An analysis of the quality of wastewater used to irrigate vegetables in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale, Ghana

Agriculture in Urban Planning: Generating Livelihoods and Food Security

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 105-124

  Amoah, Philip ^a  

^a CSIR Campus   (Ghana)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84876728801     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781849770439     Document Type: Chapter

References (35)

1. Abbott, C. and Hasnip, N. (1997) The Safe Use of Marginal Quality Water in Agriculture - A Guide for the Water Resource Planner, HR Wallingford and DFID, UK, p59 American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water
2. Environment Federation (APHA, AWWA, WEF) (2001) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 22nd edition, Washington DC, USA
3. Amoah, P. (in press) 'Report on a study to test and improve the efficacy of common homewashing methods for vegetables'
4. Amoah, P., Drechsel, P. and Abaidoo, R. C. (2005) 'Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: sources of pathogen contamination and health risk-reduction', Irrigation and Drainage, vol 54, pp49-61
5. Amoah, P., Drechsel, P., Abaidoo, R. C. and Henseler, M. (2007) 'Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: Microbiological contamination in farms and markets and consumer risk group', Journal of Water and Health, vol 5, no 3, pp455-466
6. Amoah, P., Drechsel, P., Abaidoo, R. C. and Klutse, A. (in press) 'Effectiveness of common and improved sanitary washing methods in selected cities of West Africa for the reduction of coliform bacteria and helminth eggs on vegetables', Tropical Medicine and International Health
7. Arde-Acquah, A. A. (2002) 'Sanitation and health-related problems of street-vended foods in Accra', in SADAOC Street Food in Ghana: Types, Environment, Patronage, Laws and Regulations, Proceedings of a roundtable conference on 6 September 2001, ISSER, University of Ghana/WILCO, Accra, pp57-60
8. Armar-Klemesu, M., Akpedonu, P., Egbi, G. and Maxwell, D. (1998) 'Food contamination in urban agriculture: vegetable production using wastewater', in Armar-Klemesu, M. and Maxwell, D. (eds), Urban Agriculture in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Final Report to IDRC (project 003149), University of Ghana, Noguchi Memorial Institute, Accra, Ghana
9. Bastos, R. K. (1992) 'Bacteriological aspects of drip and furrow irrigation with treated wastewater', Thesis report submitted in accordance with the requirements for Ph.D, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, UK, December 1992
10. Clarke, E. E., Levy, L. S., Spurgeon, A. and Calvert, I. A. (1997) 'The problem associated with pesticide use by irrigation workers in Ghana', Occupational Medicine, vol 47, pp301-308
11. Cofie, O. O. and Drechsel, P. (2007) 'Water for food in the cities: The growing paradigm of irrigated (peri)-urban agriculture and its struggle in sub-Saharan Africa', African Water Journal, vol 1, no 2, pp23-32
12. Cornish, G. A., Mensah, E. and Ghesquire, P. (1999) 'An assessment of surface water quality for irrigation and its implication for human health in the peri-urban zone of Kumasi, Ghana', Report OD/TN 95, September 1999, HR Wallingford, UK
13. Danso, G., Drechsel, P. and Fialor, S. C. (2002) 'Perception of organic agriculture by urban vegetable farmers and consumers in Ghana', Urban Agriculture Magazine, vol 6, pp23-24
14. Drechsel, P., Abaidoo, R. C., Amoah, P. and Cofie, O. O. (2000) 'Increasing use of poultry manure in and around Kumasi, Ghana: Is farmers' race consumers' fate?', Urban Agricultural Magazine 2, pp25-27
15. Drechsel, P., Blumenthal, U. J. and Keraita, B. (2002) 'Balancing health and livelihoods: Adjusting wastewater irrigation guidelines for resource-poor countries', Urban Agriculture Magazine, vol 8, pp7-9
16. Environment Canada (2006) 'Municipal wastewater sources and characteristics', www.atl.ec. gc.ca/epb/issues/wstewtr.html (accessed June 2006)
17. Gaspard, P., Ambolet, Y. and Schwartzbrod, J. (1997) 'Valorisation des boues de stations d'épuration en vue de l'amélioration des sols destines a l'agriculture: Contamination parasitaire et modélisation en vue de la gestion du risqué sanitaire', Bulletin de L' Académie National de Médicine, vol 181, no 1, pp43-138
18. Ghana Statistical Services (GSS) (2002) 2000 Population and Housing Census; Summary Report of Final Results, Accra, Ghana
19. Hide, J. M., Hide, C. F. and Kimani, J. (2001) 'Informal irrigation in the peri-urban zone of Nairobi-Kenya. An assessment of surface water quality for irrigation and its implication for human health in the peri-urban zone of Kumasi, Ghana', Report OD/TN 105, March 2001, HR Wallingford, DFID, UK
20. IMCSF (1974) Micro-organisms in foods. Sampling for microbiological analysis: Principles and specific applications. The International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada
21. Johnson, P. N. T. (2002) 'Overview of a recent DFID/NRI/FRI project on street-vended food in Accra', in SADAOC (2002) Street Food in Ghana: Types, Environment, Patronage, Laws and Regulations, Proceedings of a roundtable conference on 6 October 2001, ISSER, University of Ghana/WILCO, Accra, pp41-51
22. Keraita, B., Drechsel, P., Huibers, F. and Raschid-Sally, L. (2002) 'Wastewater use in informal irrigation in urban and peri-urban areas of Kumasi, Ghana', Urban Agriculture Magazine, vol 8, pp11
23. Mensah, E., Amoah, P., Drechsel, P. and Abaidoo, R. C. (2001) 'Environmental concerns of urban and peri-urban agriculture: Case studies from Accra and Kumasi', in Drechsel, P. and Kunze, D. (eds), Waste Composting for Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture: Closing the Rural-Urban Nutrient Cycle in Sub-Saharan Africa, IWMI, FAO, CABI, pp55-68
24. Mensah, P. D., Yeboah-Manu, K., Owusu-Darko, K. and Ablordey, A. (2002) 'Street foods in Accra, Ghana: How safe are they?' WHO Bulletin, vol 80, pp546-554
25. Ntow, W. J. (2001) 'Organochlorine pesticides in water, sediment, crops, and human fluids in a farming community in Ghana', Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 40, pp557-563
26. Nyanteng, V. K. (1998) 'Draft summary report on food markets and marketing in the Accra metropolis', in Report on the National Seminar on Food Supply and Distribution Systems, AMA/FAO, Accra, 1998
27. Okorley, E. L. and Kwarteng, J. A. (2002) 'Current status of the use of pesticides in urban and peri-urban vegetable production in the central region of Ghana', Paper presented at RESEAU Ghaneen/SADOAC Workshop on Sustainable Food Security in West Africa, 30-31 January 2002, Milkin Hotel, Accra
28. Pesticide Safety Directorate (2005) Excel Spreadsheet of current MRLs. Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs, London, UK. Available at: www.pesticides.gov.uk/uploadedfiles/web-Assets/PSD/MRL-Spreadsheet.xls (accessed August 2005)
29. Schwartzbrod, J. (1998) Methods of Analysis of Helminth Eggs and Cysts in Wastewater, Sludge, Soils and Crops, Université Henry Poincare, Nancy, France
30. Shuval, H. I., Fattal, B. and Yekutiel, P. (1986) 'State of the art review: an epidemiological approach to the health effects of wastewater reuse', Water Science and Technology, vol 18, pp147-162
31. Tallaki, K. (2005) 'The Pest-control System in the Market Gardens of Lomé, Togo', in Mougeot, L. J. A., Agropolis: The Social, Political and Environmental Dimensions of Urban Agriculture, Earthscan Publications, London, UK
32. Tchobanoglous, G., Franklin, B. and Stensel, D. (1991) Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, Metcalf and Eddy Inc., New York
33. Volpi, A. M. (2005) 'Pesticides, can we avoid them?', www.annamariavolpi.com/pollutants. html (accessed June 2006)
34. WHO(2005) TheWHORecommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification: 2004, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
35. WHO(2006) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Grey Water: Wastewater Use in Agriculture, vol 2, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland