메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 60, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 741-760

Pediatric Delirium. Monitoring and Management in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.

Author keywords

Agitation; Brain dysfunction; Critical care; Delirium; Encephalopathy; Pain; Pediatric; Sedation

Indexed keywords

ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; DIPHENHYDRAMINE; HALOPERIDOL; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; RISPERIDONE; ZIPRASIDONE;

EID: 84877015235     PISSN: 00313955     EISSN: 15578240     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2013.02.010     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (82)

References (81)
  • 1
    • 78651263465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosing delirium in critically ill children: validity and reliability of the pediatric confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit
    • Smith H.A., Boyd J., Fuchs D.C. Diagnosing delirium in critically ill children: validity and reliability of the pediatric confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2011, 39:150-157.
    • (2011) Crit Care Med , vol.39 , pp. 150-157
    • Smith, H.A.1    Boyd, J.2    Fuchs, D.C.3
  • 2
    • 84862763935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting pediatric delirium: development of a rapid observational assessment tool
    • Silver G., Traube C., Kearney J. Detecting pediatric delirium: development of a rapid observational assessment tool. Intensive Care Med 2012, 38:1025-1031.
    • (2012) Intensive Care Med , vol.38 , pp. 1025-1031
    • Silver, G.1    Traube, C.2    Kearney, J.3
  • 3
    • 79961021316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the utility of diagnostic instruments for pediatric delirium in critical illness: an evaluation of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale, the Delirium Rating Scale 88, and the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised R-98
    • Janssen N.J., Tan E.Y., Staal M., et al. On the utility of diagnostic instruments for pediatric delirium in critical illness: an evaluation of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale, the Delirium Rating Scale 88, and the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised R-98. Intensive Care Med 2011, 37:1331-1337.
    • (2011) Intensive Care Med , vol.37 , pp. 1331-1337
    • Janssen, N.J.1    Tan, E.Y.2    Staal, M.3
  • 4
    • 0034948268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU)
    • Ely E.W., Margolin R., Francis J., et al. Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Crit Care Med 2001, 29:1370-1379.
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 1370-1379
    • Ely, E.W.1    Margolin, R.2    Francis, J.3
  • 5
    • 0035023645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive care delirium screening checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool
    • Bergeron N., Dubois M.J., Dumont M. Intensive care delirium screening checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool. Intensive Care Med 2001, 27:859-864.
    • (2001) Intensive Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 859-864
    • Bergeron, N.1    Dubois, M.J.2    Dumont, M.3
  • 7
    • 23744460868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive care unit delirium is an independent predictor of longer hospital stay: a prospective analysis of 261 non-ventilated patients
    • Thomason J.W., Shintani A., Peterson J.F. Intensive care unit delirium is an independent predictor of longer hospital stay: a prospective analysis of 261 non-ventilated patients. Crit Care 2005, 9:R375-R381.
    • (2005) Crit Care , vol.9
    • Thomason, J.W.1    Shintani, A.2    Peterson, J.F.3
  • 8
    • 1842867052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit
    • Ely E.W., Shintani A., Truman B. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA 2004, 291:1753-1762.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 1753-1762
    • Ely, E.W.1    Shintani, A.2    Truman, B.3
  • 9
    • 3543025110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between delirium and cognitive decline: a review of the empirical literature
    • Jackson J.C., Gordon S.M., Hart R.P. The association between delirium and cognitive decline: a review of the empirical literature. Neuropsychol Rev 2004, 14:87-98.
    • (2004) Neuropsychol Rev , vol.14 , pp. 87-98
    • Jackson, J.C.1    Gordon, S.M.2    Hart, R.P.3
  • 10
    • 0038070279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium in the intensive care unit: occurrence and clinical course in older patients
    • McNicoll L., Pisani M.A., Zhang Y. Delirium in the intensive care unit: occurrence and clinical course in older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003, 51:591-598.
    • (2003) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.51 , pp. 591-598
    • McNicoll, L.1    Pisani, M.A.2    Zhang, Y.3
  • 11
    • 0035210918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of delirium in the intensive care unit on hospital length of stay
    • Ely E.W., Gautam S., Margolin R. The impact of delirium in the intensive care unit on hospital length of stay. Intensive Care Med 2001, 27:1892-1900.
    • (2001) Intensive Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 1892-1900
    • Ely, E.W.1    Gautam, S.2    Margolin, R.3
  • 12
    • 0034891470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium in an intensive care unit: a study of risk factors
    • Dubois M.J., Bergeron N., Dumont M. Delirium in an intensive care unit: a study of risk factors. Intensive Care Med 2001, 27:1297-1304.
    • (2001) Intensive Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 1297-1304
    • Dubois, M.J.1    Bergeron, N.2    Dumont, M.3
  • 13
    • 41649102999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium as a risk factor for long term cognitive impairment in mechanically ventilated ICU survivors
    • Jackson J.C., Gordon S.M., Girard T.D., et al. Delirium as a risk factor for long term cognitive impairment in mechanically ventilated ICU survivors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 175:A22.
    • (2007) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.175
    • Jackson, J.C.1    Gordon, S.M.2    Girard, T.D.3
  • 14
    • 33748851146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term neurocognitive function after critical illness
    • Hopkins R.O., Jackson J.C. Long-term neurocognitive function after critical illness. Chest 2006, 130:869-878.
    • (2006) Chest , vol.130 , pp. 869-878
    • Hopkins, R.O.1    Jackson, J.C.2
  • 15
    • 34249742494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pediatric delirium in critical illness: phenomenology, clinical correlates and treatment response in 40 cases in the pediatric intensive care unit
    • Schieveld J.N., Leroy P.L., van O.J., et al. Pediatric delirium in critical illness: phenomenology, clinical correlates and treatment response in 40 cases in the pediatric intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 2007, 33:1033-1040.
    • (2007) Intensive Care Med , vol.33 , pp. 1033-1040
    • Schieveld, J.N.1    Leroy, P.L.2    van, O.J.3
  • 16
    • 15344343987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium in severely ill young children in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU)
    • Schieveld J.N., Leentjens A.F. Delirium in severely ill young children in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005, 44:392-394.
    • (2005) J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry , vol.44 , pp. 392-394
    • Schieveld, J.N.1    Leentjens, A.F.2
  • 18
    • 0026749314 scopus 로고
    • Assessing the outcome of pediatric intensive care
    • Fiser D.H. Assessing the outcome of pediatric intensive care. J Pediatr 1992, 121:68-74.
    • (1992) J Pediatr , vol.121 , pp. 68-74
    • Fiser, D.H.1
  • 19
    • 4143140778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric outcome following paediatric intensive care unit (PCCU) admission: a cohort study
    • Rees G., Gledhill J., Garralda M.E., et al. Psychiatric outcome following paediatric intensive care unit (PCCU) admission: a cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2004, 30:1607-1614.
    • (2004) Intensive Care Med , vol.30 , pp. 1607-1614
    • Rees, G.1    Gledhill, J.2    Garralda, M.E.3
  • 20
    • 1842835311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavior rating inventory of executive function
    • Gioia G.A., Isquith P.K., Guy S.C., et al. Behavior rating inventory of executive function. Child Neuropsychol 2000, 6:235-238.
    • (2000) Child Neuropsychol , vol.6 , pp. 235-238
    • Gioia, G.A.1    Isquith, P.K.2    Guy, S.C.3
  • 21
    • 67649306401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium: an emerging frontier in the management of critically ill children
    • Smith H.A., Fuchs D.C., Pandharipande P.P., et al. Delirium: an emerging frontier in the management of critically ill children. Crit Care Clin 2009, 25:593-614.
    • (2009) Crit Care Clin , vol.25 , pp. 593-614
    • Smith, H.A.1    Fuchs, D.C.2    Pandharipande, P.P.3
  • 22
    • 0034908863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium in the intensive care unit: an under-recognized syndrome of organ dysfunction
    • Ely E.W., Siegel M.D., Inouye S.K. Delirium in the intensive care unit: an under-recognized syndrome of organ dysfunction. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 22:115-126.
    • (2001) Semin Respir Crit Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 115-126
    • Ely, E.W.1    Siegel, M.D.2    Inouye, S.K.3
  • 23
    • 0027981586 scopus 로고
    • The dilemma of delirium: clinical and research controversies regarding diagnosis and evaluation of delirium in hospitalized elderly medical patients
    • Inouye S.K. The dilemma of delirium: clinical and research controversies regarding diagnosis and evaluation of delirium in hospitalized elderly medical patients. Am J Med 1994, 97:278-288.
    • (1994) Am J Med , vol.97 , pp. 278-288
    • Inouye, S.K.1
  • 24
    • 0025174041 scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of delirium in hospitalized elderly
    • Francis J., Martin D., Kapoor W.N. A prospective study of delirium in hospitalized elderly. JAMA 1990, 263:1097-1101.
    • (1990) JAMA , vol.263 , pp. 1097-1101
    • Francis, J.1    Martin, D.2    Kapoor, W.N.3
  • 25
    • 84870469320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, Text Revised (DSM-IV)
    • Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 2000, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, Text Revised (DSM-IV). 4th edition.
    • (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
  • 26
    • 0034630283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive care unit syndrome: a dangerous misnomer
    • McGuire B.E., Basten C.J., Ryan C.J., et al. Intensive care unit syndrome: a dangerous misnomer. Arch Intern Med 2000, 160:906-909.
    • (2000) Arch Intern Med , vol.160 , pp. 906-909
    • McGuire, B.E.1    Basten, C.J.2    Ryan, C.J.3
  • 27
    • 16744365993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does " ICU psychosis" really exist?
    • Justic M. Does " ICU psychosis" really exist?. Crit Care Nurse 2000, 20:28-37.
    • (2000) Crit Care Nurse , vol.20 , pp. 28-37
    • Justic, M.1
  • 29
    • 84867872971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symptom profile of delirium in children and adolescents-does it differ from adults and elderly?
    • Grover S., Kate N., Malhotra S., et al. Symptom profile of delirium in children and adolescents-does it differ from adults and elderly?. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2012, 34:626-632.
    • (2012) Gen Hosp Psychiatry , vol.34 , pp. 626-632
    • Grover, S.1    Kate, N.2    Malhotra, S.3
  • 30
    • 33747148178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing symptoms of delirium in adults and children
    • Turkel S.B., Trzepacz P.T., Tavare C.J. Comparing symptoms of delirium in adults and children. Psychosomatics 2006, 47:320-324.
    • (2006) Psychosomatics , vol.47 , pp. 320-324
    • Turkel, S.B.1    Trzepacz, P.T.2    Tavare, C.J.3
  • 31
    • 15344339496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commentary: the diagnosis of delirium in pediatric patients
    • Martini D.R. Commentary: the diagnosis of delirium in pediatric patients. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005, 44:395-398.
    • (2005) J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry , vol.44 , pp. 395-398
    • Martini, D.R.1
  • 32
    • 0034984728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of delirium rating scale: comparison to the delirium rating scale and cognitive test for delirium
    • Trzepacz P.T., Mittal D., Torres R., et al. Validation of delirium rating scale: comparison to the delirium rating scale and cognitive test for delirium. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001, 13:229-242.
    • (2001) J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.13 , pp. 229-242
    • Trzepacz, P.T.1    Mittal, D.2    Torres, R.3
  • 33
    • 0035814368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU)
    • Ely E.W., Inouye S.K., Bernard G.R. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). JAMA 2001, 286:2703-2710.
    • (2001) JAMA , vol.286 , pp. 2703-2710
    • Ely, E.W.1    Inouye, S.K.2    Bernard, G.R.3
  • 34
    • 2142826423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and psychometric evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale
    • Sikich N., Lerman J. Development and psychometric evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale. Anesthesiology 2004, 100:1138-1145.
    • (2004) Anesthesiology , vol.100 , pp. 1138-1145
    • Sikich, N.1    Lerman, J.2
  • 35
    • 0036299551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Brigance infant and toddler screen: standardization and validation
    • Glascoe F.P. The Brigance infant and toddler screen: standardization and validation. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2002, 23:145-150.
    • (2002) J Dev Behav Pediatr , vol.23 , pp. 145-150
    • Glascoe, F.P.1
  • 36
    • 0033780756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAT/CLAMS: its use in detecting early childhood cognitive impairment
    • Kube D.A., Wilson W.M., Petersen M.C., et al. CAT/CLAMS: its use in detecting early childhood cognitive impairment. Pediatr Neurol 2000, 23:208-215.
    • (2000) Pediatr Neurol , vol.23 , pp. 208-215
    • Kube, D.A.1    Wilson, W.M.2    Petersen, M.C.3
  • 37
    • 33645287970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The revised FLACC observational pain tool: improved reliability and validity for pain assessment in children with cognitive impairment
    • Malviya S., Voepel-Lewis T., Burke C. The revised FLACC observational pain tool: improved reliability and validity for pain assessment in children with cognitive impairment. Paediatr Anaesth 2006, 16:258-265.
    • (2006) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.16 , pp. 258-265
    • Malviya, S.1    Voepel-Lewis, T.2    Burke, C.3
  • 38
    • 0032728027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vineland adaptive behavior scale scores as a function of age and initial IQ in 210 autistic children
    • Freeman B.J., Del'Homme M., Guthrie D., et al. Vineland adaptive behavior scale scores as a function of age and initial IQ in 210 autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord 1999, 29:379-384.
    • (1999) J Autism Dev Disord , vol.29 , pp. 379-384
    • Freeman, B.J.1    Del'Homme, M.2    Guthrie, D.3
  • 39
    • 67649558920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The first year
    • Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, R.M. Kliegman, B. Stanton, R.E. Behrman (Eds.)
    • Feigelman S. The first year. Nelson textbook of pediatrics 2007, e26-e31. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia. 19th edition. R.M. Kliegman, B. Stanton, R.E. Behrman (Eds.).
    • (2007) Nelson textbook of pediatrics
    • Feigelman, S.1
  • 40
    • 0026580312 scopus 로고
    • The Denver II: a major revision and restandardization of the Denver Developmental Screening Test
    • Frankenburg W.K., Dodds J., Archer P. The Denver II: a major revision and restandardization of the Denver Developmental Screening Test. Pediatrics 1992, 89:91-97.
    • (1992) Pediatrics , vol.89 , pp. 91-97
    • Frankenburg, W.K.1    Dodds, J.2    Archer, P.3
  • 41
    • 33644652127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium and its motoric subtypes: a study of 614 critically ill patients
    • Peterson J.F., Pun B.T., Dittus R.S. Delirium and its motoric subtypes: a study of 614 critically ill patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006, 54:479-484.
    • (2006) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.54 , pp. 479-484
    • Peterson, J.F.1    Pun, B.T.2    Dittus, R.S.3
  • 43
    • 0032811640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on the neuropathogenesis of delirium
    • Trzepacz P.T. Update on the neuropathogenesis of delirium. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999, 10:330-334.
    • (1999) Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord , vol.10 , pp. 330-334
    • Trzepacz, P.T.1
  • 44
    • 38649126579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of delirium in the intensive care unit
    • Gunther M.L., Morandi A., Ely E.W. Pathophysiology of delirium in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin 2008, 24:45-65.
    • (2008) Crit Care Clin , vol.24 , pp. 45-65
    • Gunther, M.L.1    Morandi, A.2    Ely, E.W.3
  • 45
    • 33847003392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenomenology of delirium. Assessment of 100 adult cases using standardized measures
    • Meagher D.J., Moran M., Raju B., et al. Phenomenology of delirium. Assessment of 100 adult cases using standardized measures. Br J Psychiatry 2007, 190:135-141.
    • (2007) Br J Psychiatry , vol.190 , pp. 135-141
    • Meagher, D.J.1    Moran, M.2    Raju, B.3
  • 46
    • 24344485183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium: acute cognitive dysfunction in the critically ill
    • Pandharipande P., Jackson J., Ely E.W. Delirium: acute cognitive dysfunction in the critically ill. Curr Opin Crit Care 2005, 11:360-368.
    • (2005) Curr Opin Crit Care , vol.11 , pp. 360-368
    • Pandharipande, P.1    Jackson, J.2    Ely, E.W.3
  • 47
    • 0029795022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium. Advances in diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment
    • Trzepacz P.T. Delirium. Advances in diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1996, 19:429-448.
    • (1996) Psychiatr Clin North Am , vol.19 , pp. 429-448
    • Trzepacz, P.T.1
  • 48
    • 34248650438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subtypes of pediatric delirium: a treatment algorithm
    • Karnik N.S., Joshi S.V., Paterno C., et al. Subtypes of pediatric delirium: a treatment algorithm. Psychosomatics 2007, 48:253-257.
    • (2007) Psychosomatics , vol.48 , pp. 253-257
    • Karnik, N.S.1    Joshi, S.V.2    Paterno, C.3
  • 49
    • 0142178155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: a missing link in neuroimmunomodulation
    • Pavlov V.A., Wang H., Czura C.J., et al. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: a missing link in neuroimmunomodulation. Mol Med 2003, 9:125-134.
    • (2003) Mol Med , vol.9 , pp. 125-134
    • Pavlov, V.A.1    Wang, H.2    Czura, C.J.3
  • 50
    • 33645628357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of agitation and its comorbidities in the intensive care unit
    • Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, N.S. Hill, M.M. Levy (Eds.)
    • Crippen D. Treatment of agitation and its comorbidities in the intensive care unit. Ventilator Management Strategies for Critical Care 2001, 243-284. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York. N.S. Hill, M.M. Levy (Eds.).
    • (2001) Ventilator Management Strategies for Critical Care , pp. 243-284
    • Crippen, D.1
  • 51
    • 84877063543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium in the intensive care unit: are we helping the patient?
    • Webb J.M., Carlton E.F., Geeham D.M. Delirium in the intensive care unit: are we helping the patient?. Crit Care Nurs Q 2000, 2:247-260.
    • (2000) Crit Care Nurs Q , vol.2 , pp. 247-260
    • Webb, J.M.1    Carlton, E.F.2    Geeham, D.M.3
  • 54
    • 84878345371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In: Zimmerman JJ, Shanley TP, editors. Current concepts in pediatric critical care-Society of Critical Care Medicine. Mount Prospect (IL): 2008.
    • Pandharipande P, Ely EW. Scoring and managing delirium in the PICU. In: Zimmerman JJ, Shanley TP, editors. Current concepts in pediatric critical care-Society of Critical Care Medicine. Mount Prospect (IL): 2008. p. 69-77.
    • Scoring and managing delirium in the PICU. , pp. 69-77
    • Pandharipande, P.1    Ely, E.W.2
  • 55
    • 0033134711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium: a symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve quality of hospital care
    • Inouye S.K., Schlesinger M.J., Lydon T.J. Delirium: a symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve quality of hospital care. Am J Med 1999, 106:565-573.
    • (1999) Am J Med , vol.106 , pp. 565-573
    • Inouye, S.K.1    Schlesinger, M.J.2    Lydon, T.J.3
  • 56
    • 0028051733 scopus 로고
    • Postoperative delirium in the elderly
    • O'Keefe S.T., Chonchubhair A.N. Postoperative delirium in the elderly. Br J Anaesth 1994, 73:673-687.
    • (1994) Br J Anaesth , vol.73 , pp. 673-687
    • O'Keefe, S.T.1    Chonchubhair, A.N.2
  • 57
    • 0034920302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of medications with anticholinergic effect predicts clinical severity of delirium symptoms in older medical inpatients
    • Han L., McCusker J., Cole M., et al. Use of medications with anticholinergic effect predicts clinical severity of delirium symptoms in older medical inpatients. Arch Intern Med 2001, 161:1099-1105.
    • (2001) Arch Intern Med , vol.161 , pp. 1099-1105
    • Han, L.1    McCusker, J.2    Cole, M.3
  • 59
    • 0031976089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association of serum anticholinergic activity with delirium in elderly medical patients
    • Flacker J.M., Cummings V., Mach J.R., et al. The association of serum anticholinergic activity with delirium in elderly medical patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998, 6:31-41.
    • (1998) Am J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.6 , pp. 31-41
    • Flacker, J.M.1    Cummings, V.2    Mach, J.R.3
  • 60
    • 0019960101 scopus 로고
    • Serum levels of anticholinergic drugs and impaired recent memory in chronic schizophrenic patients
    • Tune L.E., Strauss M.E., Lew M.F., et al. Serum levels of anticholinergic drugs and impaired recent memory in chronic schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1982, 139:1460-1462.
    • (1982) Am J Psychiatry , vol.139 , pp. 1460-1462
    • Tune, L.E.1    Strauss, M.E.2    Lew, M.F.3
  • 61
    • 53249098489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium in the acute care setting: characteristics, diagnosis and treatment
    • Maldonado J.R. Delirium in the acute care setting: characteristics, diagnosis and treatment. Crit Care Clin 2008, 24:657-722.
    • (2008) Crit Care Clin , vol.24 , pp. 657-722
    • Maldonado, J.R.1
  • 62
    • 0028276570 scopus 로고
    • What clinical teachers in medicine need to know
    • Irby D. What clinical teachers in medicine need to know. Acad Med 1994, 69:333-342.
    • (1994) Acad Med , vol.69 , pp. 333-342
    • Irby, D.1
  • 63
    • 37149040245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial
    • Pandharipande P.P., Pun B.T., Herr D.L. Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007, 298:2644-2653.
    • (2007) JAMA , vol.298 , pp. 2644-2653
    • Pandharipande, P.P.1    Pun, B.T.2    Herr, D.L.3
  • 64
    • 42949090301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children's factual and delusional memories of intensive care
    • Colville G., Kerry S., Pierce C. Children's factual and delusional memories of intensive care. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 177:976-982.
    • (2008) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.177 , pp. 976-982
    • Colville, G.1    Kerry, S.2    Pierce, C.3
  • 66
    • 0038142852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS)
    • Ely E.W., Truman B., Shintani A. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA 2003, 289:2983-2991.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.289 , pp. 2983-2991
    • Ely, E.W.1    Truman, B.2    Shintani, A.3
  • 67
    • 0037111193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients
    • Sessler C.N., Gosnell M.S., Grap M.J., et al. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 166:1338-1344.
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.166 , pp. 1338-1344
    • Sessler, C.N.1    Gosnell, M.S.2    Grap, M.J.3
  • 69
    • 84856579294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological and nonpharmacological management of delirium in critically ill patients
    • Hipp D.M., Ely E.W. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological management of delirium in critically ill patients. Neurotherapeutics 2012, 9:158-175.
    • (2012) Neurotherapeutics , vol.9 , pp. 158-175
    • Hipp, D.M.1    Ely, E.W.2
  • 70
    • 84859964525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atypical antipsychotic medications to control symptoms of delirium in children and adolescents
    • Turkel S.B., Jacobson J., Munzig E., et al. Atypical antipsychotic medications to control symptoms of delirium in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2012, 22:126-130.
    • (2012) J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol , vol.22 , pp. 126-130
    • Turkel, S.B.1    Jacobson, J.2    Munzig, E.3
  • 71
    • 73949104796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic considerations regarding pediatric delirium: a review and a proposal for an algorithm for pediatric intensive care units
    • Schieveld J.N., Valk J.A., Smeets I., et al. Diagnostic considerations regarding pediatric delirium: a review and a proposal for an algorithm for pediatric intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 2009, 35:1843-1849.
    • (2009) Intensive Care Med , vol.35 , pp. 1843-1849
    • Schieveld, J.N.1    Valk, J.A.2    Smeets, I.3
  • 72
    • 84884213934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catatonia and refractory agitation in an updated flow chart for the evaluation of emotional-behavioral disturbances in severely ill children
    • Esseveld M.M., Leroy P.L., Leue C., et al. Catatonia and refractory agitation in an updated flow chart for the evaluation of emotional-behavioral disturbances in severely ill children. Intensive Care Med 2012, 10.1007/s00134-012-2763-1.
    • (2012) Intensive Care Med
    • Esseveld, M.M.1    Leroy, P.L.2    Leue, C.3
  • 74
    • 0035168707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketorlac reduces postoperative narcotic requirement
    • Carney D.E., Nicolette L.A., Ratner M.H., et al. Ketorlac reduces postoperative narcotic requirement. J Pediatr Surg 2001, 36:76-79.
    • (2001) J Pediatr Surg , vol.36 , pp. 76-79
    • Carney, D.E.1    Nicolette, L.A.2    Ratner, M.H.3
  • 76
    • 77957942237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infant delirium in pediatric critical care settings
    • Silver G.H., Kearney J.A., Kutko M.C., et al. Infant delirium in pediatric critical care settings. Am J Psychiatry 2010, 167:1172-1177.
    • (2010) Am J Psychiatry , vol.167 , pp. 1172-1177
    • Silver, G.H.1    Kearney, J.A.2    Kutko, M.C.3
  • 77
    • 1642533603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current opinions regarding the importance, diagnosis, and management of delirium in the intensive care unit: a survey of 912 healthcare professionals
    • Ely E.W., Stephens R.K., Jackson J.C., et al. Current opinions regarding the importance, diagnosis, and management of delirium in the intensive care unit: a survey of 912 healthcare professionals. Crit Care Med 2004, 32:106-112.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32 , pp. 106-112
    • Ely, E.W.1    Stephens, R.K.2    Jackson, J.C.3
  • 78
    • 0036152552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines Task Force of the American College of Critical Care Medicine (ACCM) of the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) American College of Chest Physicians et al.
    • Jacobi J., Fraser G.L., Coursin D.B., Task Force of the American College of Critical Care Medicine (ACCM) of the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), American College of Chest Physicians, et al. Clinical practice guidelines. Crit Care Med 2002, 30:119-141.
    • (2002) Crit Care Med , vol.30 , pp. 119-141
    • Jacobi, J.1    Fraser, G.L.2    Coursin, D.B.3
  • 79
    • 84877080601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of the pharmacological treatment of delirium in the pediatric population with accompanying protocol
    • Lavid N., Budner L.J. Review of the pharmacological treatment of delirium in the pediatric population with accompanying protocol. Jefferson J Psych 2000, 15:25-33.
    • (2000) Jefferson J Psych , vol.15 , pp. 25-33
    • Lavid, N.1    Budner, L.J.2
  • 80
    • 1642415129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olanzapine vs haloperidol: treating delirium in a critical care setting
    • Skrobik Y.K., Bergeron N., Dumont M., et al. Olanzapine vs haloperidol: treating delirium in a critical care setting. Intensive Care Med 2004, 30:444-449.
    • (2004) Intensive Care Med , vol.30 , pp. 444-449
    • Skrobik, Y.K.1    Bergeron, N.2    Dumont, M.3
  • 81
    • 33645990638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atypical antipsychotics in the management of delirium: a review of the empirical literature
    • Boettger S., Breitbart W. Atypical antipsychotics in the management of delirium: a review of the empirical literature. Palliat Support Care 2005, 3:227-237.
    • (2005) Palliat Support Care , vol.3 , pp. 227-237
    • Boettger, S.1    Breitbart, W.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.