High-power Ti: Sapphire laser at 820 nm for scanning ground-based water-vapor differential absorption lidar

Applied Optics

Volumn 52, Issue 11, 2013, Pages 2454-2469

  Wagner, Gerd ^a   Behrendt, Andreas ^a   Wulfmeyer, Volker ^a   Späth, Florian ^a   Schiller, Max ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOHENHEIM   (Germany)

^b FRAUNHOFER IOSB   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NEODYMIUM LASERS; PUMPING (LASER); RESONATORS; SAPPHIRE; SCANNING; SOLID STATE LASERS; WATER ABSORPTION; WATER VAPOR;

AVERAGE OUTPUT POWER; DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION LIDARS; FREQUENCY-DOUBLED ND:YAG LASER; LONG TERM FREQUENCY STABILITY; OPTICAL-OPTICAL CONVERSION EFFICIENCY; PHASE-SENSITIVE TECHNIQUE; THREE-DIMENSIONAL SCANNING; UNIDIRECTIONAL RINGS;

OPTICAL RADAR;

EID: 84876771963     PISSN: 1559128X     EISSN: 15394522     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/AO.52.002454     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. R. M. Schotland, "Some observations of the vertical profile of water vapor by means of a ground based optical radar," in Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 12-24 April, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (University of Michigan, 1966), pp. 273-283.
2. E.V. Browell, T. D. Wilkerson, and T. J. Mcilrath, "Water vapor differential absorption lidar development and evaluation," Appl. Opt. 18, 3474-3483 (1979).
3. J. Bösenberg, "Ground-based differential absorption lidar for water-vapor and temperature profiling: methodology," Appl. Opt. 37, 3845-3860 (1998). (Pubitemid 128659430)
4. V. Wulfmeyer and J. Bösenberg, "Ground-based differential absorption lidar for water-vapor profiling: assessment of accuracy, resolution, and meteorological applications," Appl. Opt. 37, 3825-3844 (1998). (Pubitemid 128659429)
5. The HITRAN Database URL, http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/hitran/.
6. S. Ismail and E. V. Browell, "Airborne and spaceborne lidar measurements of water vapor profiles: a sensitivity analysis," Appl. Opt. 28, 3603-3615 (1989).
7. E. V. Browell, S. Ismail, and W. B. Grant, "Differential absorption lidar (DIAL) measurements from air and space," Appl. Phys. B 67, 399-410 (1998). (Pubitemid 128663040)
8. É. Gérard, D. G. H. Tan, L. Garand, V. Wulfmeyer, G. Ehret, and P. Di Girolamo, "Major advances foreseen in humidity profiling from the water vapor lidar experiment in space (WALES)," Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 85, 237-251 (2004).
9. V. Wulfmeyer, H. Bauer, P. Di Girolamo, and C. Serio, "Comparison of active and passive remote sensing from space: an analysis based on the simulated performance of IASI and space borne differential absorption lidar," Remote Sens. Environ. 95, 211-230 (2005). (Pubitemid 40328614)
10. A. Behrendt, V. Wulfmeyer, P. Di Girolamo, C. Kiemle, H.-S. Bauer, T. Schaberl, D. Summa, D. N. Whiteman, B. B. Demoz, E. V. Browell, S. Ismail, R. Ferrare, S. Kooi, G. Ehret, and J. Wang, "Intercomparison of water vapor data measured with lidar during IHOP 2002. Part I: airborne to ground-based lidar systems and comparisons with chilled-mirror hygrometer radiosondes," J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 24, 3-21 (2007). (Pubitemid 46210595)
11. A. Behrendt, V. Wulfmeyer, C. Kiemle, G. Ehret, C. Flamant, T. Schaberl, H.-S. Bauer, S. Kooi, S. Ismail, R. Ferrare, E. V. Browell, and D. N. Whiteman, "Intercomparison of water vapor data measured with lidar during IHOP 2002. Part II: airborne-to-airborne systems," J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 24, 22-39 (2007). (Pubitemid 46210596)
12. R. Bhawar, P. Di Girolamo, D. Summa, C. Flamant, D. Althausen, A. Behrendt, C. Kiemle, P. Bosser, M. Cacciani, C. Champollion, T. Di Iorio, R. Engelmann, C. Herold, S. Pal, A. Riede, M. Wirth, and V. Wulfmeyer, "The water vapour intercomparison effort in the framework of the convective and orographically-induced precipitation study: airborne-to-ground-based and airborne-to-airborne lidar systems," Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 137, 325-348 (2011).
13. "GCOS (Global Climate Observing System) Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN)," http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=GRUAN.
14. W Eichinger, D. Cooper, J. Kao, L. C. Chen, L. Hipps, and J. Prueger, "Estimation of spatially distributed latent heat flux over complex terrain from a Raman lidar," Agr. For. Meteorol. 105, 145-159 (2000).
15. D. I. Cooper, W E. Eichinger, J. Archuleta, L. Hipps, C. M. U. Neale, and J. H. Prueger, "An advanced method for deriving latent energy flux from a scanning Raman lidar," Agron. J. 99, 272-284 (2007). (Pubitemid 46105374)
16. V. Wulfmeyer, A. Behrendt, C. Kottmeier, U. Corsmeier, C. Barthlott, G. C. Craig, M. Hagen, D. Althausen, F. Aoshima, M. Apagaus, H.-S. Bauer, L. Bennett, A. Blyth, C. Brandau, C. Champollion, S. Crewell, G. Dick, P. Di Girolamo, M. Dorninger, Y. Dufournet, R. Eigenmann, R. Engelmann, C. Flamant, T. Foken, T. Gorgas, M. Grzeschik, J. Handwerker, C. Hauck C, H. Höller, W. Junkermann, N. Kalthoff, C. Kiemle, S. Klink, M. König, L. Krauss, C. N. Long, F. Madonna, S. Mobbs, B. Neininger, S. Pal, G. Peters, G. Pigeon, E. Richard, M. W. Rotach, H. Russchenberg, T. Schwitalla, V. Smith, R. Steinacker, J. Trentmann, D. D. Turner, J. van Baelen, S. Vogt, H. Volkert, T. Weckwerth, H. Wernli, A. Wieser, and M. Wirth, "The Convective and Orographically- induced Precipitation Study (COPS): the scientific strategy, the field phase and research highlights," Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 137, 3-30 (2011).
17. C. Hauck, C. Barthlott, L. Krauss, and N. Kalthoff, "Soil moisture variability and its influence on convective precipitation over complex terrain," Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 137, 42-56 (2011).
18. V. Wulfmeyer, "Investigation of turbulent processes in the lower troposphere with water vapor DIAL and Radar-RASS," J. Atmos. Sci. 56, 1055-1076 (1999). (Pubitemid 29514980)
19. V. Wulfmeyer, S. Pal, D. D. Turner, and E. Wagner, "Can water vapour Raman lidar resolve profiles of turbulent variables in the convective boundary layer?," Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 136, 253-284 (2010).
20. C. Kiemle, M. Wirth, A. Fix, S. Rahm, U. Corsmeier, and P. Di Girolamo, "Latent heat flux measurements over complex terrain by airborne water vapour and wind lidars," Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 137, 190-203 (2011).
21. N. Kalthoff, K Träumner, S. Späth, B. Adler, A. Wieser, J. Handwerker, A. Behrendt, F. Madonna, and V. Wulfmeyer, "Dry and moist convection in the boundary layer over the Black Forest - a combined analysis of in-situ and remote sensing data," Meteorol. Z (2013) (to be published).
22. A. Behrendt, S. Pal, F. Aoshima, M. Bender, A. Blyth, U. Corsmeier, J. Cuesta, G. Dick, M. Dorninger, C. Flamant, P. Di Girolamo, T. Gorgas, Y. Huang, N. Kalthoff, S. Khodayar, H. Mannstein, K. Träumner, A. Wieser, and V. Wulfmeyer, "Observation of convection initiation processes with a suite of state-of-the-art research instruments during COPS IOP 8b," Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 137, 81-100 (2011).
23. R. Kamineni, T. N. Krishnamurti, R. A. Ferrare, S. Ismail, and E. V. Browell, "Impact of high resolution water vapor cross-sectional data on hurricane forecasting," Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1234-1237 (2003).
24. V. Wulfmeyer, H.-S. Bauer, M. Grzeschik, A. Behrendt, F. Vandenberghe, E. V. Browell, S. Ismail, and R. Ferrare, "Four-dimensional variational assimilation of water vapor differential absorption lidar data. The first case study within IHOP 2002," Mon. Weather Rev. 134, 209-230 (2006). (Pubitemid 43337136)
25. M. Grzeschik, H.-S. Bauer, V. Wulfmeyer, D. Engelbart, U. Wandinger, I. Mattis, D. Althausen, R. Engelmann, M. Tesche, and A. Riede, "Four-dimensional variational data analysis of water vapor Raman lidar data and their impact on mesoscale forecasts," J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 25, 1437-1453 (2008).
26. A. Behrendt, T. Nakamura, M. Onishi, R. Baumgart, and T. Tsuda, "Combined Raman lidar for the measurement of atmospheric temperature, water vapor, particle extinction coefficient, and particle backscatter coefficient," Appl. Opt. 41, 7657-7666 (2002).
27. D. N. Whiteman, B. Demoz, P. Di Girolamo, J. Comer, I. Veselovskii, K Evans, Z. Wang, D. Sabatino, G. Schwemmer, B. Gentry, R.-F Lin, A. Behrendt, V. Wulfmeyer, E. Browell, R. Ferrare, S. Ismail, and J. Wang, "Raman water vapor lidar measurements during the international H2O project. II: case studies," J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 23, 170-183 (2006).
28. D. N. Whiteman, K. Rush, S. Rabenhorst, W Welch, M. Cadirola, G. McIntire, F Russo, M. Adam, D. Venable, R. Connell, I. Veselovskii, R. Forno, B. Mielke, B. Stein, T. Leblanc, S. McDermid, and H. Vömel, "Airborne and ground-based measurements using a high-performance Raman lidar," J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 27, 1781-1801 (2010).
29. J. Reichardt, U. Wandinger, V. Klein, I. Mattis, B. Hilber, and R. Begbie, "RAMSES: German Meteorological Service autonomous Raman lidar for water vapor, temperature, aerosol, and cloud measurements," Appl. Opt. 51, 8111-8131 (2012).
30. "LASE Project," http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/lase/ASDlase.html.
31. R. A. Ferrare, E. V. Browell, S. Ismail, S. A. Kooi, L. H. Brasseur, V. G. Brackett, M. B. Clayton, J. D. W Barrick, G. S. Diskin, J. E. M. Goldsmith, B. M. Lesht, J. R. Podolske, G. W Sachse, F. J. Schmidlin, D. D. Turner, D. N. Whiteman, D. Tobin, L. M. Miloshevich, H. E. Revercomb, B. B. Demoz, and P. Di Girolamo, "Characterization of upper-troposphere water vapor measurements during AFWEX using LASE," J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 21, 1790-1808 (2004). (Pubitemid 40177625)
32. D. Bruneau, H. Cazeneuve, C. Loth, and J. Pelon, "Double-pulse dual-wavelength alexandrite laser for atmospheric water vapor measurement," Appl. Opt. 30, 3930-3937 (1991).
33. D. Bruneau, T. Arnaud des Lions, P. Quaglia, and J. Pelon, "Injection-seeded pulsed alexandrite laser for differential absorption lidar application," Appl. Opt. 33, 3941-3950 (1994).
34. D. Bruneau, P. Quaglia, C. Flament, M. Meissonnier, and J. Pelon, "Airborne lidar LEANDRE II for water-vapor profiling in the troposphere. I. System description," Appl. Opt. 40, 3450-3461 (2001).
35. D. Bruneau, P. Quaglia, C. Flament, and J. Pelon, "Airborne lidar LEANDRE II for water-vapor profiling in the troposphere. II. First results," Appl. Opt. 40, 3462-3475 (2001).
36. G. Poberaj, A. Fix, A. Assion, M. Wirth, C. Kiemle, and G. Ehret, "Airborne all-solid-state DIAL for water vapour measurements in the tropopause region: system description and assessment of accuracy," Appl. Phys. B 75, 165-172 (2002). (Pubitemid 35354436)
37. M. Wirth, A. Fix, P. Mahnke, H. Schwarzer, F. Schrandt, and G. Ehret, "The airborne multi-wavelength water vapor differential absorption lidar WALES: system design and performance," Appl. Phys. B. 96, 201-213 (2009).
38. V. Wulfmeyer, J. Bösenberg, S. Lehmann, C. Senff, and St. Schmitz, "Injection-seeded alexandrite ring laser: performance and application in a water-vapor differential absorption lidar," Opt. Lett. 20, 638-640 (1995).
39. V. Wulfmeyer and J. Bösenberg, "Single-mode operation of an injection-seeded alexandrite ring laser for application in water-vapor and temperature differential absorption lidar," Opt. Lett. 21, 1150-1152 (1996). (Pubitemid 126572652)
40. V. Wulfmeyer, "Ground-based differential absorption lidar for water-vapor and temperature profiling: development and specifications of a high-performance laser transmitter," Appl. Opt. 37, 3804-3824 (1998). (Pubitemid 128659428)
41. K. Ertel, H. Linné, and J. Bösenberg, "Injection-seeded pulsed Ti:sapphire laser with novel stabilization scheme and capability of dual-wavelength operation," Appl. Opt. 44, 5120-5126 (2005). (Pubitemid 41365832)
42. H. Vogelmann and T. Trickl, "Wide-range sounding of free-tropospheric water vapor with a differential-absorption lidar (DIAL) at a high-altitude station," Appl. Opt. 47, 2116-2132 (2008).
43. J. L. Machol, T. Ayers, K. T. Schwenz, K. W. Koenig, R. M. Hardesty C. J. Senff, M. A. Krainak, J. B. Abshire, H. E. Bravo, and S. P. Sandberg, "Preliminary measurements with an automated compact differential absorption lidar for the profiling of water vapor," Appl. Opt. 43, 3110-3121 (2004).
44. J. L. Machol, T. Ayers, K. T. Schwenz, K. W. Koenig, R. M. Hardesty, C. J. Senff, M. A. Krainak, J. B. Abshire, H. E. Bravo, and S. P. Sandberg, "Preliminary measurements with an automated compact differential absorption lidar for the profiling of water vapor: errata," Appl. Opt. 45, 3544 (2006). (Pubitemid 44021527)
45. A. Dinovitser, M. W. Hamilton, and R. A. Vincent, "Stabilized master laser system for differential absorption lidar," Appl. Opt. 49, 3274-3281 (2010).
46. A. R. Nehrir, K S. Repasky J. L. Carlsten, M. D. Obland, and J. A. Shaw, "Water vapor profiling using a widely tunable, amplified diode-laser-based differential absorption lidar (DIAL)," J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 26, 733-745 (2009).
47. M. D. Obland, K S. Repasky, A. R. Nehrir, J. L. Carlsten, and J. A. Shaw, "Development of a widely tunable amplified diode laser differential absorption lidar for profiling atmospheric water vapor," J. Appl. Remote Sens. 4, 043515 (2010).
48. A. R. Nehrir, K. S. Repasky, and J. L. Carlsten, "Micropulse water vapor differential absorption lidar: transmitter design performance," Opt. Express 20, 25137-25151 (2012).
49. 2O3," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3, 125-133 (1986).
50. W R. Rapoport and C. P. Khattak, "Titanium sapphire laser characteristics," Appl. Opt. 27, 2677-2684 (1988).
51. V Wulfmeyer, A. Behrendt, H.-S. Bauer, C. Kottmeier, U. Corsmeier, A. Blyth, G. Craig, U. Schumann, M. Hagen, S. Crewell, P. Di Girolamo, C. Flamant, M. Miller, A. Montani, S. Mobbs, E. Richard, M. W Rotach, M. Arpagaus, H. Russchenberg, P. Schlüssel, M. König, V Gärtner, R. Steinacker, M. Dorninger, D. D. Turner, T. Weckwerth, A. Hense, and C. Simmer, "RESEARCH CAMPAIGN: the convective and orographically induced precipitation study: a research and development project of the world weather research program for improving quantitative precipitation forecasting in low-mountain regions," Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 89, 1477-1486 (2008).
52. COPS Field Campaign, "COPS: Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study," http://www.uni-hohenheim.de/cops.
53. A. Behrendt, V Wulfmeyer, A. Riede, G. Wagner, S. Pal, H. Bauer, M. Radlach, and F. Späth, "3-Dimensional observations of atmospheric humidity with a scanning differential absorption lidar," Proc. SPIE 7475, 74750L (2009).
54. FLUXPAT 2009 within SFB TR 32, "Transregional Collaborative Research Centre 32," http://www.tr32.uni-koeln.de.
55. V Wulfmeyer and C. Walther, "Future performance of ground-based and airborne water-vapor differential absorption lidar. I. Overview and theory," Appl. Opt. 40, 5304-5320 (2001).
56. V Wulfmeyer and C. Walther, "Future performance of ground-based and airborne water-vapor differential absorption lidar. II. Simulations of the precision of a near-infrared, high-power system," Appl. Opt. 40, 5321-5336 (2001).
57. G. Wagner, V Wulfmeyer, and A. Behrendt, "Detailed performance modeling of a pulsed high-power single-frequency Ti:sapphire laser," Appl. Opt. 50, 5921-5937 (2011).
58. H. Kogelnik, "Imaging of optical modes - resonators with internal lenses," Bell Syst. Tech. J. 44, 455-494 (1965).
59. H. Kogelnik and T. Li, "Laser beams and resonators," Appl. Opt. 5, 1550-1567 (1966).
60. J. P. Lörtscher and J. Steffen, "Dynamic stable resonators: a design procedure," Opt. Quantum Electron. 7, 505-514 (1975).
61. H. P. Kortz, R. Iffländer, and H. Weber, "Stability and beam divergence of multimode lasers with internal variable lenses," Appl. Opt. 20, 4124-4134 (1981). (Pubitemid 12457699)
62. V. Magni, "Resonators for solid-state lasers with large-volume fundamental mode and high alignment stability," Appl. Opt. 25, 107-117 (1986). (Pubitemid 17615649)
63. D. Metcalf, P. de Giovanni, J. Zachorowski, and M. Leduc, "Laser resonators containing self-focusing elements," Appl. Opt. 26, 4508-4517 (1987).
64. W Koechner, "Longitudinal modes," in Solid-State Laser Engineering, T. Tamir and A. L. Schawlow, eds., (Springer-Verlag, 1999), pp. 236-259.
65. A. Riede, A. Behrendt, V. Wulfmeyer, D. Althausen, U. Wandinger, V. Klein, A. Meister, and M. Schiller, "Transmitter-receiver unit of the UHOH water vapor DIAL with a scanning 800 mm telescope mirror," in Proceedings of the 26th International Laser and Radar Conference (ILRC), Porto Heli, Greece, 25-29 June (International Coordination-group on Laser Atmospheric Studies, 2012), paper S1P-12.
66. A. Behrendt, V. Wulfmeyer, A. Riede, F. Späth, S. Metzendorf, G. Wagner, S. Pal, and M. Schiller are preparing a manuscript to be called "3D-scanning, water-vapor DIAL of Hohenheim University".
67. M. Ostermeyer, P. Kappe, R. Menzel, and V. Wulfmeyer, "Diode-pumped Nd:YAG master oscillator power amplifier with high pulse energy, excellent beam quality, and frequency-stabilized master oscillator as a basis for a next-generation lidar system," Appl. Opt. 44, 582-590 (2005). (Pubitemid 40206894)
68. M. Ostermeyer, P. Kappe, R. Menzel, and V. Wulfmeyer, "Diode-pumped Nd:YAG master oscillator power amplifier with high pulse energy, excellent beam quality, and frequency-stabilized master oscillator as a basis for a next-generation lidar system - erratum," Appl. Opt. 44, 7451 (2005). (Pubitemid 43004222)
69. V. Wulfmeyer, M. Randall, A. Brewer, and R. M. Hardesty, "2 μm Doppler lidar transmitter with high frequency stability and low chirp," Opt. Lett. 25, 1228-1230 (2000).
70. "IBL Innovative Berlin Laser GmbH," http://www.ib-laser.com/.
71. H. R. Khalesifard, A. Fix, G. Ehret, M. Schiller, and V. Wulfmeyer, "Fast-switching system for injection seeding of a high-power Ti:sapphire laser," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 073110 (2009).
72. F. Späth, "Development of injection seeders for water vapor and carbon dioxide DIAL systems based on DFB lasers," Diploma thesis (in German) (University of Stuttgart, 2010).
73. F. Späth, G. Wagner, H.-D. Wizemann, A. Behrendt, and V. Wulfmeyer, "Injection seeders based on DFB lasers for DIAL of water vapor at 820 nm and CO2 at 1580 nm," in Proceedings of the 25th International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC), St. Petersburg, Russia, 5-9 July (International Coordination-group on Laser Atmospheric Studies, 2010), pp. 231-234.
74. R. Matthey S. Schilt, D. Werner, C. Affolderbach, L. Thévenaz, and G. Miletti, "Diode laser frequency stabilisation for water-vapour differential absorption sensing," Appl. Phys. B 85, 477-485 (2006). (Pubitemid 44451370)
75. F. Späth, S. Metzendorf, A. Behrendt, H.-D. Wizemann, G. Wagner, and V. Wulfmeyer, "Online/offine injection seeding system with high frequency-stability and low crosstalk for water vapor DIAL," Opt. Commun. (2012) (in revision).
76. L. A. Rahn, "Feedback stabilization of an injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser," Appl. Opt. 24, 940-942 (1985).
77. R. L. Schmitt and L. A. Rahn, "Diode-laser-pumped Nd:YAG laser injection seeding system," Appl. Opt. 25, 629-633 (1986). (Pubitemid 16153062)
78. T. Schröder, C. Lemmerz, O. Reitebuch, M. Wirth, C. Wührer, and R. Treichel, "Frequency jitter and spectral width of an injection-seeded Q-switched Nd:YAG laser for a Doppler wind lidar," Appl. Phys. B 87, 437-444 (2007). (Pubitemid 46742727)
79. S. W Henderson, E. H. Yuen, and E. S. Fry, "Fast resonance-detection technique for single-frequency operation of injection-seeded Nd:YAG lasers," Opt. Lett. 11, 715-717 (1986).
80. T. Walther, M. P. Larsen, and E. S. Fry, "Generation of Fourier-transform-limited 35 ns pulses with a ramp-hold-fire seeding technique in a Ti:sapphire laser," Appl. Opt. 40, 3046-3050 (2001).
81. P. Esherick and A. Owyoung, "Polarization feedback stabilization of an injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser for spectroscopic applications," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4, 41-47 (1987).
82. T. W. Hänsch and B. Couillaud, "Laser frequency stabilization by polarization spectroscopy of a reflecting reference cavity," Opt. Commun. 35, 441-444 (1980). (Pubitemid 11467610)
83. R. W. P. Drever, J. L. Hall, F. V. Kowalski, J. Hough, G. M. Ford, A. J. Munley and H. Ward, "Laser phase and frequency stabilization using an optical resonator," Appl. Phys. B 31, 97-105 (1983). (Pubitemid 13577544)
84. A. Strässer, T. Waltinger, and M. Ostermeyer, "Injection seeded frequency stabilized Nd:YAG ring oscillator following a Pound-Drever-Hall scheme," Appl. Opt. 46, 8358-8363 (2007). (Pubitemid 351238829)
85. M. Ostermeyer, T. Waltinger, and M. Gregor, "Frequency stabilization of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser oscillator with stability better 300 kHz following an rf-sideband scheme," Opt. Commun. 282, 3302-3307 (2009).
86. M. E. Innocenzi, H. T. Yura, C. L. Fincher, and R. A. Fields, "Thermal modeling of continuous-wave end-pumped solid-state lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 1831-1833 (1990).
87. Fibertech, LEONI Fiber Optics GmbH, http://www.fibertech.de/.