Development and validation of the organizational stressor indicator for sport performers (OSI-SP)

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 180-196

  Arnold, Rachel ^a   Fletcher, David ^b   Daniels, Kevin ^c  

^a University of Bath   (United Kingdom)

^b LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Athlete; Demands; Measurement; Occupational; Psychometric; Stress

Indexed keywords

EID: 84876846038     PISSN: 08952779     EISSN: 15432904     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1123/jsep.35.2.180     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Albinson, J.G., & Pearce, W. (1998). The Athlete Daily Hassle Scale (4th ed.). Ontario, Canada: Queens University.
2. Arnold, R., & Fletcher, D. (2012a). Psychometric issues in organizational stressor research: A review and implications for sport psychology. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16, 81-100. doi:10.1080/1091367X.2012.639608
3. Arnold, R., & Fletcher, D. (2012b). A research synthesis and taxonomic classification of the organizational stressors encountered by sport performers. Journal of Sport&Exercise Psychology, 34, 397-429. PubMed
4. Bandalos, D.L., & Finney, S.J. (2001). Item parceling issues in structural equation modelling. In G.A. Marcoulides&R.E. Schumacker (Eds.), New developments and techniques in structural equation modelling (pp. 269-296). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
5. Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246. PubMed doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
6. Bentler, P.M. (1992). On the fit of models to covariances and methodology to the Bulletin. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 400-404. PubMed doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.3.400
7. Bentler, P.M., & Bonett, D.G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
8. Bentler, P.M., & Wu, E.J.C. (2002). EQS 6 for Windows: User's guide. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
9. Browne, M.W., MacCallum, R.C., Kim, C.T., Anderson, B.L., & Glaser, R. (2002). When fit indices and residuals are incompatible. Psychological Methods, 7, 403-421. PubMed doi:10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.403
10. Byrne, B.M. (2006). Structural equation modelling with EQS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. London, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum.
11. Campbell-Quick, J. (Ed.). (1998). Introduction to the measurement of stress at work [Special issue]. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4). doi:10.1037/1076-8998.3.4.291
12. Cheung, G.W., & Rensvold, R.B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233-255. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
13. Coltman, T., Devinney, T.M., Midgley, D.F., & Veniak, S. (2008). Formative versus reflective measurement models: Two applications of formative measurement. Journal of Business Research, 61, 1250-1262. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.01.013
14. Cousins, R., MacKay, C.J., Clarke, S.D., Kelly, C., Kelly, P.J., & McCaig, R.H. (2004). 'Management Standards' workrelated stress in the UK: Practical development. Work and Stress: An International Journal of Work, Health and Organisations, 18, 113-136 doi:10.1080/02678370410001734322
15. Cox, T. (1978). Stress. New York, NY: Macmillan.
16. Daniels, K. (2000). Measures of five aspects of affective wellbeing at work. Human Relations, 53, 275-294.
17. Darwiche, A. (2009). Modeling and reasoning with Bayesian networks. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
18. DeVellis, R.F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). London, UK: Sage Publications.
19. Dewe, P.J. (1991). Measuring work stressors: The role of frequency, duration, and demand. Work and Stress, 5, 77-91. doi:10.1080/02678379108257006
20. Dunn, J.G.H., Bouffard, M., & Rogers, W.T. (1999). Assessing item content relevance in sport psychology scale construction research: Issues and recommendations. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 3, 15-36. doi:10.1207/s15327841mpee0301_2
21. Evers, A., Frese, M., & Cooper, C.L. (2000). Revisions and further development of the Occupational Stress Indicator: LISREL results from four Dutch studies. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 221-240. doi:10.1348/096317900166994
22. Fayers, P. M., & Aaronson, N. K. (2012). "It ain't over till the fat lady sings": A response to Cameron N. McIntosh, improving the evaluation of model fit in confirmatory factor analysis. Quality of Life Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s11136-012-0112-z
23. Fletcher, D., & Fletcher, J. (2005). A meta-model of stress, emotions and performance: Conceptual foundations, theoretical framework, and research directions [Abstract]. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23, 157-158.
24. Fletcher, D., & Hanton, S. (2003). Sources of organizational stress in elite sports performers. The Sport Psychologist, 17, 175-195.
25. Fletcher, D., Hanton, S., & Mellalieu, S.D. (2006). An organizational stress review: Conceptual and theoretical issues in competitive sport. In S. Hanton&S.D. Mellalieu (Eds.), Literature reviews in sport psychology (pp. 321-373). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
26. Fletcher, D., Hanton, S., & Wagstaff, C.R.D. (2012). Performers' responses to stressors encountered in sport organizations. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30, 349-358. PubMed doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.633545
27. Fletcher, D., & Scott, M. (2010). Psychological stress in sports coaches: A review of concepts, research, and practice. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28, 127-137. PubMed doi:10.1080/02640410903406208
28. Fletcher, D., & Wagstaff, C.R.D. (2009). Organizational psychology in elite sport: Its emergence, application and future. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 427-434. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.03.009
29. Freeman, P., Coffee, P., & Rees, T. (2011). The PASS-Q: The Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire. Journal of Sport&Exercise Psychology, 33, 54-74. PubMed
30. Gould, D., Eklund, R.C., & Jackson, S.A. (1992a). 1988 U.S. Olympic wrestling excellence I. Mental preparation, precompetitive cognition, and affect. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 358-382.
31. Gould, D., Eklund, R.C., & Jackson, S.A. (1992b). 1988 U.S. Olympic wrestling excellence II. Thoughts and affect occurring during competition. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 383-402.
32. Gould, D., Udry, E., Bridges, D., & Beck, L. (1997). Stress sources encountered when rehabilitating from season-ending ski injuries. The Sport Psychologist, 11, 361-378.
33. Hackman, J.R., & Oldham, G.R. (1975). Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 159-170. doi:10.1037/h0076546
34. Hackman, J.R., & Oldham, G.R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250-279. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7
35. Hanton, S., Fletcher, D., & Coughlan, G. (2005). Stress in elite sport performers: A comparative study of competitive and organizational stressors. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23, 1129-1141. PubMed doi:10.1080/02640410500131480
36. Haynes, S.N., Richard, D.C.S., & Kubany, E.S. (1995). Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods. Psychological Assessment, 7, 238-247. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.238
37. Heene, M., Hilbert, S., Draxler, C., Ziegler, M., & Bühner, M. (2011). Masking misfit in confirmatory factor analysis by increasing unique variances: A cautionary note on the usefulness of cutoff values of fit indices. Psychological Methods, 16, 319-336. PubMed doi:10.1037/a0024917
38. Hicks, R.E., Bahr, M., & Fujiwara, D. (2010). The Occupational Stress Inventory-revised: Confirmatory factor analysis of the original inter-correlation data set and model. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 351-353. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.024
39. Howard, G.S. (1994). Why do people say nasty things about selfreports? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 399-404. doi:10.1002/job.4030150505
40. Howell, D.C. (2001). Statistical methods in psychology (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Duxbury.
41. Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structural modelling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
42. Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
43. Hurrell, J.J., Nelson, D.L., & Simmons, B.L. (1998). Measuring job stressors and strains: Where have we been, where we are, and where we need to go? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3, 368-389. PubMed doi:10.1037/1076-8998.3.4.368
44. Jackson, D.L., Gillaspy, J.A., & Purc-Stephenson, R. (2009). Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: An overview and some recommendations. Psychological Methods, 14, 6-23. PubMed doi:10.1037/a0014694
45. Jones, M.V., Lane, A.M., Bray, S.R., Uphill, M., & Catlin, J. (2005). Development and validation of the Sport Emotion Questionnaire. Journal of Sport&Exercise Psychology, 27, 407-431.
46. Jowett, S., & Ntoumanis, N. (2004). The Coach Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q): Development and initial validation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine&Science in Sports, 14, 245-257. PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2003.00338.x
47. Kaiser, H.F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141-151. doi:10.1177/001316446002000116
48. Karasek, R.A., & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work: Stress, productivity and the reconstruction of working life. New York, NY: Basic Books.
49. Katz, D., & Kahn, R.L. (1966). The social psychology of organizations. New York, NY: Wiley Publications.
50. Kidder, L.H., & Judd, C.M. (1986). Research methods in social relations (5th ed.). New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart&Winston.
51. Kline, R.B. (2006). Reverse arrow-dynamics: Formative measurement models and feedback loops. In G.R. Hancock&R.O. Mueller (Eds.), A second course in structural equation modeling (pp. 43-68). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
52. Koski, T., & Noble, J.M. (2011). Bayesian networks: An introduction (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Publications.
53. Kristiansen, E., Halvari, H., & Roberts, G.C. (2012). Organizational and media stress among professional football players: Testing an achievement goal theory model. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine&Science in Sports, 22, 569-579. PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01259.x
54. Kristiansen, E., & Roberts, G.C. (2009). Young elite athletes and social support: Coping with competitive and organizational stress in "Olympic" competition. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine&Science in Sports, 20, 686-695. PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00950.x
55. Lazarus, R.S. (1990). Theory-based stress measurement. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 3-13. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0101_1
56. Lazarus, R.S., & Launier, R. (1978). Stress-related transactions between person and environment. In L.A. Pervin&M. Lewis (Eds.), Perspectives in interactional psychology (pp. 287-327). New York, NY: Plenum.
57. Little, T.D., Cunningham, W.A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K.F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151-173. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1
58. Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., & Rose, E.A. (2006). Pixels vs. paper: Comparing online and traditional survey methods in sport psychology. Journal of Sport&Exercise Psychology, 28, 100-108.
59. Lyne, K.D., Barrett, P.T., Williams, C., & Coaley, K. (2000). A psychometric evaluation of the Occupational Stress Indicator. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 195-220. doi:10.1348/096317900166985
60. MacCallum, R.C., Browne, M.W., & Sugawara, H.M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modelling. Psychological Methods, 1, 130-149. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130
61. Marsh, H.W. (1987). The hierarchical structure of self-concept and the application of hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Educational Measurement, 24, 17-39. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.1987.tb00259.x
62. Marsh, H.W., Hau, K.T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 320-341. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
63. McIntosh, C.N. (2012). Improving the evaluation of model fit in confirmatory factor analysis: A commentary on Gundy, C.M., Fayers, P.M., Groenvold, M., Petersen, M.Aa., Scott, N.W., Sprangers, M.A.J., Velikov, G., Aaronson, N.K. (2011). Comparing higher-order models for the EORTC QLQ-C30. Quality of Life Research, doi:10.1007/s11136-011-0082-6. Quality of Life Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s11136-011-0084-4
64. Mulaik, S. (2007). There is a place for approximate fit in structural equation modelling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 883-891. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.10.024
65. Mulaik, S.A. (2010). Foundations of factor analysis (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: Chapman&Hall/CRC.
66. Nicholls, A.R., Backhouse, S.H., Polman, R.C.J., & McKenna, J. (2009). Stressors and affective states among professional rugby union players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine&Science in Sports, 19, 121-128. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00757.x. PubMed
67. Nicholls, A.R., McKenna, J., Polman, R.C.J., & Backhouse, S.H. (2011). Overtraining during preseason: Stress and negative affective states among rugby union players. Journal of Clinical Sports Psychology, 5, 211-222.
68. Peacock, E.J., & Wong, P.T.P. (1990). The Stress Appraisal Measure (SAM): A multidimensional approach to cognitive appraisal. Stress Medicine, 6, 227-236. doi:10.1002/smi.2460060308
69. Pugh, D.S., Hickson, D.J., Hinings, C.R., & Turner, C. (1968). Dimensions of organization structure. Administrative Science Quarterly, 13, 65-105. doi:10.2307/2391262
70. Rick, J., Briner, R.B., Daniels, K., Perryman, S., & Guppy, A. (2001). A critical review of psychosocial hazard measures. Brighton, UK: Institute for Employment Studies.
71. Riemer, H.A., & Chelladurai, P. (1998). Development of the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire. Journal of Sport&Exercise Psychology, 20, 127-156.
72. Rushall, B.S. (1987). Daily analysis of life demands for athletes. Spring Valley, CA: Sports Science Associates.
73. Satorra, A., & Bentler, P.M. (2001). A scales difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66, 507-514. doi:10.1007/BF02296192
74. Spector, P.E. (1994). Using self-report questionnaires in OB research: A comment on the use of a controversial method. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 385-392. doi:10.1002/job.4030150503
75. Steiger, J.H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173-180. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4
76. Stevens, J. (2002). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (4th ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
77. Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. London, UK: Allyn and Bacon.
78. Tabei, Y., Fletcher, D., & Goodger, K. (2012). The relationship between organizational stressors and athlete burnout in soccer players. Journal of Clinical Sports Psychology, 6, 146-165.
79. Thomas, D.L., & Diener, E. (1990). Memory accuracy in the recall of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 291-297. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.2.291
80. Vandenberg, R.J., & Lance, C.E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practice, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 4-70. doi:10.1177/109442810031002
81. Vernon, T., & Eysenck, S. (Eds.). (2007). Structural equation modelling [Special issue]. Personality and Individual Differences, 42. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.12.001
82. West, S.G., Finch, J.F., & Curran, P.J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables. Problems and remedies. In R.H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modelling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56-75). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
83. Widmeyer, W.N., Brawley, L.R., & Carron, A.V. (1985). The measurement of cohesion in sport teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire. London, UK: Sport Dynamics.
84. Williams, S., & Cooper, C.L. (1998). Measuring occupational stress: Development of the Pressure Management Indicator. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3, 306-321. PubMed doi:10.1037/1076-8998.3.4.306
85. Williams, L.J., Vandenberg, R.J., & Edwards, J.R. (2009). Structural equation modelling in management research: A guide for improved analysis. The Academy of Management Annals, 3, 543-604. doi:10.1080/19416520903065683