An Anxious Heart: Anxiety and the onset of cardiovascular diseases

Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases

Volumn 55, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 524-537

  Thurston, Rebecca C ^a,b   Rewak, Marissa ^c   Kubzansky, Laura D ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Cardiovascular disease; Distress; Heart disease; Prevention; Psychosocial intervention; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHRONICITY; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROGNOSIS; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL ASPECT;

EID: 84876860938     PISSN: 00330620     EISSN: 18731740     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2013.03.007     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Lloyd-Jones D.M., Hong Y., Labarthe D., et al. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association's strategic impact goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation 2010, 121:586-613.
2. Rozanski A., Blumenthal J.A., Davidson K.W., Saab P.G., Kubzansky L. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of psychosocial risk factors in cardiac practice: the emerging field of behavioral cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005, 45:637-651.
3. Barlow D.H. Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic 1988, Guilford, New York.
4. Frijda N.H. The emotions 1986, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
5. Lader M., Marks I. Clinical anxiety 1973, Heinemann, London.
6. Kessler R.C., Berglund P., Demler O., Jin R., Merikangas K.R., Walters E.E. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005, 62:593-602.
7. Kubzansky L.D., Kawachi I., Weiss S.T., Sparrow D. Anxiety and coronary heart disease: a synthesis of epidemiological, psychological, and experimental evidence. Ann Behav Med 1998, 20:47-58.
8. Everson-Rose S.A., Lewis T.T. Psychosocial factors and cardiovascular diseases. Annu Rev Public Health 2005, 26:469-500.
9. Kubzansky L.D., Kawachi I. Going to the heart of the matter: do negative emotions cause coronary heart disease?. J Psychosom Res 2000, 48:323-338.
10. Olafiranye O., Jean-Louis G., Zizi F., Nunes J., Vincent M. Anxiety and cardiovascular risk: review of epidemiological and clinical evidence. Mind Brain 2011, 2:32-37.
11. Player M.S., Peterson L.E. Anxiety disorders, hypertension, and cardiovascular risk: a review. Int J Psychiatry Med 2011, 41:365-377.
12. Roest A.M., Martens E.J., de Jonge P., Denollet J. Anxiety and risk of incident coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010, 56:38-46.
13. Haines A., Imeson J., Meade T. Phobic anxiety and ischaemic heart disease. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987, 295:297-299.
14. Jakobsen A.H., Foldager L., Parker G., Munk-Jørgensen P. Quantifying links between acute myocardial infarction and depression, anxiety and schizophrenia using case register databases. J Affect Disord 2008, 109:177-181.
15. Walters K., Rait G., Petersen I., Williams R., Nazareth I. Panic disorder and risk of new onset coronary heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, and cardiac mortality: cohort study using the general practice research database. Eur Heart J 2008, 29:2981-2988.
16. Janszky I., Ahnve S., Lundberg I., Hemmingsson T. Early-onset depression, anxiety, and risk of subsequent coronary heart disease: 37-year follow-up of 49,321 young Swedish men. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010, 56:31-37.
17. Nabi H., Hall M., Koskenvuo M., et al. Psychological and somatic symptoms of anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease: the Health and Social Support Prospective Cohort Study. Biol Psychiatry 2010, 67:378-385.
18. Hamer M., Kivimaki M., Stamatakis E., Batty G.D. Psychological distress as a risk factor for death from cerebrovascular disease. Can Med Assoc J 2012, 184:1461-1466.
19. May M., McCarron P., Stansfeld S., et al. Does psychological distress predict the risk of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack? the Caerphilly Study. Stroke 2002, 33:7-12.
20. Surtees P.G., Wainwright N.W.J., Luben R.N., Wareham N.J., Bingham S.A. Psychological distress, major depressive disorder, and risk of stroke. Neurology 2008, 70:788-794.
21. Rutledge T., Hogan B.E. A quantitative review of prospective evidence linking psychological factors with hypertension development. Psychosom Med 2002, 64:758-766.
22. Hildrum B., Mykletun A., Holmen J., Dahl A.A. Effect of anxiety and depression on blood pressure: 11-year longitudinal population study. Br J Psychiatry 2008, 193:108-113.
23. Yan L.L., Liu K., Matthews K.A., Daviglus M.L., Ferguson T.F., Kiefe C.I. Psychosocial factors and risk of hypertension. JAMA 2003, 290:2138-2148.
24. Spielberger C.D. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 1983, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto.
25. Greenland P., Bonow R.O., Brundage B.H., et al. ACCF/AHA 2007 clinical expert consensus document on coronary artery calcium scoring by computed tomography in global cardiovascular risk assessment and in evaluation of patients with chest pain: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Clinical Expert Consensus Task Force (ACCF/AHA Writing Committee to Update the 2000 Expert Consensus Document on Electron Beam Computed Tomography) developed in collaboration with the Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 49:378-402.
26. Stein J.H., Korcarz C.E., Hurst R.T., et al. Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008, 21:93-111.
27. Blacher J., Guerin A.P., Pannier B., Marchais S.J., London G.M. Arterial calcifications, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular risk in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 2001, 38:938-942.
28. Laurent S., Boutouyrie P., Asmar R., et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2001, 37:1236-1241.
29. Meaume S., Benetos A., Henry O., Rudnichi A., Safar M. Aortic pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality in subjects>70years of age. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001, 21:2046-2050.
30. Celermajer D.S. Endothelial dysfunction: does it matter? Is it reversible?. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997, 30:325-333.
31. Widlansky M.E., Gokce N., Keaney J.F., Vita J.A. The clinical implications of endothelial dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 42:1149-1160.
32. Deanfield J., Donald A., Ferri C., et al. Endothelial function and dysfunction. Part I: Methodological issues for assessment in the different vascular beds: a statement by the Working Group on Endothelin and Endothelial Factors of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2005, 23:7-17.
33. Hijmering M., Stroes E., Pasterkamp G., Sierevogel M., Banga J., Rabelink T. Variability of flow mediated dilation: consequences for clinical application. Atherosclerosis 2001, 157:369-373.
34. Corretti M.C., Anderson T.J., Benjamin E.J., et al. Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 39:257-265.
35. Paterniti S., Zureik M., Ducimetière P., Touboul P.J., Fève J.M., Alpérovitch A. Sustained anxiety and 4-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001, 21:136-141.
36. Stewart J.C., Janicki D.L., Muldoon M.F., Sutton-Tyrrell K., Kamarck T.W. Negative emotions and 3-year progression of subclinical atherosclerosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007, 64:225.
37. Diez R.A.V., Ranjit N., Powell L., et al. Psychosocial factors and coronary calcium in adults without clinical cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2006, 144:822-831.
38. Ohira T., Roux A.V.D., Polak J.F., Homma S., Iso H., Wasserman B.A. Associations of anger, anxiety, and depressive symptoms with carotid arterial wall thickness: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Psychosom Med 2012, 74:517-525.
39. Matthews K.A., Owens J.F., Kuller L.H., Sutton-Tyrrell K., Jansen-McWilliams L. Are hostility and anxiety associated with carotid atherosclerosis in healthy postmenopausal women?. Psychosom Med 1998, 60:633-638.
40. O'Malley P.G., Jones D.L., Feuerstein I.M., Taylor A.J. Lack of correlation between psychological factors and subclinical coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2000, 343:1298-1304.
41. Rozanski A., Gransar H., Kubzansky L.D., et al. Do psychological risk factors predict the presence of coronary atherosclerosis?. Psychosom Med 2011, 73:7-15.
42. Lewis T.T., Sutton-Tyrrell K., Penninx B.W., et al. Race, psychosocial factors, and aortic pulse wave velocity: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010, 65:1079-1085.
43. Nomura K., Nakao M., Karita K., Nishikitani M., Yano E. Association between work-related psychological stress and arterial stiffness measured by brachial-ankle pulse-wave velocity in young Japanese males from an information service company. Scand J Work Environ Health 2005, 31:352-359.
44. Seldenrijk A., van Hout H.P.J., van Marwijk H.W.J., et al. Depression, anxiety, and arterial stiffness. Biol Psychiatry 2011, 69:795-803.
45. Seldenrijk A., van Hout H.P.J., van Marwijk H.W.J., et al. Carotid atherosclerosis in depression and anxiety: associations for age of depression onset. World J Biol Psychiatry 2011, 12:549-558.
46. Seldenrijk A., van Hout H.P.J., van Marwijk H.W.J., et al. Sensitivity to depression or anxiety and subclinical cardiovascular disease. J Affect Disord 2012, 146:126-131.
47. Cicek Y., Durakoglugil M.E., Kocaman S.A., et al. Increased pulse wave velocity in patients with panic disorder: independent vascular influence of panic disorder on arterial stiffness. J Psychosom Res 2012, 73:145-148.
48. Schott L.L., Kamarck T.W., Matthews K.A., Brockwell S.E., Sutton-Tyrrell K. Is brachial artery flow-mediated dilation associated with negative affect?. Int J Behav Med 2009, 16:241-247.
49. Harris K.F., Matthews K.A., Sutton-Tyrrell K., Kuller L.H. Associations between psychological traits and endothelial function in postmenopausal women. Psychosom Med 2003, 65:402-409.
50. Cooper D.C., Milic M.S., Tafur J.R., et al. Adverse impact of mood on flow-mediated dilation. Psychosom Med 2010, 72:122-127.
51. Narita K., Murata T., Hamada T., et al. Interactions among higher trait anxiety, sympathetic activity, and endothelial function in the elderly. J Psychiatr Res 2007, 41:418-427.
52. Carney R.M., Freedland K.E., Veith R.C. Depression, the autonomic nervous system, and coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med 2005, 67:S29-S33.
53. Schneiderman N. Psychophysiologic factors in atherogenesis and coronary artery disease. Circulation 1987, 76:I41-I47.
54. Carpeggiani C., Emdin M., Bonaguidi F., et al. Personality traits and heart rate variability predict long-term cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2005, 26:1612-1617.
55. Fleet R., Lespérance F., Arsenault A., et al. Myocardial perfusion study of panic attacks in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2005, 96:1064-1068.
56. Sheps D.S., Rozanski A. From feeling blue to clinical depression: exploring the pathogenicity of depressive symptoms and their management in cardiac practice. Psychosom Med 2005, 67:S2-S5.
57. Schins A., Honig A., Crijns H., Baur L., Hamulyák K. Increased coronary events in depressed cardiovascular patients: 5-HT2A receptor as missing link?. Psychosom Med 2003, 65:729-737.
58. Godbout J.P., Glaser R. Stress-induced immune dysregulation: implications for wound healing, infectious disease and cancer. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2006, 1:421-427.
59. Hansson G.K. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:1685-1695.
60. Antonogeorgos G., Panagiotakos D.B., Pitsavos C., et al. Understanding the role of depression and anxiety on cardiovascular disease risk, using structural equation modeling; the mediating effect of the Mediterranean diet and physical activity: the ATTICA study. Ann Epidemiol 2012, 22:630-637.
61. Shen B., Wachowiak P., Brooks L. Psychosocial factors and assessment in cardiac rehabilitation. Europa Medicophysica 2005, 41:75-91.
62. Rieckmann N., Kronish I.M., Haas D., et al. Persistent depressive symptoms lower aspirin adherence after acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J 2006, 152:922-927.
63. Mittleman M.A., Maclure M., Sherwood J.B., et al. Triggering of acute myocardial infarction onset by episodes of anger. Circulation 1995, 92:1720-1725.
64. Wittstein I.S., Thiemann D.R., Lima J.A.C., et al. Neurohumoral features of myocardial stunning due to sudden emotional stress. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:539-548.
65. Wittstein I.S. The broken heart syndrome. Cleve Clin J Med 2007, 74:S17-S22.
66. Kessler R.C., Gruber M., Hettema J.M., Hwang I., Sampson N., Yonkers K.A. Co-morbid major depression and generalized anxiety disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey follow-up. Psychol Med 2008, 38:365-374.
67. Van der Kooy K., van Hout H., Marwijk H., Marten H., Stehouwer C., Beekman A. Depression and the risk for cardiovascular diseases: systematic review and meta analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007, 22:613-626.
68. Suls J., Bunde J. Anger, anxiety, and depression as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the problems and implications of overlapping affective dispositions. Psychol Bull 2005, 131:260-300.
69. Todaro J.F., Shen B.J., Niaura R., Spiro A., Ward K.D. Effect of negative emotions on frequency of coronary heart disease (The Normative Aging Study). Am J Cardiol 2003, 92:901-906.
70. Rasul F., Stansfeld S., Davey Smith G., Shlomo Y., Gallacher J. Psychological distress, physical illness and risk of myocardial infarction in the Caerphilly study. Psychol Med 2007, 37:1305-1313.
71. Rasul F., Stansfeld S., Hart C., Smith G.D. Psychological distress, physical illness, and risk of coronary heart disease. J Epidemiol Community Health 2005, 59:140-145.
72. Stansfeld S.A., Fuhrer R., Shipley M.J., Marmot M.G. Psychological distress as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Whitehall II Study. Int J Epidemiol 2002, 31:248-255.
73. Boyle S.H., Michalek J.E., Suarez E.C. Covariation of psychological attributes and incident coronary heart disease in US Air Force veterans of the Vietnam war. Psychosom Med 2006, 68:844-850.
74. Phillips A.C., Batty G.D., Gale C.R., et al. Generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and their comorbidity as predictors of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: the Vietnam experience study. Psychosom Med 2009, 71:395-403.
75. Kubzansky L.D., Cole S.R., Kawachi I., Vokonas P., Sparrow D. Shared and unique contributions of anger, anxiety, and depression to coronary heart disease: a prospective study in the Normative Aging Study. Ann Behav Med 2006, 31:21-29.
76. Kubzansky L.D., Koenen K.C. Is posttraumatic stress disorder related to development of heart disease? An update. Cleve Clin J Med 2009, 76:S60-S65.
77. Smoller J.W., Pollack M.H., Wassertheil-Smoller S., et al. Panic attacks and risk of incident cardiovascular events among postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007, 64:1153-1160.
78. Denollet J., Maas K., Knottnerus A., Keyzer J.J., Pop V.J. Anxiety predicted premature all-cause and cardiovascular death in a 10-year follow-up of middle-aged women. J Clin Epidemiol 2009, 62:452-456.
79. Insel T.R., Cuthbert B.N., Garvey M.A., et al. Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2010, 167:748-751.
80. Brosschot J.F., Gerin W., Thayer J.F. The perseverative cognition hypothesis: a review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. J Psychosom Res 2006, 60:113-124.
81. Aldao A., Nolen-Hoeksema S., Schweizer S. Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2010, 30:217-237.
82. Brosschot J.F. Markers of chronic stress: prolonged physiological activation and (un) conscious perseverative cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010, 35:46-50.
83. Kubzansky L.D., Kawachi I., Spiro A., Weiss S.T., Vokonas P.S., Sparrow D. Is worrying bad for your heart?: a prospective study of worry and coronary heart disease in the normative aging study. Circulation 1997, 95:818-824.
84. Holman E.A., Silver R.C., Poulin M., Andersen J., Gil-Rivas V., McIntosh D.N. Terrorism, acute stress, and cardiovascular health: a 3-year national study following the September 11th attacks. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008, 65:73-80.
85. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR 2000, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 4th ed.
86. McLaughlin K.A., Breslau J., Green J.G., et al. Childhood socio-economic status and the onset, persistence, and severity of DSM-IV mental disorders in a US national sample. Soc Sci Med 2011, 73:1088-1096.
87. Muntaner C., Eaton W., Diala C., Kessler R., Sorlie P. Social class, assets, organizational control and the prevalence of common groups of psychiatric disorders. Soc Sci Med 1998, 47:2043-2053.
88. Kaplan G.A., Keil J.E. Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature. Circulation 1993, 88:1973-1998.
89. Thurston R.C., Kubzansky L.D. Multiple sources of psychosocial disadvantage and risk of coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med 2007, 69:748-755.
90. Thurston R.C., Kubzansky L.D., Kawachi I., Berkman L.F. Do depression and anxiety mediate the link between educational attainment and CHD?. Psychosom Med 2006, 68:25-32.
91. Thurston R.C., Kubzansky L.D., Kawachi I., Berkman L.F. Is the association between socioeconomic position and coronary heart disease stronger in women than in men?. Am J Epidemiol 2005, 162:57-65.
92. Troxel W.M., Matthews K.A., Bromberger J.T., Sutton-Tyrrell K. Chronic stress burden, discrimination, and subclinical carotid artery disease in African American and Caucasian women. Health Psychol 2003, 22:300-309.
93. Seedat S., Scott K.M., Angermeyer M.C., et al. Cross-national associations between gender and mental disorders in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009, 66:785-795.
94. Kessler R.C., McGonagle K.A., Zhao S., et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994, 51:8-19.
95. Low C.A., Thurston R.C., Matthews K.A. Psychosocial factors in the development of heart disease in women: current research and future directions. Psychosom Med 2010, 72:842-854.
96. Shaw L.J., Bugiardini R., Merz C.N.B. Women and ischemic heart disease: evolving knowledge. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 54:1561-1575.
97. Robinson J.G., Wallace R., Limacher M., et al. Cardiovascular risk in women with non-specific chest pain (from the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Trials). Am J Cardiol 2008, 102:693-699.
98. Gulati M., Cooper-DeHoff R.M., McClure C., et al. Adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women with nonobstructive coronary artery disease: a report from the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Study and the St James Women Take Heart Project. Arch Intern Med 2009, 169:843-850.
99. Pasternak R.C., Abrams J., Greenland P., Smaha L.A., Wilson P.W.F., Houston-Miller N. 34th Bethesda Conference: Task force# 1-identification of coronary heart disease risk: is there a detection gap?. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 41:1863-1874.
100. Lakoski S.G., Greenland P., Wong N.D., et al. Coronary artery calcium scores and risk for cardiovascular events in women classified as "low risk" based on Framingham risk score: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Arch Intern Med 2007, 167:2437-2442.
101. Schneiderman N., Saab P.G., Catellier D.J., et al. Psychosocial treatment within sex by ethnicity subgroups in the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease clinical trial. Psychosom Med 2004, 66:475-483.
102. Frasure-Smith N., Lespérance F., Prince R.H., et al. Randomised trial of home-based psychosocial nursing intervention for patients recovering from myocardial infarction. Lancet 1997, 350:473-479.
103. Rollman B.L., Belnap B.H., LeMenager M.S., et al. Telephone-delivered collaborative care for treating post-CABG depression. JAMA 2009, 302:2095-2103.
104. Whalley B., Rees K., Davies P., et al. Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011, 8:CD002902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002902.pub3.
105. Baumeister H., Hutter N., Bengel J. Psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with coronary artery disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011, 9:CD008012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008012.pub3.
106. Writing Committee for the ENRICHD Investigators Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) Randomized Trial. JAMA 2003, 289:3106-3116.
107. Davidson K.W., Rieckmann N., Clemow L., et al. Enhanced depression care for patients with acute coronary syndrome and persistent depressive symptoms: coronary psychosocial evaluation studies randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2010, 170:600-608.
108. Jones D., West R. Psychological rehabilitation after myocardial infarction: multicentre randomised controlled trial. Br Med J 1996, 313:1517-1521.
109. Greenhalgh J., Dickson R., Dundar Y. Biofeedback for hypertension: a systematic review. J Hypertens 2010, 28:644-652.
110. Anderson J.W., Liu C., Kryscio R.J. Blood pressure response to transcendental meditation: a meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens 2008, 21:310-316.
111. Chiesa A., Serretti A. A systematic review of neurobiological and clinical features of mindfulness meditations. Psychol Med 2010, 40:1239-1252.
112. Berenson G., Srnivasan S. Cardiovascular risk factors in youth with implications for aging: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Neurobiol Aging 2005, 26:303-307.
113. Spitzer R.L., Kroenke K., Williams J.B.W. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ Primary Care Study. JAMA 1999, 282:1737-1744.
114. Katon W.J., Von Korff M., Lin E. Panic disorder: relationship to high medical utilization. Am J Med 1992, 92:S7-S11.
115. Fleet R.P., Dupuis G., Marchand A., Burelle D., Arsenault A., Beitman B.D. Panic disorder in emergency department chest pain patients: prevalence, comorbidity, suicidal ideation, and physician recognition. Am J Med 1996, 101:371-380.
116. Costa P.T., McCrae R.R. Neuroticism, somatic complaints, and disease: is the bark worse than the bite?. J Pers 1987, 55:299-316.
117. Gurmankin Levy A., Maselko J., Bauer M., Richman L., Kubzansky L. Why do people with an anxiety disorder utilize more nonmental health care than those without?. Health Psychol 2007, 26:545-553.
118. Wang J.T., Hoffman B., Blumenthal J.A. Management of depression in patients with coronary heart disease: association, mechanisms, and treatment implications for depressed cardiac patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011, 12:85-98.
119. Herring M.P., Jacob M.L., Suveg C., Dishman R.K., O'Connor P.J. Feasibility of exercise training for the short-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom 2012, 81:21-28.
120. Miller W.R., Rollnick S.P. Motivational interviewing: preparing people to change addictive behavior 1991, The Guilford Press, New York, NY.
121. Von Ruden A.E., Adson D.E., Kotlyar M. Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2008, 13:32-40.
122. Pozuelo L., Tesar G., Zhang J., Penn M., Franco K., Jian W. Depression and heart disease: what do we know, and where are we headed?. Cleve Clin J Med 2009, 76:59-70.
123. Whooley M.A., Simon G.E. Managing depression in medical outpatients. N Engl J Med 2000, 343:1942-1950.
124. Kubzansky L.D. Sick at heart: the pathophysiology of negative emotions. Cleve Clin J Med 2007, 74:S67-S72.