheral arterial occlusive disease. World J Surg 1996;20:635-43. (Pubitemid 26240819)
92. McKinsey J. Plaque excision as a treatment option for critical limb ischemia: 1-year results of the DEFINITIVE LE study. 2012. [Accessed 2012 October 23]. Available at : www.tctmd.com/show.aspx?id=115047.