Profiling climate change vulnerability of forest indigenous communities in the Congo Basin

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

Volumn 18, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 513-533

  Nkem, Johnson N ^a   Somorin, Olufunso A ^b,c   Jum, Cyprian ^b   Idinoba, Monica E ^d   Bele, Youssoufa M ^b   Sonwa, Denis J ^b  

^a UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME   (United States)

^b Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)   (Cameroon)

^c WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^d African Union Commission   (Ethiopia)

Author keywords

Climate change; Congo Basin forest; Indigenous communities; Local livelihoods; Vulnerability

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; COMMUNITY CARE; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; EXPLOITATION; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; FOREST RESOURCE; IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS; NOMADIC PEOPLE; NONTIMBER FOREST PRODUCT; RISK FACTOR; VULNERABILITY;

CAMEROON; CONGO BASIN;

EID: 84876944637     PISSN: 13812386     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11027-012-9372-8     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Adger WN (1999) Social vulnerability to climate change and extremes in coastal Vietnam. World Dev 27(2): 249-269.
2. Adger WN (2000) Social and ecological resilience: are they related? Prog Hum Geogr 24(3): 347-364.
3. Adger WN (2006) Vulnerability. Global Environ Chang 16: 268-281.
4. Adger WN, Huq S, Brown K, Conway D, Hulme M (2003) Adaptation to climate change in the developing world. Prog Dev Stud 3: 179.
5. Agrawal A (2007) Adaptations, institutions and livelihoods. Draft 3 Oct., University of Michigan.
6. Arnold JEM, Ruiz-Perez M (1998) The role of non-timber forest products in conservation and development. In: Wollenberg E, Ingles A (eds) Incomes from the forest; methods for development and conservation of forest products for local communities. Center for International Forestry (CIFOR) Research, Bogor, pp 17-42.
7. Bahuchet S (ed) (1992) La situation des populations indigenes des forets denses humides. ULB, Brussels.
8. Bartlett S (2008) Climate change and urban children: impacts and implications for adaptation in low and middle income countries. IIED human settlements discussion paper - climate change 2.
9. Batterbury SPJ (2001) Landscapes of diversity: a local political ecology of livelihood diversification in south-western Niger. Ecumene 8: 438-464.
10. Bele MY, Somorin O, Sonwa DJ et al (2011) Forests and climate change adaptation policies in Cameroon. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 16: 369-385.
11. Bernstein H, Crow B, Johnson H (Eds.) (1992) Rural livelihoods: crises and responses. Oxford: Oxford University Press and The Open University.
12. Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I, Wisner B (1994) At risk: natural hazards, people's vulnerability, and disasters. Routledge, New York.
13. Brocklesby MA, Ambrose-Oji B (1997) Neither the forest nor the farm... livelihoods in the forest zone-the role of shifting agriculture on Mount Cameroon. Rural Development Forestry Network, paper 21d. ODI.
14. Brooks N (2003) Vulnerability, risk and adaptation: a conceptual framework. Working Paper 38, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
15. Brown HCP, Nkem JN, Sonwa DJ, Bele MY (2010) Institutional adaptive capacity and climate change response in the Congo Basin forests of Cameroon. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies to Global Change 15: 263-282.
16. Brummett R, Tanania C, Pandi A et al (2009) Ressources en eau et biens et services lies à l'écosystème forestier. In: Wasseige C, Devers D, de Marcen P, Eba'a Atyi R, Nasi R, Mayaux Ph (ed) Les forêts du Bassin du Congo. Etat des Forêts 2008. Office des publications de l'Union Européenne, pp 145-161.
17. Burnharm P (2000) Whose forest? Whose myth? Conceptualization of community forests in Cameroon. In: Abramson A, Theodossopoulos D (eds) Land, law and environment: mythical land, legal boundaries. Pluto Press, London.
18. Byron N, Arnold M (1999) What futures for the people of the tropical forests? World Dev 27(5): 789-805.
19. Carney D (1998) Sustainable rural livelihoods: what contribution can we make? Department for International Development, London.
20. CBFP (2005) The forest of the Congo basin: a preliminary assessment. Congo Basin Forest Partnership.
21. CBFP (2006) Forest and climate briefing of the G8 meeting, June 2007. Congo Basin Forest Partnership.
22. Chambers R, Conway G (1992) Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century. IDS Discussion paper 296. IDS, Brighton.
23. Chapman LJ, Chapman CA (2003) Fishes of the African rain forests: emerging and potential threats to a little-known fauna. In: Crisman TL, Chapman LJ, Chapman CA, Kaufman LS (eds) Conservation, ecology, and management of African freshwaters. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp 176-209.
24. Costello A, Abbas M, Allen A et al (2009) Managing the health effects of climate change: lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission. Lancet 373(9676): 1693-1733.
25. Cutter SL, Barnes L, Berry M, Burton C (2008) A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environ Chang 18: 598-606.
26. Davies S (1996) Adaptable livelihoods: coping with food insecurity in the Malian Sahel. MacMillian, London.
27. Department for International Development (DFID) (1999) Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets. Department for International Development, London.
28. Diaw MC (1997) 'Si Nda Bot and Ayong': shifting cultivation, land use and property rights in southern Cameroon. Rural Development Forestry Network, paper 21e. ODI.
29. Dounias E (1993) Dynamique et gestion différentielles du système de production a dominante agricole des Mvae du sud-Cameroun forestier. Doctoral Thesis, Université Montpellier III, France.
30. Dounias E, Froment A (2011) From foraging to farming among present-day forest hunter-gatherers: consequences on diet and health. Int For Rev 13(3): 294-304.
31. Downing TE, Patwardhan A (2003) Vulnerability assessment for climate adaptation. APF Technical Paper 3, United Nations Development Programme, New York.
32. Eakin H (2005) Institutional change, climate risk, and rural vulnerability: cases from central Mexico. World Dev 33(11): 1923-1938.
33. Ellis F (1998) Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification. J Dev Stud 35: 1-38.
34. Ellis F (2000) Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
35. Eriksen S, Naess LO (2003) Pro-poor climate adaptation. Norwegian development cooperation and climate change adaptation: an assessment of issues, strategies and potential entry points. Centre for International Climate and Environmental Research, Oslo.
36. FAO (2011) State of the world's forests 2005. FAO, Rome.
37. Fisher M, Chaudhury M, McCusker B (2010) Do forests help households adapt to climate variability? Evidence from Southern Malawi. World Dev 38(9): 1241-1250.
38. Folke C (2006) Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for socio-ecological systems analyses. Global Environ Chang 16(3): 253-267.
39. Francis E (2000) Making a living: changing livelihoods in rural Africa. Routledge, London.
40. Francis E (2002) Rural livelihoods, institutions and vulnerability in North-West Province, South Africa. J South Afr Stud 28(3): 531-550.
41. Fussel HM (2005) Vulnerability to climate change: a comprehensive conceptual framework. University of California International and Area Studies Breslauer Symposium Paper 6, Berkeley, CA. p. 36.
42. Fussel HM, Klein RJT (2006) Climate change vulnerability assessments: an evolution of conceptual thinking. Clim Chang 75: 301-329.
43. Gallopin GC (2006) Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity. Global Environ Chang 16: 293-303.
44. Githeko AK, Lindsay SW, Confalonieri UE, Patz JA (2000) Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a regional analysis. Bull World Health Organ 78(9): 1136-1147.
45. Gockowski J, Tonye J, Baker D et al (2004) Characterization and diagnosis of farming systems in the forest margins benchmark of southern Cameroon. IITA Social Sciences Working Paper No 1. Ibadan, Nigeria.
46. Guillaume H (1989) L'Etat Sauvage'.: Pygmees et forets d' Afrique Centrale. Politique Africaine 34: 74-82.
47. Guyer J (1984) Family and farm in Southern Cameroon. African Research Studies No. 15. African Studies Center, Boston University, Boston.
48. Hoare AL (2007) Clouds on the horizon: the Congo Basin forests and climate change. The Rainforest Foundation, London.
49. Holling CS, Gunderson LH (2002) Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Island Press, Washington, DC.
50. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2001) Climate change 2001: the scientific basis. Contribution of Working Group II to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
51. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007) Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group 2 to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
52. Joiris DV (1986) Techno-economic changes among the sedentarised Bagyeli Pygmies. London School of Economics, London.
53. Kelly PM, Adger WN (2000) Theory and practice in assessing vulnerability to climate change and facilitating adaptation. Clim Chang 47: 325-352.
54. Kotto-Same J, Moukam A, Njomgang R et al. (2000) Alternative to slash-and-burn. Summary report and synthesis of phase II in Cameroon.
55. Kremen C, Niles JO, Dalton MG et al (2000) Economic incentives for rain forest conservation across scales. Science 288: 1828-1832.
56. Kundzewicz ZW, Mata LJ, Arnell NW et al (2008) The implications of projected climate change for freshwater resources and their management. Hydrol Sci J 53(1): 3-10.
57. LaFlamme M (2011) A framework for sustainable rangeland livelihoods. Rangel J 33: 339-351.
58. Langeweg F, Gutierrez-Espeleta EE (2001) Human security and vulnerability in a scenario context: challenges for UNEP's global environmental outlook. IHDP Updat 2: 17-19.
59. Laporte N, Goetz SJ, Justice CO, Heinicke M (1998) A new land cover map of Central Africa derived from multi-resolution, multi = temporal AVHRR data. Int J Rem Sens 19: 3537-3550.
60. Lim B, Spanger-Siegfried E (eds) (2005) Adaptation policy framework for climate change: developing strategies, policies and measures. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 258.
61. Locatelli B, Kanninen M, Brockhaus M, Colfer CJP, Murdiyarso D, Santoso H (2008) Facing an uncertain future: how forests and people can adapt to climate change. Forest Perspectives No. 5. Centre for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia.
62. Malhi PL, Wright J (2004) Spatial patterns and recent trends in the climate of tropical forest regions. Phil Trans R Soc London 359: 311-329.
63. Mayaux P, Bartholome E, Fritz S, Belward A (2004) A new land-cover map of Africa for the year 2000. J Biogeogr 31: 861-877.
64. Metzger MJ, Rounsevell MDA, Acosta-Michlik L et al (2006) The vulnerability of ecosystem services to land use change. Agric Ecosyst Environ 114: 69-85.
65. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) (2005) Our human planet: summary for decision makers. Island Press, Washington.
66. MINFOF and FAO (2005) Evaluation des ressources forestières nationales du Cameroun. Ministère des Forêts et de la Faune and FAO, Yaoundé.
67. Moyo B, Madamombe E, Love D (2005) A model for reservoir yield under climate change scenarios for the water stressed city of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. In: Abstract volume, 6th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium, Swaziland, November 2005, 38.
68. Nasi R, Taber A, van Vliet N (2011) Empty forests, empty stomachs? Bushmeat and livelihoods in the Congo and Amazon Basins. Int For Rev 13(3): 355-368.
69. Ndoye O (1995) The markets for non-timber forest products in the humid forest zone of Cameroon and its borders: structure, conduct, performance and policy implications. CIFOR/IITA, Nkolbisson.
70. Ndoye O, Tieguhong JC (2004) Forest resources and rural livelihoods: the conflict between timber and non-timber forest products in the Congo Basin. Scand J For Res 19(4): 36-44.
71. Ndoye O, Ruiz Perez M, Eyebe A (1998) The market of non-timber forest products in the humid forest zone of Cameroon. Rural Development Forestry network paper 22c. ODI, London.
72. Nkem JN, Kalame F, Idinoba M et al (2010) Shaping forest safety nets with markets: adaptation to climate change under changing roles of tropical forests in the Congo Basin. Environ Sci Pol 13: 498-508.
73. Nkoumbele F (1997) Connaissances locales et mutation socio-économiques: perception et exploitation des forestières par les Bagyeli de l'arrondissement d'Akom 2. Paper presented at Séminaire sur la Contribution des Sciences Sociales a l'élaboration d'un Schéma Directeur d' Aménagement Forestier dans la zone Tropenbos, June 1997, Kribi, Cameroon.
74. Nounamo L, Yemefack M (1999) Shifting cultivation practices and sustainable forest land use in the evergreen forest of Cameroon. Paper presented at the Tropenbos-Cameroon International Symposium on Sustainable Forest Management of Africa Rain Forests: Results of the Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme and their applicability, 15-16 Nov. 1999, Kribi, Cameroon.
75. Orange D, Wesselink AJ, Mahe G, and Feizoure CT (1997) The effects of climate change on river baseflow and aquifer storage in Central Africa. In: Sustainability of water resources under increasing uncertainty (Proceedings of the Rabat Symposium. IAHS Publication 240.
76. Oyono PR (1998) Les Pygméees Baka de la région de Lomie et le flux des projets de développement et conservation. Planet-Survey, Yaoundé.
77. Oyono PR (2004) Institutional deficit, representation and decentralized forest management in Cameroon: elements of natural resource sociology for social theory and public policy. Working Paper Series. p. 68.
78. Pain E (2008) Sustaining forests in a changing world. Science 320: 1514-1517.
79. Patz JA, Campbell-Lendrum D, Holloway T, Foley JA (2005) Impact of regional climate change on human health. Nature 438: 310-317.
80. Pérez R, Arnold JEM (eds) (1996) Current issues in non-timber forest products research. CIFOR-ODA, Bogor.
81. Phelps J, Webb EL, Agrawal A (2010) Does REDD+ threaten to recentralize forest governance? Science 328: 312-328.
82. Powell B, Hall J, Johns T (2011) Forest cover, use and dietary intake in the East Usambara Mountains. Tanzania Int For Rev 13(3): 305-324.
83. Radoki C (2002) Urban livelihoods: a people centred approach to reducing poverty. Earthscan, London.
84. Ribot JC, Najam A, Watson G (1996) Climate variation, vulnerability and sustainable development in the semi-arid tropics. In: Ribot JC, Magalhaes AR, Panagides SS (eds) Climate variability, climate change and social vulnerability in the semi-arid tropicss. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 13-54.
85. Richards P (1989) Agriculture as performance. In: Chambers R, Pacey A, Thrupp LA (eds) Farmers first: farmer innovation and agricultural research. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, pp 39-54.
86. Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI) (2012) Turning point- what future for forest peoples and resources in the emerging world order? Rights and Resources Initiative, Washington DC.
87. Salick J (2009) Traditional peoples and climate change. Global Environ Chang 19: 137-139.
88. Sassen M, Jum C (2007) Assessing local perspectives in a forested landscape of central Cameroon. For Trees Livelihoods 17: 23-42.
89. Schroter D, Polsky C, Patt AG (2005) Assessing vulnerabilities to the effects of global change: an eight step approach. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 10: 573-595.
90. Scoones I (1998) Sustainable rural livelihoods: a framework for analysis. IDS Working Paper 72, University of Sussex, UK. p 22.
91. Seltz S (1993) Pygméees d'Afrique Centrale. Editions Peeters/SELAF, Paris.
92. Shanteau J (1992) Competence in experts: the role of task characteristics. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 53(2): 252-266.
93. Smith J, Scherr SJ (2003) Capturing the value of forest carbon for local livelihoods. World Dev 31(12): 1243-2160.
94. Somorin OA (2010) Climate impacts, Forest-dependent rural livelihoods and adaptation strategies: a review. Afr J Environ Sci Technol 4(3): 903-912.
95. Somorin OA, Brown HCP, Visseren-Hamakers IJ et al (2012) The Congo Basin forests in a changing climate: policy discourses on adaptation and mitigation (REDD+). Global Environ Chang 22(1): 288-298.
96. Sonwa DJ, Walker S, Nasi R, Kannine M (2011a) Potential synergies of the main current forestry efforts and climate change mitigation in Central Africa. Sustain Sci 6: 59-67.
97. Sonwa DJ, Nkem JN, Idinoba ME et al (2011b) Building regional priorities in forests for development and adaptation to climate change in the Congo Basin. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang. doi: 10. 1007/s11027-011-9335-5.
98. Sunderlin WD, Angelsen A, Belcher B et al (2005) Livelihoods, forests, and conservation in developing countries: an overview. World Dev 33: 1383-1402.
99. Tanser FC, Sharp B, Le Sueur D (2003) Potential effect of climate change on malaria transmission in Africa. Lancet 362(9398): 1792-1798.
100. Thompson I, Mackey B, McNulty S, Mosseler A (2009) Forest resilience, biodiversity, and climate change. A synthesis of the biodiversity/resilience/stability relationship in forest ecosystems. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. Technical Series no. 43.
101. Tieguhong JC, Ndoye O (2004) Transforming subsistence products to propellers of sustainable rural development: non-timber forest products (NTFPs) production and trade in Cameroon. Workshop on African Development "Africa-Escaping the Primary Commodities Dilemma", Bremen, Germany.
102. Tompkins EL, Adger WN (2004) Does adaptive management of natural resources enhance resilience to climate change? Ecology and society 9(10) http://www. ecologyandsociety. org/vol9/iss2/art10.
103. UNCCD, UNCBD, UNFCCC (2004) Final report on the workshop on forest and forest ecosystems: promoting synergy in the three Rio conventions. 5-7 April 2004, Viterbo, Italy.
104. van den Berg J, Biesbrouck K (2000) The social dimension of rainforest management in Cameroon: issues for co-management. The Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme, Kribi.
105. van Dijk JFW (1999) Non-timber forest products in the Bipindi-Akom II region, Cameroon: a socio-economic and ecological assessment. Tropenbos-Cameroon Series 1. Tropenbos Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon.
106. Vasina J (1990) Paths in the rainforests: towards a history of political tradition in Equatorial Africa. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
107. Wallman S (1984) Eight London households. Tavistock, London.
108. Wan M, Colfer CJP, Powell B (2011) Forests, women and health: opportunities and challenges for conservation. Int For Rev 13(3): 369-387.
109. Warner K (2000) Forestry and sustainable livelihoods: what part can forests and forestry play in reducing poverty? FAO Unasylva 202(51): 3-12.
110. Wollenberg E, Ingles A (eds) (1998) Incomes from the forest: methods for the development and conservation of forest products for local communities. CIFOR, Bogor.
111. World Bank (2004) Sustaining forests: a development strategy. The World Bank, Washington DC.