Impact of extreme events on salt-tolerant forest species of Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India)

Crop Improvement Under Adverse Conditions

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 35-63

  Saxena, Alok ^a   Ragavan, P ^b   Saxena, Mani ^b  

^a Department of Environment and Forest ^*  (India)

^b Andaman and Nicobar Islands Forests and Plantation Corporation Limited (ANIFPDCL)   (India)

Author keywords

Andaman and Nicobar; Carbon sequestration; Climate change; Mangroves; Salt stress; Temperature

Indexed keywords

EID: 84876913732     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4633-0_2     Document Type: Chapter

References (137)

1. Aktsu M, Hosoi Y, Sasamoto H, Ashihara H (1996) Purine metabolism in cells of a mangrove plant, Sonneratia alba, in tissue culture. J Plant Physiol 149:133-137
2. Andrews TJ, Clough BF, Muller GJ (1984) Photosynthetic gas exchange and carbon isotope ratios of some mangroves in North Queensland. In: Teas HJ (ed) Physiology and management of mangroves, tasks for vegetation science. Junk, The Hague, pp 15-23
3. Armentano TV, Doren RF, Platt WJ, Mullins T (1995) Effects of Hurricane Andrew on coastal and interior forests of Southern Florida: overview and synthesis. J Coast Res 2:111-114
4. Arora A, Sairam RK, Srivastava GC (2002) Oxidative stress and antioxidative systems in plants. Curr Sci 82:1227-1238
5. Ashihara H, Adachi K, Otawa M, Yasumoto E, Fukushima Y, Kato M, Sano H, Sasamoto H, Baba S (1997) Compatible solutes and inorganic ions in the mangrove plant Avicennia marina and their effects on the activities of enzymes. Z Naturforsch 52:433-440
6. Aziz I, Khan MA (2001) Experimental assessment of salinity tolerance of Ceriops tagal seedlings and saplings from the Indus delta, Pakistan. Aquat Bot 70:259-268
7. Azocar A, Rada F, Orozco A (1992) Relaciones hidricas e intercambio de gases en dos especies de mangle, con mecanismos contrastantes de regulacion de la salinidad interna. Ectropico 5:11-19
8. Ball MC, Farquhar GD (1984) Photosynthetic and stomatal responses of two mangrove species, Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina, to long term salinity and humidity conditions. Plant Physiol 74:1-6
9. Ball MC, Passioura JB (1993) Carbon gain in relation to water use: photosynthesis in mangroves. In: Sehulze ED, Caldwell NM (eds) Ecophysiology of photosynthesis. Springer, Kiedelberg, pp 247-257
10. Banzai T, Hershkovits G, Katocoff DJ, Hanagata N (2002a) Identification and characterization of mRNA transcripts differentially expressed in response to high salinity by means of differential display in the mangrove, Bruguieragymnorrhiza. Plant Sci 162:499-505
11. Banzai T, Sumiya K, Hanagata N (2002b) Molecular cloning and characterization of genes encoding BURP domain-containing protein in the mangrove, Bruguieragymnorrhiza. Trees 16:87-93
12. Banzai T, Hanagata N, Dubinsky Z (2003) Fructose-2, 6-bisphosphate contents were increased in response to salt, water and osmotic stress in leaves of Bruguieragymnorrhiza by differential changes in the activity of the bifunctional enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-bisphosphate 2-phosphatase. Plant Mol Biol 53:51-59
13. Belperio, AP (1993) Land subsidence and sea-level rise in the Port-Adelaide Estuary-implications for monitoring the greenhouse-effect. Aust J Earth Sci 40:359-368
14. Bhosale IJ, Mulik NJ (1991) Strategies of seed germination in mangroves. In: David NS, Mohammed S (eds) Proceedings on international seed symposium. Jodhpur, India, pp 201-205
15. Blasco F (1977) Outline of ecology, botany and forestry of the mangals of the Indian subcontinent. In: Chapman VJ (ed) Ecosystems of the World 1: Wet Coastal Ecosystems. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 241-260
16. Blasco F, Chanda S, Thanikaimoni G (1975) Main characteristics of Indian Mangroves. In: Walsh G, Snedaker SC, Teas HJ (eds) Proceedings of international symposium on biology and management of mangroves. Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, pp 71-83
17. Blasco F, Saenger P, Janodet E (1996) Mangroves as indicators of coastal change. Catena 27:167-178
18. Bohnert HJ, Jensen RG (1996) Strategies for engineering water-stress tolerance in plants.Trends Biotechnol 14:89-97
19. Borsani O, Valpuesta V, Botella MA (2003) Developing salt tolerant plants in a new century: a molecular biology approach. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 73:101-115
20. Bowman HHM (1917) Ecology and physiology of the red mangrove. Proc Am Philos 56:589-672
21. Bunt JS (1992) Introduction. In: Robertson AI, Alongi DM (eds) Tropical mangrove ecosystem. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, pp 1-6
22. Burchett MD, Clark CJ, Field DC, Pulkownik A (1989) Growth and respiration in two mangrove species at a range of salinities. Physiol Plant 75:299-303
23. Cahoon DR, Lynch J (2003) Surface Elevation Table (SET). US Department of the Interior, US geological survey. http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/resshow/cahoon/
24. Carey G (1934) Further investigations on the embryology of viviparous seeds. J Proc Linn Soc N S W 59:392-410 (cited in Tomlinson 1986)
25. Chatterjee B, Porwal MC, Hussin YA (2008) Assessment of tsunami damage to mangrove in India using remote sensing and GIS. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spatial Inform Sci 37(Part B):8
26. Cherian S, Reddy MP (2003) Evaluation of NaCl tolerance in the callus cultures of Suaedanudiflora Moq. Biol Plant 46:193-198
27. Cherian S, Reddy MP, Pandya JB (1999) Studies on salt tolerance in Avicennia marina (Forsk) Vierh: effect of NaCl salinity on growth, ion accumulation and enzyme activity. Indian J Plant Physiol 4:266-270
28. Church J, Gregory J, Huybrechts P, Kuhn M, Lambeck K, Nhuan M, Qin D, Woodworth P (2001) Chapter 11. Changes in sea level. In: Houghton J, Ding Y, Griggs D, Noguer M, Van Der Linden P, Dai X, Maskell K, Johnson C (eds) Climate change. The scientific basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 639-693 (Published for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
29. Clough, BF, Andrews TJ, Cowan IR (1982) Primary productivity of mangroves. In: Clough BF (ed) Mangrove ecosystems in Australia-structure, function and management. AIMS with ANU Press, Canberra
30. Dagar JC, Mongia AD, Bandhyopadhyay AK (1991) Mangroves of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi
31. Dam Roy S (2003) A compendium on mangrove biodiversity of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, CARI, Port Blair, and Agro Ecosystem Director, NATP, p 196
32. Dam Roy S, Krishnan P (2005) Mangrove stands of Andamans vis-à-vis tsunami. Curr Sci 89:1800-1804
33. Dat JF, Vandenabeele E, Vranova M, Mantagu V, Inźe D, Breusegem FV (2000) Dual action of the active oxygen species during plant stress responses. Cell Mol Life Sci 57:779-795
34. Dawes CJ (1981) Marine biology. Wiley, New York
35. Drennan PM, Berjak P, Pammenter NW (1992) Ion gradients and adenosine triphosphatase localization in the salt glands of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. South African J Bot 58:486-490
36. Duke NC (1992) Mangrove floristics and biogeography. In: Robertson AI, Alongi DM (eds) Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, pp 63-100
37. Egler FE (1948) The dispersal and establishment of red mangroves, R hizophora in Florida. Caribb For 9:299-319
38. Elizabeth M, Rodney VS (2006) Managing mangroves for resilience to climate change. IUCN resilience science group working paper series no 2, p 63
39. Ellison JC (2000) How South Pacific mangroves may respond to predicted climate change and sea-level rise. In: Gillespie A, Burns W (eds) Climate change in the South Pacific: impacts and responses in Australia, New Zealand, and Small Island States. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 289-301
40. Ellison JC (2004) Vulnerability of Fiji's mangroves and associated coral reefs to climate change. Review for the World Wildlife Fund. University of Tasmania, Launceston
41. Ellison JC (2005) Impact on mangrove ecosystems. The great greenhouse gamble: A conference on the Impacts of climate change on biodiversity and natural resource management: conference proceedings, Sydney, NSW, EJ
42. Ellison JC, Stoddart DR (1991) Mangrove ecosystem collapse during predicted sea-level rise: Holocene analogues and implications. J Coast Res 7:151-165
43. Eong OJ (1993) Mangroves-a carbon source and sink. Chemosphere 27:1097-1107
44. Field CD (1995) Impact of expected climate change on mangroves. Hydrobiologia 295:75-81
45. FSI (2003) State of forest report 2003. Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India publication, Dehradun (India)
46. FSI (2005) State of forest report 2005. Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India publication, Dehradun (India)
47. FSI (2006) An overview on projects in Forest Survey of India 2006. Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India publication, Dehradun (India)
48. FSI (2007) India state of forest report 2007. Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India publication, Dehradun (India)
49. FSI (2009) India state of forest report 2009. Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India publication, Dehradun (India)
50. Fu XH, Huang YL, Deng SL (2005) Construction of a SSH library of Aegiceras corniculatum under salt stress and expression analysis of four transcripts. Plant Sci 169:147-154
51. Fukushima Y, Sasamoto H, Baba S, Ashihara H (1997) Effect of salt stress on the catabolism of sugars in leaves and roots of a mangrove plant Avicennia marina. Z Naturforsch 52:187-192
52. Gill AM, Tomlinson PB (1969) Studies on growth of red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle L) I, Habit and general morphology. BiotropicaI 1:1-9
53. Gómez-Cadenas A, Tadeo FR, Primo-Millo E, Talon M (1998) Involvement of abscisic acid and ethylene in the responses of citrus of seedlings to salt shock. Physiol Plant 103:475-484
54. Guan L, Scandalios JG (1998) Two structurally similar maize cytosolic superoxide dismutase genes, Sod4 and Sod4A, respond differentially to abscisic acid and high osmoticum. Plant Physio l117:217-224
55. Harty C (2004) Planning strategies for mangrove and saltmarsh changes in Southeast Australia. Coast Manag 32:405-415
56. Hibino T, Meng YL, Kawamistu Y (2001) Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two kinds of betaine-2-aldehyde dehydrogenase in betain accumulating mangrove, Avicennia marina (Forsk) Vierh. Plant Mol Biol 45:353-363
57. Houghton J, Ding Y, Griggs D, Noguer M, Van Der Linden P, Dai X, Maskell K, Johnso C (2001) Climate change. The scientific basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 881 (Published for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
58. Hutchings P, Saenger P (1987) Ecology of mangroves. University of Queensland Press, Queensland
59. Ibrahim K, Bukhar RZ, Jusoff K, Ismail MH (2010) Atmospheric based correction vegetation index for mangrove mapping at Kelantan delta. In: Proceedings of world engineering congress, conference on engineering and technology education, Malaysia, 2-5 August 2010
60. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] (1997) The regional impacts of climate change: assessment of vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
61. Jimenez JA, Lugo AE, Cintron G (1985) Tree mortality in mangrove forests. Biotropica 17:177-185
62. Jin Eong O, Khoon GW, Clough BF (1995) Structure and productivity of a 20-year-old stand of Rhizophora apiculata Bl. mangrove forest. J Biogeogr 22:417-424
63. Jithesh MN, Prashanth SR, Sivaprakash KR, Parida AK (2006a) Monitoring expression profiles of antioxidant genes to salinity, iron, oxidative, light and hyperosmotic stresses in the highly salt tolerant grey mangrove, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh.by mRNA analysis. Plant Cell Rep 25:865-876
64. Jithesh MN, Prashanth SR, Sivaprakash KR, Parida AK (2006b) Antioxidative response mechanisms in halophytes: their role in stress defence. J Genet 85(3):237-254
65. Kennish MJ (2002) Environmental threats and environmental future of estuaries. Environ Conserv 29:78-107
66. Khan MA, Aziz I (2001) Salinity tolerance in some mangrove species from Pakistan. Wetl Ecol Manag 9:219-223
67. Knutson TR, Tuleya RE (1999) Increased hurricane intensities with CO2-induced warming as simulated using the GFDL hurricane prediction system. Clim Dyn 15:503-519
68. Kuenzler EJ (1974) Mangrove swamp systems. In: Odum HT, Copeland BJ, WcMahan EA (eds) Coastal ecological systems of the United States, vol 1. The Conservation Foundation, Washington DC, pp 346-371
69. Kumar R (2000) Conservation and management of mangroves in India, with special reference to the State of Goa and the Middle Andaman Islands. Unasylva 51:41-46
70. Kura-Hotta M, Mimura M, Tsujimura T (2001) High salt treatment-induced Na+ extrusion and low salt treatment-induced Na+ accumulation in suspension-cultured cells of the mangrove plant, Bruguiera sexangula. Plant Cell Environ 24:1105-1112
71. Li N, Li C, Chen S, Chang Y, Zhang Y, Wang R, Shi Y, Zheng X, Fritz E, Hüttermann A (2009) Abscisic acid, calmodulin response to short-term and long-term salinity and the relevance to NaCl-induced antioxidant defense in two mangrove species. Open For Sci J 2:48-58
72. Liang S (2007) Transcript profile of Ceriopstagalin response to salinity and its implication for adaptiv evolution (in Chinese). Ph.D. thesis, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
73. Macnae W (1968) A general account of the flora and fauna of a mangrove swamps forest in the Indo-West Pacific region. Adv Mar Biol 6:73-270
74. Malik JN, R Murty CV, Rai DC (2006) Landscape changes in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami. Earthquake Spectra 22:S43-S66
75. Maurel C, Chrispeels MJ (2001) Aquaporins, a molecular entry into plant water relations. Plant Physiol 125:135-138
76. McGill JT (1959) Coastal classification maps. In: Russel RJ (ed) Second coastal geomorphology conference. Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, pp 1-22
77. Mimura T, Kura-Hotta M, Tsujimura T (2003) Rapid increase of vacuolar volume in response to salt stress. Planta 216:397-402
78. Mittler R, Van Der Auwerra S, Gollery M, Breusegem FV (2004) Reactive oxygen gene network of plants. Trends Plant Sci 10:490-498
79. Miyama M, Shimizu H, Sugiyama M, Hanagata N (2006) Sequencing and analysis of 14,842 expressed sequence tags of Burma mangrove, Bruguieragymnorrhiza. Plant Sci 171:234-241
80. Miyama M, Hanagata N (2007) Microarray analysis of 7029 gene expression patterns in Burma mangrove under high-salinity stress. Plant Sci 172:948-957
81. Montero E, Cabot C, Barceló J, Poschenrieder C (1997) Endogenous abscisic acid levels are linked to decreased growth of bush bean plants treated with NaCl. Physiol Plant 101:17-22
82. Morel Y, Barouki Y (1999) Repression of gene expression by oxidative stress. Biochem J 342:481-496
83. Naidoo G (1983) Effects of flooding on leaf water potential and stomatal resistance in Bruguieragymnorrhiza (L) Lam. New Phytol 93:369-376
84. Ning ZH, Turner RE, Doyle T, Abdollahi KK (2003) Integrated assessment of the climate change impacts on the Gulf Coast region. Gulf Coast Climate Change Assessment Council (GCRCC) and Louisiana State University (LSU) Graphic Services
85. Oku H, Baba S, Koga H, Takara K, Iwasaki H (2003) Lipid composition of mangrove and its relevance to salt tolerance. J Plant Res 116:37-45
86. Ong JE (2002) The hidden costs of mangrove services, use of mangroves for shrimp aquaculture. International Science Roundtable for the Media, Malaysia
87. Panigrahy RK, Ray SS, Panigrahy S (2009) Study on the utility of IRS-P6 AWIFS SWIR band for crop discrimination and classification. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 37:325-333
88. Parida AK, Das AB, Mohanty P (2004) Defense potentials to NaCl in a mangrove, Bruguiera parviflora: differential changes of isoforms of some antioxidative enzymes. J Plant Physiol 161:531-542
89. Pernetta JC (1993) Mangrove forests, climate change and sea-level rise: hydrological influences on community structure and survival, with examples from the Indo-West Pacific. A marine conservation and development report. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland vii: 46
90. Polania J (1990) Physiological adaptations in some species of mangroves. Acta Biologica Columbiana 2:23-36
91. Popp M, Polania J, Weiper M (1993) Physiological adaptations to different salinity levels in mangroves. In: Lieth H, Masoom AA (eds) Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants, vol 1. Kluwer, Amsterdam, pp 217-224
92. Ramachandran S, Sundaramoorthy S, Krishnamoorth YR, Devasenapathy J, Thanikachalam M (1998) Application of remote sensing and GIS to coastal wetland ecology of Tamil Nadu and Andaman & Nicobar group of islands with special reference to mangroves.Current Sci 75(3):236-244
93. Ramachandran S, Anitha S, Balamurugan V, Dharanirajan K, Ezhil Vendhan K, Marie Irene Preeti Divien, Senthil Vel A, Sujjahad Hussain I, Udayaraj A (2005) Ecological impact of tsunami on Nicobar Islands (Camorta, Katchal, Nancowry and Trinkat). Current Sci 89:195-200
94. Rosevear DR (1947) Mangrove swamps. Farm For 8:23-30
95. Roth LC (1997) Implications of periodic hurricane disturbance for sustainable management of Caribbean mangroves. In: Kjerfve B, Lacerda L, Diop S (eds) Mangrove ecosystem studies in Latin America and Africa. UNESCO, Paris, pp 18-33
96. Saenger P, Hegerl EJ, Davie JDS (1983) Global status of mangrove ecosystems. Commission on ecology, paper no 3. IUCN, Switzerland
97. Salin ML (1987) Toxic oxygen species and protective systems of the chloroplast. Physiol Plant 72:681-689
98. Scholander PF (1968) How mangroves desalinate water. Physical Plant 21:251-261
99. Scholander PF, Hammel HT, Hemmingsen EA, Cray W (1962) Salt balance in mangroves. Plant Physiol 37:722-729
100. Scholander PF, Hammel HT, Hemmingsen EA, Bradstreet ED (1964) Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic potential in leaves of mangroves and some other plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 52:119-125
101. Scholander PF, Hammel HT, Bradstreet ED, Hemmingsen EA (1965) Sap pressure in vascular plants. Science 148:339-346
102. Schwamborn R, Saint-Paul U (1996) Mangroves-forgotten forests? Nat Resour Dev 43-44:13-36
103. Semeniuk V (1994) Predicting the effect of sea-level rise on mangroves in northwestern Australia. J Coast Res 10:1050-1076
104. Serrano R, Mulet J, Rios G, Marquez J, de Larrinoa I, Leube M (1999) A glimpse of the mechanisms of ion homeostasis during salt stress. J Exp Bot 50:1023-1036
105. Shan L, RenChao Z, SuiSui D, SuHua SHI (2008) Adaptation to salinity in mangroves: implication on the evolution of salt-tolerance. Chinese Sci 53:1708-1715
106. Sidhu SS (1963) Studies on mangroves. Proc Indian Acad Sci 33:129-136
107. Smirnoff N (1993) The role of active oxygen in the response of plants to water deficit and dessication. New Phytol 125:27-58
108. Snedaker SC (1978) Mangroves: their value and perpetuation. Nat Resour 14:6-13
109. Snedaker SC (1995) Mangroves and climate change in the Florida and Caribbean region: scenarios and hypotheses. Hydrobiologia 295:43-49
110. Spalding M (1997) The global distribution and status of mangrove ecosystems. Int News Lett Coast Manag-Intercoast Netw 1:20-21 (Special edition)
111. Sridhar R, Thangaradjou T, Kannan L, Ramachandran A, Jayakumar S (2006) Rapid assessment of the impact of tsunami on mangrove vegetation of the Great Nicobar Island. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 34:1
112. Suarez N, Medina E (2006) Influence of salinity on Na+ and K+ accumulation, and gas exchange in Avicennia germinans. Photosynthetica 44:268-274
113. Sugihara K, Hanagata N, Dubinsky Z (2000) Molecular characterization of cDNA encoding oxygen evolving enhancer protein 1 increased by salt treatment in the mangrove Bruguieragymnorrhiza. Plant Cell Physiol 41:1279-1285
114. Takemura T, Hanagata N, Sugihara K (2000) Physiological and biochemical response to salt stress in the mangrove. Bruguieragymnorrhiza Aquat Bot 68:15-28
115. Takemura T, Hanagata N, Dubinsky Z (2002) Molecular characterization and response to salt stress of mRNAs encoding cytosolic Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase from Bruguieragymnorrhiza. Trees 16:94-99
116. Teas HJ (1979) Silviculture with saline water. Biosaline Concept 1974:117-161
117. Tomlinson PB (1986) The botany of mangroves. Cambridge University Press, New York, p 433
118. Trenberth K (2005) Uncertainty in hurricanes and global warming. Science 308:1753-1754
119. Twilley RR, Chen RH, Hargis T (1992) Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implications to carbon budget of tropical coastal ecosystems. Water Air Soil Pollut 64:265-288
120. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (1973) International classification and mapping of vegetation. UNESCO, Paris
121. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (1994) Assessment and monitoring of climatic change impacts on mangrove ecosystems. UNEP regional seas reports and studies report no 154.
122. Van Breusegem F, Vranova E, Dat JF, Inźe D (2001) The role of active oxygen species in plant signal transduction. Plant Sci 161:405-414
123. Van Der Pijl I (1936) Fledermause and bluemen. Flora 31:1-40
124. Waditee R, Hibino T, Tanaka Y (2002) Functional characterization of betaine/proline transporters in betaine accumulating mangrove. J Biol Chem 277:18373-18382
125. Waheed Khan MA (1957) Ecological studies on the mangrove forests in India. In: Proceedings of the mangrove symposium, Calcutta, pp 97-109
126. Walsh KJE, Ryan BF (2000) Tropical cyclone intensity increase near Australia as a result of climate change. J Climate 13:3029-3036
127. Wang WQ, Ke L, Tam NFY (2002) Change in the main osmotic during the development of Kandelia candel hypocotyls and after mature hypocotyls were transplanted in solutions with different salinities. Mar Biol 141:1029-1034
128. Warming E (1883) Tropische Fragment II. Rhizophora mangle. L Bot Jahrb 4:519-548
129. Werner A, Stelzer R (1990) Physiological response of the mangroves Rhizophora mangle grown in the absence and presence of NaCl. Plant Cell Environ 13:243-255
130. Whitemore TC (1984) Tropical rain forests of Far East. Clarendon Press, Oxford (Science publication)
131. Wilkie ML, Fortuna S (eds) (2003) Status and trends in mangrove area extent worldwide. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Forest Resources Division. Forest resources assessment working paper no 63. FAO, Rome
132. Woodroffe CD (1990) The impact of sea-level rise on mangrove shoreline. Prog Phys Geogr 14:483-502
133. Woodroffe CD, Grindrod J (1991) Mangrove biogeography: the role of quaternary environmental and sea-level change. J Biogeogr 18:479-492
134. Yanney-Ewusie J (1980) Element of tropical ecology. Heinemann Educ Books, London Yang T, Poovaiah BW (2002) Hydrogen peroxide homeostasis: activation of plant catalase by calcium/calmodulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99:4097-4102
135. Zhao K, Munns R, King RW (1991) Abscisic acid synthesis in NaCl treated barley, cotton and saltbush. Aust J Plant Physiol 18:17-24
136. Zhao KF, Feng LT, Lu YF (1999) The osmotica and their contributions to the osmotic adjustment for Kandelia candel (L) Druce and Avicennia marina (Forsk) Vierh growing in the Jiulongjiang river estuary. Oceanol Limnol Sin (in Chinese) 30:57-61
137. Zheng WJ, Wang WQ, Lin P (1999) Dynamics of element contents during the development of hypocotyls and leaves of certain mangrove species. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 233:248-257