The intermediate-term effects of PZP immunocontraception: Behavioural monitoring of the treated elephant females and associated family groups

Animal Conservation

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 180-187

  Druce, H C ^a   Mackey, R L ^a   Pretorius, K ^b   Slotow, R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

^b Phinda Private Game Reserve   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Behavioural monitoring; Bull association; Grouping tendency; Loxodonta africana; Porcine zona pellucida (PZP)

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT; BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; DISTURBANCE; ELEPHANT; ETHICS; GROWTH RATE; IMMUNOCONTRACEPTION; MONITORING; NATURE CONSERVATION; POPULATION GROWTH; PROTECTED AREA;

SOUTHERN AFRICA;

ANIMALIA; LOXODONTA AFRICANA; SUS;

EID: 84876493323     PISSN: 13679430     EISSN: 14691795     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00583.x     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Andersen, K.F. & Eltringham, S.K. (1997). Some preliminary observations on possible stress in the elephants of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Afr. J. Ecol. 35, 278-282.
2. Bertschinger, H., Delsink, A., van Altena, J.J., Kirkpatrick, J., Killian, H., Ganswindt, A., Slotow, R. & Castley, G. (2008). Reproductive control of elephants. In Elephant management: a scientific assessment for South African: 257-328. Scholes, R.J. & Mennell, K.G. (Eds). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
3. Biggs, H.C., Slotow, R., Scholes, R.J., Carruthers, J., van Aarde, R., Kerley, G.H.I., Twine, W., Grobler, D.G., Berthshinger, H., Grant, C.C., Lotter, H.P.P., Blignaut, J., Hopkinson, L. & Peel, M. (2008). Towards integrated decision making for elephant management. In Elephant management: a scientific assessment for South African: 537-586. Scholes, R.J. & Mennell, K.G. (Eds). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
4. Brown, J.L. (2000). Reproductive endocrine monitoring of elephants: an essential tool for assisting captive management. Zoo Biol. 19, 347-367.
5. Burke, T. (2005). The effect of human disturbance on elephant behaviour, movement dynamics and stress in a small reserve: Pilanesberg National Park. M.Sc. thesis. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
6. Chadwick, D.H. (1992). The fate of the elephant. San Fransico: Sierra Club Books.
7. Delsink, A., van Altena, J.J., Grobler, D., Bertschinger, H., Kirkpatrick, J. & Slotow, R. (2006). Regulation of a small, discrete African elephant population through immunocontraception in the Makalali Conservancy, Limpopo, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci. 102, 403-405.
8. Delsink, A., Bertschinger, H.J., Kirkpatrick, J.F., DeNys, H., Grobler, D., van Altena, J.J. & Turkstra, J. (2005). Contraception of African elephant cows in two private conservancies using porcine zona pellucida vaccine, and the control of aggressive behaviour in elephant bulls with a GnRH vaccine. In Humane wildlife solutions: the role of immunocontraception: 69-72. Rutberg, A.T. (Ed.). Washington: Humane Society Press.
9. Delsink, A.K. (2006). The costs and consequences of immunocontraception implementation in elephants at Makalali Conservancy, South Africa. M.Sc. thesis. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
10. Delsink, A.K., van Altena, J.J., Grobler, D., Bertschinger, H.J., Kirkpartick, J.F. & Slotow, R. (2007). Implementing immunocontraception in free-ranging African elephants at Makalali Conservancy. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 78, 25-30.
11. Delsink, A.K., Van Altena, J.J., Kirkpatrick, J., Grobler, D. & Fayrer-Hosken, R.A. (2002). Field applications of immunocontraception in African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Reprod. Suppl. 60, 117-124.
12. Douglas-Hamilton, I., Krink, T. & Vollrath, F. (2005). Movements and corridors of African elephants in relation to protected areas. Naturwissenschaften 92, 158-163.
13. Druce, H.C., Mackey, R.L. & Slotow, R. (2011). How immunocontraception can contribute to elephant management in small, enclosed reserves: Munyawana population as a case study. PLoS ONE 6, e27952.
14. Fayrer-Hosken, R.A., Brooks, P., Bertschinger, H.J., Kirkpatrick, J.F., Turner, J.W. & Lui, I.K.M. (1997). Management of African elephant populations by immunocontraception. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 25, 18-21.
15. Fayrer-Hosken, R.A., Grobler, D., Van Altena, J.J., Bertschinger, H.J. & Kirkpatrick, J.F. (2000). Immunocontraception of African elephants. Nature 407, 149.
16. Garai, M.E., Slotow, R., Carr, R.D. & Reilly, B. (2004). Elephants reintroduction to small fenced reserves in South Africa. Pachyderm 37, 28-36.
17. Hanks, J. (1972). Reproduction of elephant, Loxodonta africana, in the Luangwai Valley, Zambia. J. Reprod. Fertil. 30, 13-26.
18. Hodges, J.K. (1998). Endocrinology of the ovarian cycle and pregnancy in the Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephant. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 53, 3-18.
19. Kerley, G.I.H., Landman, M., Kruger, L., Owen-Smith, N., Balfour, D., de Boer, W.F., Gaylanrd, A., Lindsay, K. & Slotow, R. (2008). Effects of elephants on ecosystems and biodiversity. In Elephant management: a scientific assessment for South African: 146-205. Scholes, R.J. & Mennell, K.G. (Eds). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
20. Kerley, G.I.H. & Shrader, A.M. (2007). Elephant contraception: silver bullet of a potentially bitter pill? S. Afr. J. Sci. 103, 181-182.
21. Kettles, R. & Slotow, R. (2009). Management of free-ranging lions on an enclosed game reserve. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 39, 23-33.
22. Kirkpatrick, J.F., Zimmermann, W., Kolter, L., Kui, I.K.M. & Turner, J.W. (1995). Immunocontraception of captive exotic species I. Przewalski's horses (Equus przewalskii) and banteng (Bos javanicus). Zoo Biol. 14, 403-416.
23. Lotter, H.P.P., Henley, M., Fakir, S., Pickover, M. & Pamose, M. (2008). Ethical considerations in elephant management. In Elephant management: a scientific assessment for South African: 537-586. Scholes, R.J. & Mennell, K.G. (Eds). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
24. Low, A.B. & Rebelo, A.G. (Eds) (1996). Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.
25. McShea, W.J., Monfort, S.L., Hakim, S., Kirkpatrick, J., Lui, I., Turner, J.W., Chaay, L. & Munson, L. (1997). The effect of immunocontraception on the behaviour and reproduction of white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 61, 560-569.
26. Moss, C.J. (2001). The demography of an African elephant (Loxodonta africana) population in Amboseli, Kenya. J. Zool. Lond. 255, 145-156.
27. Owen-Smith, N., Kerley, G.I.H., Page, B., Slotow, R. & van Aarde, R.J. (2006). A scientific perspective on the management of elephants in the Kruger National Park and elsewhere. S. Afr. J. Sci. 102, 389-394.
28. Perdok, A.A., de Boer, W.F. & Stout, T.A.E. (2007). Prospects for managing African elephant population growth by immunocontraception: a review. Pachyderm 42, 97-107.
29. Pretorius, Y. (2004). Stress in the African elephant on Mabula Game Reserve, South Africa. M.Sc. thesis, University of Natal, Durban, South Africa.
30. Slotow, R., Garai, M.E., Reilly, B., Page, B. & Carr, R.D. (2005). Population ecology of elephants re-introduced to small fences reserves in South Africa. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 35, 23-32.
31. Slotow, R. & Hunter, L.T.B. (2009). Reintroduction decisions taken at the incorrect social scale devalue their conservation contribution: the African lion in South Africa. In The reintroduction of top-order predators: 43-71. Hayward, M.W. & Somers, M.J. (Eds). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
32. Sonnekus, I.P. & Breytenbach, G.J. (2001). Conservation business: sustaining Africa's future. Koedoe 44, 105-123.
33. Whyte, I. (2001). Conservation management of the Kruger National Park elephant population. PhD Thesis, University of Pretoria. Pretoria.
34. Whyte, I.J. & Grobler, D.G. (1998). Elephant contraception research in the Kruger National Park. Pachyderm 25, 45-52.
35. Wittemyer, G., Douglas-Hamilton, I. & Getz, W.M. (2005). The socioecology of elephants: analysis of the processes creating multitiered social structures. Anim. Behav. 69, 1357-1371.
36. Woolley, L.A., Millspaugh, J.J., Woods, R.J., Janse van Rensburg, S., Mackey, R.L., Page, B. & Slotow, R. (2008). Population and individual elephant response to a catastrophic fire in Pilanesberg National Park. PLoS ONE 3, e3233.