Anesthesia and Pain Management for Small Animals

Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice

Volumn 43, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 669-688

  Beckman, Brett ^a  

^a Florida Veterinary Dentistry and Oral Surgery   (United States)

Author keywords

Analgesics; Anesthesia; Monitoring; Pain management; Periodontal disease; Small animal; Veterinary dentistry

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANALGESIC AGENT; BUPIVACAINE; BUPRENORPHINE; CARPROFEN; DERACOXIB; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; ETODOLAC; ETOGESIC; ETOMIDATE; FENTANYL; FIROCOXIB; GABAPENTIN; KETAMINE; LIDOCAINE; LONG ACTING DRUG; MELOXICAM; MIDAZOLAM; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OPIATE; PAROXETINE; PROPOFOL; ROBENACOXIB; TEPOXALIN; THIOPENTAL; TILETAMINE; TILETAMINE PLUS ZOLAZEPAM; TRAMADOL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANALGESIA; ANESTHESIA INDUCTION; ANESTHESIA LEVEL; ANESTHETIC RECOVERY; CAPNOGRAPHY; DENTISTRY; DRUG SENSITIZATION; HYPOTENSION; HYPOTHERMIA; INTRAOPERATIVE PERIOD; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NASOGASTRIC TUBE; NERVE BLOCK; NOCICEPTION; NONHUMAN; ORAL SURGERY; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PERIODONTAL DISEASE; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; PREMEDICATION; PREOPERATIVE PERIOD; REVIEW; SUSTAINED RELEASE FORMULATION; TOOTH RADIOGRAPHY; VETERINARY DENTISTRY;

ANALGESICS; ANESTHESIA; ANESTHETICS; ANIMALS; CATS; DOGS; ORAL SURGICAL PROCEDURES; PAIN MANAGEMENT; PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE; PREMEDICATION;

ANIMALIA; CANIS FAMILIARIS;

EID: 84877140622     PISSN: 01955616     EISSN: 18781306     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.02.006     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. Muir W.W. Considerations for general anesthesia. Lumb and Jones' veterinary anesthesia and analgesia 2007, 17-30. Blackwell, Ames (IA). 4th edition. W.J. Tranquilli, J.C. Thurmon, K.G. Grimm (Eds.).
2. Bednarski R., Grimm K., Harvey R., et al. AAHA anesthesia guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011, 47:377-385.
3. Veterinary Anesthesia Support Group. Preanesthetic protocols. Available at: Accessed August 23, 2012. http://www.vasg.org/.
4. Meyer E.C., Sommers K. Possible mechanisms of anti-cholinergic drug-induced bradycardia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1988, 35(5):503-506.
5. Dyson D., Pettifer G. Evaluation of the arrhythmogenicity of a low dose of acepromazine: comparison with xylazine. Can J Vet Res 1997, 61:241-245.
6. Tzannes S., Govendir M., Zaki S., et al. The use of sevoflurane in a 2:1 mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen for rapid mask induction of anaesthesia in the cat. J Feline Med Surg 2002, 2:83-90.
7. Brodbelt D.C., Pfeiffer D.U., Young L.E., et al. Results of the confidential enquiry into perioperative small animal fatalities regarding risk factors for anesthetic-related death in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008, 233(7):1096-1104.
8. Essentials of small animal anesthesia and analgesia 2011, 286-287. Wiley Blackwell, Hoboken (NJ). J.C. Thurmon, W.J. Tranquilli, G.J. Benson (Eds.).
9. Brodbelt D.C., Blissitt K.J., Hammond R.A. The risk of death: the confidential enquiry into perioperative small animal fatalities. Vet Anaesth Analg 2008, 35:365-373.
10. Hodgson D.S. The case for non-rebreathing circuits for very small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1992, 2:397-399.
11. Brodbelt D.C., Pfeifer D.U., Young L., et al. Risk factors for anaesthetic-related death in cats: results from the confidential enquiry into perioperative small animal fatalities (CEPSAF). Br J Anaesth 2007, 99:617-623.
12. Muir W.W., Hubbell J.A., Skarda R.T., et al. Handbook of veterinary pain management 2002, Mosby, St Louis (MO), p. 177-9. 3rd edition.
13. Paddleford R.R. Manual of small animal anesthesia 1999, Saunders, Philadelphia, p. 144. 2nd edition.
14. Tranquilli W.J., Grimm K.A., Lamont L.A. Pain management for the small animal practitioner 2000, Teton NewMedia, Jackson (WY), p. 6, 10.
15. Muir W.W. Physiology and pathophysiology of pain. Handbook of veterinary pain management 2002, 13-45. Mosby, St Louis (MO). J.S. Gaynor, W.W. Muir (Eds.).
16. Hargreaves K.M., Hutter J.W. Endodontic pharmacology. Pathways of the pulp 2002, 665-681. Mosby, St Louis (MO). S. Cohen, R.C. Burns (Eds.).
17. Koppert W., Weigand M., Neumann F., et al. Perioperative intravenous lidocaine has preventive effects on postoperative pain and morphine consumption after major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 2004, 98:1050-1055.
18. Wagner A.E., Walton J.A., Hellyer P.W., et al. Use of low doses of ketamine administered by constant rate infusion as an adjunct for postoperative analgesia in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002, 221:72-75.
19. Veterinary Anesthesia Support Group. Drug delivery calculators. Available at: Accessed August 23, 2012. http://vasg.org/drug_delivery_calculators.htm.
20. Rowbotham M., Harden N., Stacey B., et al. Reduction of isoflurane MAC by fentanyl or remifentanil in rats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2003, 30:250-256.
21. Criado A.B., Gomez de Segura I.A., Tendillo F.J., et al. Reduction of isoflurane MAC with buprenorphine and morphine in rats. Lab Anim 2000, 34:252-259.
22. Muir W.W., Wiese A.J., March P.A. Effects of morphine, lidocaine, ketamine, and morphine-lidocaine-ketamine drug combination on minimum alveolar concentration in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. Am J Vet Res 2003, 64:1155-1160.
23. Kukanich B., Clark T.P. The history and pharmacology of fentanyl: relevance to a novel, long-acting transdermal fentanyl solution newly approved for use in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012, 35(Suppl 2):3-19.
24. Linton D.D., Wilson M.G., Newbound G.C., et al. The effectiveness of a long-acting transdermal fentanyl solution compared to buprenorphine for the control of postoperative pain in dogs in a randomized, multicentered clinical study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012, 35(Suppl 2):53-64.
25. Riviere J., Papich M. Potential and problems of developing transdermal patches for veterinary applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001, 50(3):175-203.
26. Roughan J.V., Flecknell P.A. Buprenorphine: a reappraisal of its antinociceptive effects and therapeutic use in alleviating post-operative pain in animals. Lab Anim 2002, 36:322-343.
27. Catbagan D.L., Quimby J.M., Mama K.R., et al. Comparison of the efficacy and adverse effects of sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride following subcutaneous administration and buprenorphine hydrochloride following oral transmucosal administration in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Am J Vet Res 2011, 72(4):461-466.
28. Niedfeldt R.L., Robertson S.A. Postanesthetic hyperthermia in cats: a retrospective comparison between hydromorphone and buprenorphine. Vet Anaesth Analg 2006, 33(6):381-389.
29. Birrell G.J., McQueen D.S., Iggo A., et al. PGI2-induced activation and sensitization of articular mechanonociceptors. Neurosci Lett 1991, 124:5-8.
30. Mizumura K., Sato J., Kumazawa T. Effects of prostaglandins and other putative chemical intermediaries on the activity of canine testicular polymodal receptors studied in vitro. Pflugers Arch 1987, 408:565-572.
31. McMahon S.B., Bennett L.H., Bevan S., et al. Inflammatory mediators and modulators of pain. Wall and Melzack's textbook of pain 2006, 49-72. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia. 5th edition. S.B. McMahon, M. Koltzenburg (Eds.).
32. Rusell I.J., Bieber C.S. Myofascial pain and fibromyalgia syndrome. Wall and Melzack's textbook of pain 2006, 3-34. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia. 5th edition. S.B. McMahon, M. Koltzenburg (Eds.).
33. van Oostrom H., Doornenbal A., Schot A., et al. Neurophysiological assessment of the sedative and analgesic effects of a constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine in the dog. Vet J 2011, 190(3):338-344.
34. Valtolina C., Robben J.H., Uilenreef J., et al. Clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine for postoperative pain management in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2009, 36(4):369-383.
35. Uilenreef J.J., Murrell J.C., McKusick B.C., et al. Dexmedetomidine continuous rate infusion during isoflurane anaesthesia in canine surgical patients. Vet Anaesth Analg 2008, 35(1):1-12.
36. Slingsby L.S., Murrell J.C., Taylor P.M. Combination of dexmedetomidine with buprenorphine enhances the antinociceptive effect to a thermal stimulus in the cat compared with either agent alone. Vet Anaesth Analg 2010, 37(2):162-170.
37. Gaynor J.S. Other drugs used to treat pain. Handbook of veterinary pain management 2002, 251-260. Mosby, St Louis (MO). J.S. Gaynor, W.W. Muir (Eds.).
38. Rowbotham M., Harden N., Stacey B., et al. Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998, 280:1837-1842.
39. Rice A.S., Maton S. Gabapentin in postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Pain 2001, 94(2):215-224.
40. Pandey C.K., Bose N., Garg G., et al. Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of painful neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998, 280:1831-1836.
41. Pandey C.K., Bose N., et al. Gabapentin for the treatment of pain in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Anesth Analg 2002, 95:1719-1723.
42. Muir W.W., Bednarski L., Bednarski R. Thiamylal and halothane-sparing effects of diazepam in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1991, 14:46-50.
43. Steffey E.P., Baggot J.D., Eisele J.H., et al. Morphine-isoflurane interactions in dogs, swine, and rhesus monkeys. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1994, 17:202-210.
44. Jeong S.M. Effects of electroacupuncture on minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane and cardiovascular system in isoflurane anesthetized dogs. J Vet Sci 2002, 3:193-201.
45. Snyder C.J., Snyder L.B. Effect of mepivacaine in an infraorbital nerve block on minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in clinically normal anesthetized dogs undergoing a modified form of dental dolorimetry. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013, 242(2):199-204.
46. Pricco D.F. An evaluation of bupivacaine for regional nerve block in oral surgery. J Oral Surg 1977, 35:126-129.
47. Trieger N., Gillen G.H. Bupivacaine anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in oral surgery. Anesth Prog 1979, 26:20-23.
48. Stolf Filho N., Ranali J. Avaliação comparativa da bupivacaina e lidocaina em anestesia de pacientes submetidos a cirurgias de terceiros molares inferiores inclusos. Rev Assoc Paul Cir Dent 1990, 44:145-148. [in Portuguese].
49. Cuvillon P., Nouvellon E., Ripart J., et al. A comparison of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine, ropivacaine (with epinephrine) and their equal volume mixtures with lidocaine used for femoral and sciatic nerve blocks: a double-blind randomized study. Anesth Analg 2009, 108(2):641-649.