Practical anarchism: Peer mutualism, market power, and the fallible state

Politics and Society

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 213-251

  Benkler, Yochai ^a  

^a HARVARD LAW SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Information technology; Mutualism; Open source; Peer production

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877340713     PISSN: 00323292     EISSN: 15527514     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0032329213483108     Document Type: Article

References (69)

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3. David Clark, "A Cloudy Crystal Ball-Visions of the Future" Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Internet Engineering Task Force, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, NEARnet, Cambridge, (13-17 July 1992). http://ietf.org/proceedings/prior29/IETF24.pdf.
4. Paulina Borsook, "How Anarchy Works," Wired 3, no.10 (October 1995).
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7. Craig Lyle Simon, "Launching the DNS Wars, Dot-com Privatization and The Rise of Global Internet Governance" (University of Miami PhD dissertation, 2006).
8. For an extensive review of the dynamics of adoption by firms, governments, and individuals. see Charles M. Schweik and Robert C. English, Successful Internet Collaboration: A Study of Open-Source Software Commons (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012).
9. For industry adoption statistics, see Josh Lerner and Mark Schankerman, The Commingled Code: Open Source and Economic Development (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010).
10. FOSS is the subject of an extensive literature. Particularly valuable book-length treatments are Christopher M. Kelty, Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008)
11. Glynn Moody, Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 2002)
12. Steven Weber, The Success of Open Source (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004).
13. Groundbreaking discussions of FOSS include Rishab Ayer Ghosh, "Cooking Pot Markets: An Economic Model for the Trade in Free Goods and Services on the Net," First Monday 3, no. 3 (March 1998), http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/rt/printerFriendly/580/501
14. Eric Raymond, "The Cathedral and the Bazaar," http://www.catb.org/esr/writings/homesteading/
15. Karim R. Lakhani and Eric von Hippel, "How Open Source Software Works: 'Free' User-to-User Assistance," Research Policy 32, no. 6 (June 2003): 923-943.
16. An important collection of early work on FOSS is Joseph Feller, Brian Fitzgerald, Scott A. Hissam, and Karim R. Lakhani, eds., Perspectives of Free and Open Source Software (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005), http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/0262562278.pdf.
17. The critical source for an internal perspective is the work of Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Foundation, at http://www.gnu.org/.
18. Pamela S. Tolbert, "Robert Michels and the Iron Law of Oligarchy" [Electronic version], Retrieved from Cornell University, ILR School site: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/articles/397/.
19. Kelty, Two Bits, ch. 10.
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24. Joseph Michael Reagle Jr., Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010), ch. 4-6.
25. An excellent recent bibliography is found in Mayo Fuster Morell, "The Wikimedia Foundation and the Governance of Wikipedia's Infrastructure, Historical Trajectories and Its Hybrid Culture," in G. Lovnik and N. Tkacz, eds., Critical Point of View (Amsterdam: Institute of Networked Cultures, 2011)
26. The volume generally collects a substantial amount of recent work that develops a critique of the more optimistic interpretations of Wikipedia. Works on the governance of Wikipedia, both critical and supportive, include: Phoebe Ayers, Charles Matthews, and Ben Yates, How Wikipedia Works and How you Can Be a Part of It (San Francisco, CA: No Starch Press, 2008)
27. Andrew Lih, The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia (New York: Hyperion, 2009)
28. Piotr Konieczny, "Governance, Organization, and Democracy on the Internet: The Iron Law and the Evolution of Wikipedia," Sociological Forum 24 (March 2009): 162-192
29. Shane Greenstein and Michelle Devereaux, "Wikipedia in the Spotlight," Kellogg Case Number: 5-306-507 (Evanston, IL: Kellogg School of Management, 2009), http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/greenstein/images/htm/Research/Cases/Wikipedia_RVFinal_0709.pdf
30. Nathaniel Tkacz, "Power, Visibility, Wikipedia" Southern Review 40 (2007): 5-19
31. Travis Kriplean, Ivan Beschastnikh, David W. McDonald, and Scott A. Golder, "Community, Consensus, Coercion, Control: CS*W or How Policy Mediates Mass Participation," GROUP'07, ACM Conference on Supporting Group Work (Sarubel Island, Florida, 2007)
32. Max Loubser and Christian Pentzold, "Rule Dynamics and Rule Effects in Commons-Based Peer Production," Fifth ECPR General Conference, Potsdam, Germany (10-12 September 2009)
33. Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, and Matthew Mckeon, "The Hidden Order of Wikipedia," Online Communities and Social Computing (2007): 445-454
34. Andrea Forte and Amy Bruckman, "Scaling Consensus: Increasing Decentralization in Wikipedia Governance," Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (Waikoloa, Big Island, HI: IEEE Computer Society, 2008): 157-167
35. Thomas Malone, The Future of Work: How the New Order of Business Will Shape Your Organization, Your Management Style and Your Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press, 2004)
36. th Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2007), ACM: San Jose, CA, 2007.
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38. Andrea Ciffolilli, "Phantom Authority, Self-Selective Recruitment and Retention of Members in Virtual Communities: The Case of Wikipedia," First Monday (December 2003), http://firstmondayorg/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1108
39. Mathieu O'Neil, Cyberchiefs: Autonomy and Authority in Online Tribes (London, UK: Pluto Press, 2009)
40. Felix Stalder and Jesse Hirsh, "Open Source Intelligence," First Monday 7 (June 2002), http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/961/882
41. Moira Burke and Robert Kraut, "Mopping up: Modeling Wikipedia Promotion Decisions" in B. Begole and D. W. McDonald, eds., Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (San Diego, CA: ACM), 2008, 27-36.
42. Pamela S. Tolbert, "Robert Michels and the Iron Law of Oligarchy."
43. Reagle, Supra note 11, 74.
44. Reagle, Supra, at page 98.
45. See Matheiu O'Neil, "Wikipedia and Authority," in Lovnik and Tkacz, Supra, at 309 (2011).
46. Yochai Benkler, "Coase's Penguin, or Linux and the Nature of the Firm," 112 Yale Law Journal 369 (2002)
47. Sharing Nicely: On Shareable Goods and the Emergence of Sharing as a Modality of Economic Production, 114 Yale Law Journal 273 (2004)
48. "Peer Production of Survivable Critical Infrastructures," in M. F. Grady and F. Parisi, eds., The Law and Economics of Cybersecurity, (Cambridge University Press, 2005): 73-114
49. Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (Cambridge, MA:Yale University Press, 2006).
50. A comparison identified by Steven Berlin Johnson.
51. Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism, "YouTube and News: A New Kind of Visual News," http://www.journalism.org/node/30171
52. USAID, "Crowdsourcing to Geocode Development Credit Authority Data: A Case Study," http://transition.usaid.gov/our_work/economic_growth_and_trade/development_credit/pdfs/2012/USAIDCrowdsourcingCaseStudy.pdf.
53. Blake Ellis, "Credit Unions Hit a Record Number of Members," http://money.cnn.com/2012/02/29/pf/credit_unions_members/index.htm.
54. Grameen Bank website: http://www.grameen-info.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Itemid=175
55. See: November 2009, 100 Million; http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/11/01/four-years-after-founding-kiva-hits-100-million-in-microloans/
56. April 2011, 200 million, http://philanthropy.com/article/article-content/127126/
57. August 2012, 343.6 million. http://www.kiva.org/about/stats.
58. NEA website: http://www.nea.gov/about/budget/AppropriationsHistory.html
59. BLS category NAICS 711500, compare 2004 and 2011.
60. Kristin Thomson and Jean Cook, "Future of Music Coalition Study: Are Musicians Benefiting from Music Tech?" (13 February 2012), http://money.futureofmusic.org/are-musicians-benefiting-from-music-tech-sf-musictech-presentation/
61. Leah Belsky, Byron Kahr, Max Berkelhammer, and Yochai Benkler, "Everything in Its Right Place: Social Cooperation and Artist Compensation," 17 Mich. Telecommunications and Tech L. Rev. 1 (2010).
62. See Belsky, et al, supra.
63. Safecast website: http://blog.safecast.org/history/
64. Ethan Zuckerman blog: http://www.ethanzuckerman.com/blog/2011/06/27/mohamed-nanabhay-and-joi-ito-at-center-for-civic-media/
65. "Open Data Movement Redux: Tribes and Contradictions," http://whimsley.typepad.com/whimsley/2012/05/open-data-movement-redux-tribes-and-contradictions.html
66. Jennifer Shkabatur, "Transparency With(out) Accountability: Open Government in the United States," Yale Law & Policy Review 31, no. 1 (2013).
67. See John Wonderlich, "Open Data Creates Accountability," http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2012/07/06/open-data-creates-accountability/
68. Written in large measure in response to the doubts that Beth Noveck, who designed and led the Obama Administration's open data drive, and seems now to be focused on institutionalized aspects rather than raw data dumps coupled with peer scrutiny. See "Open Data-The Democratic Imperative," http://crookedtimber.org/2012/07/05/open-data-the-democratic-imperative/
69. Blake Ellis, "Credit Unions Hit a Record Number of Members."