Biomechanical and Scaling Bases for Frontal and Side Impact Injury Assessment Reference Values

SAE Technical Papers

Volumn 2003-October, Issue October, 2003, Pages

  Mertz, Harold J ^a   Irwin, Annette L ^a   Prasad, Priya ^b  

^a GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION   (United States)

^b FORD MOTOR COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

compliance limits; crash test dummies; IARV; injury assessment; injury criteria; injury risk curves; restraint systems

Indexed keywords

BIOMECHANICS; CRASHWORTHINESS; REGULATORY COMPLIANCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SAFETY TESTING;

COMPLIANCE LIMITS; CRASH TEST DUMMIES; IARV; INJURY ASSESSMENT; INJURY CRITERIA; INJURY RISK; RESTRAINT SYSTEMS;

ACCIDENTS;

EID: 84877222236     PISSN: None     EISSN: 01487191     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4271/2003-22-0009     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (92)

1. AAMA. (1998) Proposal for dummy response limits for FMVSS 208 compliance testing. Docket No. NHTSA 98-4405, Notice 1. AAMA S98-13, Attachment C.
2. AGARD. (1996) Anthropomorphic dummies for crash and escape system testing. AGARD-AR-330, pp. 33-40. Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development. NATO.
3. Alliance. (1999) Dummy response limits for FMVSS 208 compliance testing. Docket No. NHTSA-99-6407, Notice 1. Annex 2 of Alliance Submission.
4. Begeman P.C., Pratima K., and Prasad P., (1999) Bending strength of the human cadaveric forearm due to lateral loads. Proc. 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 343-350. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
5. Bendjellal F., Walfisch G., Fayon A., and Tarrière C., (1984) APR biomechanical data. Nanterre, France.
6. Cavanaugh J.M., Zhu Y., Huang Y., and King A.I., (1993) Injury response of the thorax in side impact cadaveric tests. Proc. 37th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 199-221. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
7. Cavanaugh J.M., Wallico T., Chung J., and King A.I., (1996) Abdominal injury and response in side impact. Proc 40th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 1-16. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
8. Césari D., Ramet M., and Clair P-Y., (1980) Evaluation of pelvic fracture tolerance in side impact. Proc. 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 229-253. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
9. Cheng R., Yang K., Levine R.S., and King A.I., (1984) Dynamic impact loading of the femur under passive restrained condition. Proc. 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 101-118. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
10. Denton R., and Morgan C., (1987) An overview of existing sensors for the Hybrid III anthropomorphic dummy. SAE 876048, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA. (Reprinted in Hybrid III: The First Human-like Crash Test Dummy, PT 44, pp. 83-93. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.).
11. Donnelly B. R., and Roberts D.P., (1987) Comparison of cadaver Hybrid III dummy response to axial impacts of the femur. Proc. 31st Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 105-116. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
12. Eppinger R.H, Augustyn K., and Robins D.H., (1978) Development of a promising universal thoracic trauma prediction methodology. Proc. 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 209-268. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
13. Foret-Bruno J-Y., Hartman F., Thomas C., Fayon A., Tarrière C., Got C., and Patel A., (1978) Correlation between thoracic lesions and force values measured at the shoulder of 92 belted occupants involved in real accidents. Proc. 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 269-292. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
14. Got C., Patel A., Fayon A., Tarrière C., and Walfisch G., (1978) Results of experimental head impacts on cadavers: the various data obtained and their relations to some measured physical parameters. Proc. 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 55-99. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
15. Got C., Guillon F., Patel A., Mack P., Brun-Cassan F., Fayon A., Tarrière C., and Hureau J., (1983) Morphological and biomechanical study of 146 human skulls used in experimental impacts in relation with the observed injuries. Proc. 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 241-259. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
16. Hirsch G., and Sullivan L., (1965) Experimental knee joint fractures-a preliminary report. ACTA Orthopaedica Scandinavica 36.
17. Hodgson V.R., and Thomas L.M., (1972) Effect of long-duration impact on head. Proc. 16th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 292-295. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
18. Hodgson V.R., Thomas L.M., and Brinn J., (1973) Concussion levels determined by HPR windshiled impacts. Proc 17th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 171-190. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
19. Hodgson V.R., and Thomas L.M., (1977) Breaking strength of the human skull versus impact surface curvature. DOT-HS-146-2-230. Wayne State University, Detroit MI.
20. Irwin A.L., (1994) Analysis and CAL3D model of the shoulder and thorax responses of seven cadavers subjected to lateral impacts. PhD Thesis, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
21. Irwin A.L., and Mertz H.J., (1997) Biomechanical Bases for the CRABI and Hybrid III Child Dummies. Proc. 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 1-12. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
22. Irwin A.L., Mertz H.J., Elhagediab A.M., and Moss S., (2002) Guidelines for assessing the biofidelity of side impact dummies. Stapp Car Crash Journal 46: 297-319.
23. ISO/DTR 7861 (2001). Road Vehicles- Injury risk curves to evaluate occupant protection in simulated frontal collisions, ISO/TC22/SC12/WG6 Document N540, Geneva.
24. ISO/DTR 12350 (2002). Road Vehicles-Injury risk curves to evaluate occupant protection in side impact, Geneva.
25. King J.J., Fan R.S., and Vargovick R.J., (1973) Femur load injury criteria. Proc. 17th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 509-524. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
26. Kirkish S.L., Begeman P.C., and Paravasthu N.S., (1996) Proposed provisional reference values for the humerus for evaluation of injury potential. Proc. 40th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 75-84. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
27. Klopp G., Crandall J., Hall G., Pilkey W., Harwitz S., and Kuppa S., (1997) Mechanisms of injury and injury criteria for the human foot and ankle in dynamic axial impacts to the foot. Proc. 1997 IRCOBI Conference, pp. 73-86. Hanover, Germany.
28. Kroell C.K., Schneider D.C., and Nahum A.M., (1972) Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax. Proc. 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 84-134. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
29. Kroell C.K., Schneider D.C., and Nahum A.M., (1974) Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax II. Proc. 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 383-457. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
30. Laituri T.R., Prasad P., Kachnowski B.P., Sullivan K., Przybylo P.A., (2003) Predictions of AIS 3+ thoracic risks for belted occupants in full-engagement, real-world frontal impacts: sensitivity to various theoretical risk curves. SAE http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/2003-01-1355 2003-01-1355, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
31. Leung Y.C., Hue B., Fayon A., Tarrière C., Hamon H., Got C., Patel A., and Hureau J., (1983) Study of knee-thigh-hip protection criterion. Proc. 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 351-364. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
32. Lissner H.R., Lebow M., and Evans F.G., (1960) Experimental studies on the relationship between acceleration and intracranial pressure changes in man. Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, 3: 329-338.
33. Lund A.K., (2003) Recommended procedures for evaluating occupant injury risk from deploying side airbags. TWG Report, First Revision, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.
34. Marcus J.H., Morgan R.M., Eppinger R.H., Kallieris D., Mattern R., and Schmidt G., (1983) Human response to injury from lateral impact. Proc. 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 419-432. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
35. Melvin J.W., Stalnaker R.L., Alem N.M., Benson J.B., and Mohan D., (1975) Impact response and tolerance of the lower extremities. Proc. 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 543-559. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
36. Melvin J.W., and Nusholtz G.S., (1980) Tolerance and response of the knee-femur-pelvis complex to axial impacts: impact sled test. UM-HSRI-80-27. University of Michigan, Highway Safety Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI.
37. Melvin J.W., (1995) Injury Assessment Reference Values for the CRABI 6-month infant dummy in rear-facing infant restraint with airbag deployment. SAE http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/950872 950872. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
38. Mertz H.J., and Patrick L.M., (1967) Investigation of the kinematics and kinetics of whiplash. Proc. 11th Stapp Car Crash conference, pp. 267-317. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
39. Mertz H.J., and Gadd C.W., (1971) Thoracic tolerance to whole-body deceleration. Proc. 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 135-157. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
40. Mertz H.J., and Patrick L.M., (1971) Strength and response of the human neck. Proc. 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 207-255. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
41. Mertz H.J., Nyquist G.W., Hodgson V.R., and Thomas L.M., (1978) An assessment of compressive neck loads under injury-producing conditions. The Physician and Sports Medicine 6, (11) McGraw-Hill. (Reprinted in Hybrid III: The First Human-like Crash Test Dummy, PT-44, pp. 495-519. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.)
42. Mertz H.J., Driscoll G.D., Lenox J.B., Nyquist G.W., and Weber D.A., (1982) Response of animals exposed to deployment of various passenger inflatable restraint system concepts for a variety of collision severities and animal positions. Ninth Experimental Safety Vehicle Conference, pp. 352-368. Kyoto, Japan. (Also published as SAE 826047 PT31).
43. Mertz H.J., and Weber D.A., (1982) Interpretations of the impact responses of a 3-year-old child dummy relative to child injury potential. Ninth Experimental Safety Vehicle Conference, pp. 368-376. Kyoto, Japan. (Also published as SAE 826048, SP-736, 1988).
44. Mertz H.J., (1984) Injury Assessment Values Used to Evaluate Hybrid III Response Measurements. NHTSA Docket 74-14, Notice 32. General Motors Submission USG 2284, Attachment 1, Enclosure 2, March 22, 1984. (reprinted in 1984 as ISO/TC22/SC12/WG6 Document N180 and in 1994 in Hybrid III: The First Human-like Crash Test Dummy. PT44, pp. 407-422. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.)
45. Mertz H.J., (1985) A Procedure for Normalizing impact response data. SAE http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/840884 840884. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
46. Mertz H.J., (1988) Restraint performance of the 1973-76 GM Air Cushion Restraint System. SAE http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/880400 880400, SP-736, pp. 61-71. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
47. Mertz H.J., Irwin A.L., Melvin J.W., Stalnaker R.L., and Beebe M.S., (1989) Size, Weight and Biomechanical Impact Response Requirements for Adult Size Small Female and Large Male Dummies. SAE http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/890756 890756. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
48. Mertz H.J., Horsch J.D., Horn G., and Lowne R.W., (1991) Hybrid III sternal deflection associated with thoracic injury severities of occupants restrained with force-limiting shoulder belts. SAE http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/910812 910812. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
49. Mertz H.J., (1993) Anthropomorphic Test Devices. In Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention, ed. Nahum A.M., and Melvin J.W., pp. 64-84. Springer-Verlag, New York.
50. Mertz H.J., Prasad P., and Nusholtz G., (1996) Head injury risk assessment for forehead impacts. SAE http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/960099 960099. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
51. Mertz H.J., Prasad P., and Nusholtz G., (1997) Head injury risk assessments based on 15 ms HIC and peak head acceleration cirteria. AGARD Conference Proceedings-Impact Head Injury: Responses, Mehanisms, Tolerance, Treatment and Countermeasures, AGARD-CP-597, Ch. 11. Canada Comm. Group, Inc., Canada.
52. Mertz H.J., Prasad P., and Irwin A.L., (1997) Injury risk curves for children and adults in frontal and rear collisions. Proc. 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 13-30. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
53. Mertz H.J., and Prasad P., (2000) Improved neck injury risk curves for tension and extension moment measurements of crash test dummies. Stapp Car Crash Journal 44: 59-75.
54. Mertz H.J., Jarret K., Moss S., Salloum M., and Zhou Y., (2001) The Hybrid III 10-year-old dummy. Stapp Car Crash Journal 45: 319-328.
55. Mertz H.J., (2002a) Anthropomorphic Test Devices. In Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention, 2nd ed. ed. Nahum A.M., and Melvin J.W., pp. 72-88. Springer-Verlag, New York.
56. Mertz H.J., (2002b) Injury assessments based on dummy responses. In Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention, 2nd ed. ed. Nahum A.M., and Melvin J.W., pp. 89-102. Springer-Verlag, New York.
57. Morgan R.M., Eppinger R.H., and Marcus J.H., (1989) Human cadaver patella-femur-pelvis injury due to dymanic frontal loading to the patella. 12th Experimental Safety Vehicle Conference, Gothenborg, Sweden.
58. Morgan R.M., Eppinger R.H., Haffner M.P., Yoganandan N., Pintar F.A., Sances A., Crandell J.R., Pilkey W.D., Klopp G.S., Kallieris D., Miltner E., Mattern R., Kuppa S.M., and Sharpless C.L., (1994) Thoracic trauma assessment formulations for restrained drivers in simulated frontal impacts. Proc. 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 15-34. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
59. Nahum A.M., and Smith R.W., (1976) An experimental model for closed head impact injury. Proc. 20th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 783-814. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
60. Nahum A.M., Smith R.W., and Ward C.C., (1977) Intracranial pressure dynamics during head impact. Proc. 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 337-366. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
61. Neathery R.F., Kroell C.K., and Mertz H.J., (1975) Prediction of thoracic injury from dummy responses. Proc. 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 295-316. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
62. Nusholtz G.S., Lux P., Kaiker P., and Janicki K.A., (1984) Head impact response-skull deformation and angular accelerations. Proc. 28th Stapp Car Carsh Conference, pp. 41-74. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
63. Nyquist G.W., Begeman P.C., King A.I., and Mertz H.J., (1980) Correlation of field injuries and GM Hybrid III dummy response for lap-shoulder belt restraint. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 102 (2): 103-109, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York.
64. Nyquist G.W., Cheng R., El-Bohy A., and King A.I., (1985) Tibia bending: strength and response. Proc. 29th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 99-112. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
65. Nyquist G.W., and Denton R.A, (1978) Crash test dummy lower leg instrumentation for axial force and bending moment. Transactions of the Instrument Society of America 18 (3). (Reprinted in Hybrid III: The First Human-like Crash Test Dummy, PT 44, pp. 359-368. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.).
66. Ono K., Kikuchi A., Nakamura M., Kobayashi H., and Nakamura N., (1980) Human head tolerance to sagittal impact: reliable estimation deduced from experimental head injury using sub-human primates and human cadaver skulls. Proc. 24th Stapp Car Crash conference, pp. 101-160. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
67. Patrick L.M., Lissner H.R., and Gurdjian E.S., (1965) Survival by design- head protection. Proc. 7th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 483-499. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
68. Patrick L.M., Kroell C.K., and Mertz H.J., (1966) Forces on the human body in simulated crashes. Proc. 9th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 237-259. University of Minnesota.
69. Patrick L.M., Mertz H.J., and Kroell C.K., (1967) Cadaver knee, chest and head impact loads. Proc. 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 168-182. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
70. Patrick L.M., Bohlin N., and Anderson A., (1974) Three-point harness accident and laboratory data comparison. Proc. 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 201-282. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
71. Pintar F.A., Yoganandan N., and Eppinger R.H., (1998) Response and tolerance of the human forearm to impact loading. Proc. 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 65-74. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
72. Powell W.R., Odala S.J., Advani S.H., and Martin R.B., (1975) Cadaver femur responses to longitudinal impacts. Proc. 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 561-579. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
73. Prasad P., and Daniel R.P., (1984) Biomechanical analysis of head, neck and torso injuries to child surrogates due to sudden acceleration. Proc. 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 25-40. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
74. Prasad P., and Mertz H.J., (1985) The position of the United States delegation to the ISO Working Group 6 on the use of HIC in the automotive environment. SAE http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/851246 851246. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
75. Prasad P., Kim A., and Weerappuli D., (1997) Biofidelity of anthropomorphic test devices for rear impact. Proc. 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 387-415. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
76. Roberts D.P., Donnelly B.R., and Morgan R., (1987) Cadaver response to axial impacts of the femur. 11th International Technical Conference of Experimental Safety Vehicles, pp. 311-317. Washington, D.C.
77. Rouhana S.W., Jedrzejczak E.A., and McCleary J.D., (1990) Assessing the submarining and abdominal injury risk in the Hybrid III family of dummies: Part II-development of the small female frangible abdomen. Proc. 34th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 145-173. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
78. SAE J885 (1986) Human tolerance to impact conditions as related to motor vehicle design. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
79. Shams T., Beach D., White R.P., Rangarajan N., Haffner M., Eppinger R., Pritz H., Kuppa S., and Beebe M., (1999) Development and design of THOR-Lx: The THOR lower extremity. Proc. 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 141-160. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
80. th percentile female crash test dummies. Stapp Car Crash Journal 46: 267-283.
81. Stapp J.P., (1970) Voluntary human tolerance. In Impact Injury and Crash Protection, pp. 308-349. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
82. Stalnaker R.L., Melvin J.W., Nusholtz G.S., Alem N.K., and Benson J.B., (1977) Head impact response. Proc. 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 303-335. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
83. Tarrière C., Walfisch G., Fayon A., Rosey J.P., Got C., Patel A., and Delmas A., (1979) Synthesis of human tolerances obtained from lateral impact simulations. 7th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, pp. 359-373. Paris, France. (Also published as SAE 796033. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.)
84. Tarriére C., Walfisch G., Fayon A., Got C., Guillon F., Patel A., and Hureau J., (1982) Acceleration jerk and neck flexion angle: their respective influences on the occurrence of brain injury. ISO/TC22/SC12/WG6 Document N1 18.
85. Tarriére C., (1987) Relationship between experimental measuring techniques and real world injuries, in head injury mechanisms. Symposium report, September 30, 1987, New Orleans, LA. Sponsored by AAAM and Volvo Car Corporation.
86. Versace J., (1971) A review of the severity index. Proc. 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 771-796. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
87. Viano D.C., and Khalil T.B., (1976) Investigation of impact response and fracture of the human femur by finite element modeling. SAE http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/760773 760773. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
88. Viano D.C., Culver C.C., and Haut R.C., (1978) Bolster Impacts to the knee and tibia of human cadavers and an anthropomorphic dummy. Proc. 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 401-428. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
89. Viano D.C., (1989) Biomechanical responses and injuries in blunt lateral impact. Proc. 33rd Stapp Car Crash Conference, pp. 113-142. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
90. Wolanin M.J., Mertz H.J., Nyznyk R.S., and Vincent J.H., (1982) Description and basis of a three-year-old child dummy for evaluating passenger inflatable restraint concepts. Ninth Experimental Safety Vehicle Conference, pp. 287-299. Kyoto, Japan, (republished in 1988 in Automatic Occupant Protection Systems, pp. 1-16. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.)
91. Yamada H., (1970) Strength of Biological Materials. Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, MD.
92. Zuby D.S., Nolan J.M., and Sherwood C.P., (2001) Effect of Hybrid III leg geometry on upper tibia bending moments. Biomechanics Research and Development, SP-1577, pp. 1-13. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.