메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 35, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 1645-1657

Impact of iron toxicity on oxidative metabolism in young Eugenia uniflora L. plants

Author keywords

Antioxidative enzymes; Ascorbate; Glutathione; Iron; Metal; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

EUGENIA UNIFLORA;

EID: 84876439147     PISSN: 01375881     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11738-012-1207-4     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (40)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 0036001083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in controlling oxidative stress in plants
    • Alscher RG, Erturk N, Heath LS (2002) Role of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in controlling oxidative stress in plants. J Exp Bot 53: 1331-1341.
    • (2002) J Exp Bot , vol.53 , pp. 1331-1341
    • Alscher, R.G.1    Erturk, N.2    Heath, L.S.3
  • 2
    • 3242715114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction
    • Apel K, Hirt H (2004) Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55: 373-399.
    • (2004) Annu Rev Plant Biol , vol.55 , pp. 373-399
    • Apel, K.1    Hirt, H.2
  • 3
    • 16344395032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Ceratophyllum demersum by zinc involves ascorbate-glutathione cycle and glutathione metabolism
    • Aravind P, Prasad MNV (2005) Modulation of cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Ceratophyllum demersum by zinc involves ascorbate-glutathione cycle and glutathione metabolism. Plant Physiol Biochem 43: 107-116.
    • (2005) Plant Physiol Biochem , vol.43 , pp. 107-116
    • Aravind, P.1    Prasad, M.N.V.2
  • 4
    • 32244439978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of salt stress on antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive maize genotypes
    • Azevedo Neto AD, Prisco JT, Enéas-Filho J, Abreu CEB, Gomes-Filho E (2006) Effects of salt stress on antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive maize genotypes. Environ Exp Bot 56: 87-94.
    • (2006) Environ Exp Bot , vol.56 , pp. 87-94
    • Azevedo Neto, A.D.1    Prisco, J.T.2    Enéas-Filho, J.3    Abreu, C.E.B.4    Gomes-Filho, E.5
  • 5
    • 0031805520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron-dependent oxygen free radical generation in plants subjected to environmental stress: toxicity and antioxidant protection
    • Becana M, Moran JF, Ormaetxe I (1998) Iron-dependent oxygen free radical generation in plants subjected to environmental stress: toxicity and antioxidant protection. Plant Soil 201: 137-147.
    • (1998) Plant Soil , vol.201 , pp. 137-147
    • Becana, M.1    Moran, J.F.2    Ormaetxe, I.3
  • 6
    • 0017184389 scopus 로고
    • A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding
    • Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72: 248-254.
    • (1976) Anal Biochem , vol.72 , pp. 248-254
    • Bradford, M.M.1
  • 7
    • 0033303628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant responses to metal toxicity
    • Briat JF, Lebrun M (1999) Plant responses to metal toxicity. C R Acad Sci 322: 43-54.
    • (1999) C R Acad Sci , vol.322 , pp. 43-54
    • Briat, J.F.1    Lebrun, M.2
  • 8
    • 0343145729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron transport and storage in plants
    • Briat JF, Lobréaux S (1997) Iron transport and storage in plants. Trends Plant Sci 2: 187-193.
    • (1997) Trends Plant Sci , vol.2 , pp. 187-193
    • Briat, J.F.1    Lobréaux, S.2
  • 9
    • 84989748915 scopus 로고
    • Effect of aluminum on lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities in root tips of soybean (Glycine max)
    • Cakmak I, Horst WJ (1991) Effect of aluminum on lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities in root tips of soybean (Glycine max). Physiol Plant 83: 463-468.
    • (1991) Physiol Plant , vol.83 , pp. 463-468
    • Cakmak, I.1    Horst, W.J.2
  • 11
    • 33644541103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of iron stress on biomass, yield, metabolism and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
    • Chatterjee C, Gopal R, Dube BK (2006) Impact of iron stress on biomass, yield, metabolism and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Sci Hortic 108: 1-6.
    • (2006) Sci Hortic , vol.108 , pp. 1-6
    • Chatterjee, C.1    Gopal, R.2    Dube, B.K.3
  • 12
    • 67249121802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of the antioxidative response of Spartina densiflora against iron exposure
    • Domínguez DM, Santiago RT, García FC (2009) Modulation of the antioxidative response of Spartina densiflora against iron exposure. Physiol Plant 136: 169-179.
    • (2009) Physiol Plant , vol.136 , pp. 169-179
    • Domínguez, D.M.1    Santiago, R.T.2    García, F.C.3
  • 13
    • 0037330435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle to excess copper in Arabidopsis thaliana (L)
    • Drazkiewicz M, Skorznska-Polit E, Krupa Z (2003) Response of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle to excess copper in Arabidopsis thaliana (L). Plant Sci 164: 195-202.
    • (2003) Plant Sci , vol.164 , pp. 195-202
    • Drazkiewicz, M.1    Skorznska-Polit, E.2    Krupa, Z.3
  • 15
    • 0035672451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron induction of lipid peroxidation and effects on antioxidative enzyme activities in rice leaves
    • Fang WC, Wang JW, Lin CC, Kao CH (2001) Iron induction of lipid peroxidation and effects on antioxidative enzyme activities in rice leaves. Plant Growth Regul 35: 75-80.
    • (2001) Plant Growth Regul , vol.35 , pp. 75-80
    • Fang, W.C.1    Wang, J.W.2    Lin, C.C.3    Kao, C.H.4
  • 16
    • 0033932601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxygen processing in photosynthesis: regulation and signaling
    • Foyer CH, Noctor G (2000) Oxygen processing in photosynthesis: regulation and signaling. New Phytol 146: 359-388.
    • (2000) New Phytol , vol.146 , pp. 359-388
    • Foyer, C.H.1    Noctor, G.2
  • 17
    • 28344449992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of aluminum on the growth of tea plant and activation of antioxidant system
    • Ghanati F, Morita A, Yokota H (2005) Effects of aluminum on the growth of tea plant and activation of antioxidant system. Plant Soil 276: 133-141.
    • (2005) Plant Soil , vol.276 , pp. 133-141
    • Ghanati, F.1    Morita, A.2    Yokota, H.3
  • 18
    • 70449535645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aluminum stress induces up-regulation of an efficient antioxidant system in the Al-tolerant maize line but not in the Al-sensitive line
    • Giannakoula A, Moustakas M, Syros T, Yupsanis T (2010) Aluminum stress induces up-regulation of an efficient antioxidant system in the Al-tolerant maize line but not in the Al-sensitive line. Environ Exp Bot 67: 487-494.
    • (2010) Environ Exp Bot , vol.67 , pp. 487-494
    • Giannakoula, A.1    Moustakas, M.2    Syros, T.3    Yupsanis, T.4
  • 19
    • 0000597483 scopus 로고
    • Superoxide dismutases: occurrence in higher plants
    • Giannopolitis CN, Ries SK (1977) Superoxide dismutases: occurrence in higher plants. Plant Physiol 59: 309-314.
    • (1977) Plant Physiol , vol.59 , pp. 309-314
    • Giannopolitis, C.N.1    Ries, S.K.2
  • 21
    • 0019167355 scopus 로고
    • Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide using glutathione reductase and 2-vinylpyridine
    • Griffith OW (1980) Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide using glutathione reductase and 2-vinylpyridine. Anal Biochem 106: 207-212.
    • (1980) Anal Biochem , vol.106 , pp. 207-212
    • Griffith, O.W.1
  • 22
    • 0014276153 scopus 로고
    • Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplast. I. kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation
    • Heath RL, Packer L (1968) Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplast. I. kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 125: 189-198.
    • (1968) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.125 , pp. 189-198
    • Heath, R.L.1    Packer, L.2
  • 23
    • 0038047698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron uptake, trafficking and homeostasis in plants
    • Hell R, Stephan UW (2003) Iron uptake, trafficking and homeostasis in plants. Planta 216: 541-551.
    • (2003) Planta , vol.216 , pp. 541-551
    • Hell, R.1    Stephan, U.W.2
  • 24
    • 79961096882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact or iron toxicity on certain enzymes and biochemical parameters of tea
    • Hemalatha K, Venkatesan S (2011) Impact or iron toxicity on certain enzymes and biochemical parameters of tea. Asian J Biochem 6: 384-394.
    • (2011) Asian J Biochem , vol.6 , pp. 384-394
    • Hemalatha, K.1    Venkatesan, S.2
  • 25
    • 0001864081 scopus 로고
    • The method for growing plants without soil: water-culture
    • Hoagland DR, Arnon DI (1938) The method for growing plants without soil: water-culture. Cal Agric Exp Station Circular 347: 1-32.
    • (1938) Cal Agric Exp Station Circular , vol.347 , pp. 1-32
    • Hoagland, D.R.1    Arnon, D.I.2
  • 26
    • 33644774643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progress in manipulating ascorbic acid biosynthesis and accumulation in plants
    • Ishikawa T, Dowdle J, Smirnoff N (2006) Progress in manipulating ascorbic acid biosynthesis and accumulation in plants. Physiol Plant 126: 343-355.
    • (2006) Physiol Plant , vol.126 , pp. 343-355
    • Ishikawa, T.1    Dowdle, J.2    Smirnoff, N.3
  • 27
    • 0028804550 scopus 로고
    • Extraction and determination of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate from plant tissue
    • Kampfenkel K, van MV, Inzé D (1995) Extraction and determination of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate from plant tissue. Anal Biochem 225: 165-167.
    • (1995) Anal Biochem , vol.225 , pp. 165-167
    • Kampfenkel, K.1    Van, M.V.2    Inzé, D.3
  • 28
    • 47849118210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of simulated deposition of acid mist and iron ore particulate matter on photosynthesis and the generation of oxidative stress in Schinus terebinthifolius Radii and Sophora tomentosa L
    • Kuki KN, Oliva MA, Pereira EG, Costa AC, Cambraia J (2008) Effects of simulated deposition of acid mist and iron ore particulate matter on photosynthesis and the generation of oxidative stress in Schinus terebinthifolius Radii and Sophora tomentosa L. Sci Total Environ 403: 207-214.
    • (2008) Sci Total Environ , vol.403 , pp. 207-214
    • Kuki, K.N.1    Oliva, M.A.2    Pereira, E.G.3    Costa, A.C.4    Cambraia, J.5
  • 29
    • 38349127603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of copper toxicity-induced oxidative damage by excess supply of iron in maize plants
    • Kumar P, Tewari RK, Sharma PN (2008) Modulation of copper toxicity-induced oxidative damage by excess supply of iron in maize plants. Plant Cell Rep 27: 399-409.
    • (2008) Plant Cell Rep , vol.27 , pp. 399-409
    • Kumar, P.1    Tewari, R.K.2    Sharma, P.N.3
  • 31
    • 59249106548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.), under different potassium nutrition
    • Mehraban P, Zadeh AA, Sadeghipour HR (2008) Iron toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.), under different potassium nutrition. Asian J Plant Sci 3: 251-259.
    • (2008) Asian J Plant Sci , vol.3 , pp. 251-259
    • Mehraban, P.1    Zadeh, A.A.2    Sadeghipour, H.R.3
  • 32
    • 0024264526 scopus 로고
    • Glutathione metabolism and its selective modification
    • Meister A (1988) Glutathione metabolism and its selective modification. J Biol Chem 263: 17205-17208.
    • (1988) J Biol Chem , vol.263 , pp. 17205-17208
    • Meister, A.1
  • 33
    • 31744435331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of glutathione and phytochelatin synthesis under cadmium stress. Pathway modeling for plants
    • Mendoza-Cózatl DG, Moreno-Sánchez R (2006) Control of glutathione and phytochelatin synthesis under cadmium stress. Pathway modeling for plants. J Theor Biol 238: 919-936.
    • (2006) J Theor Biol , vol.238 , pp. 919-936
    • Mendoza-Cózatl, D.G.1    Moreno-Sánchez, R.2
  • 34
    • 80051670851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of soil flooding and changes in light intensity on photosynthesis of Eugenia uniflora L. seedlings
    • Mielke MS, Schaffer B (2011) Effects of soil flooding and changes in light intensity on photosynthesis of Eugenia uniflora L. seedlings. Acta Physiol Plant 33: 1661-1668.
    • (2011) Acta Physiol Plant , vol.33 , pp. 1661-1668
    • Mielke, M.S.1    Schaffer, B.2
  • 35
    • 77958071658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of a SPAD meter to estimate chlorophyll content in Eugenia uniflora L. leaves as affected by contrasting light environments and soil flooding
    • Mielke MS, Schaffer B, Li C (2010) Use of a SPAD meter to estimate chlorophyll content in Eugenia uniflora L. leaves as affected by contrasting light environments and soil flooding. Photosynthetica 48: 332-338.
    • (2010) Photosynthetica , vol.48 , pp. 332-338
    • Mielke, M.S.1    Schaffer, B.2    Li, C.3
  • 36
    • 0036728244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance
    • Mittler R (2002) Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 7: 405-408.
    • (2002) Trends Plant Sci , vol.7 , pp. 405-408
    • Mittler, R.1
  • 37
    • 34250849635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative modifications to cellular components in plants
    • Moller MI, Jensen PE, Hansson A (2007) Oxidative modifications to cellular components in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 58: 459-481.
    • (2007) Annu Rev Plant Biol , vol.58 , pp. 459-481
    • Moller, M.I.1    Jensen, P.E.2    Hansson, A.3
  • 38
    • 0035808239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of glutathione cycle enzymes and glutathione metabolism to copper stress in Scenedesmus bijugatus
    • Nagalakshmi N, Prasad MNV (2001) Responses of glutathione cycle enzymes and glutathione metabolism to copper stress in Scenedesmus bijugatus. Plant Sci 160: 291-299.
    • (2001) Plant Sci , vol.160 , pp. 291-299
    • Nagalakshmi, N.1    Prasad, M.N.V.2
  • 39
    • 65049083606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photosynthesis and oxidative stress in the resting plant species Eugenia uniflora L. exposed to simulated acid rain and iron ore dust deposition: potential use in environmental risk assessment
    • Neves NR, Oliva MA, Centeno DC, Costa AC, Ribas RF, Pereira EG (2009) Photosynthesis and oxidative stress in the resting plant species Eugenia uniflora L. exposed to simulated acid rain and iron ore dust deposition: potential use in environmental risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 407: 3740-3745.
    • (2009) Sci Total Environ , vol.407 , pp. 3740-3745
    • Neves, N.R.1    Oliva, M.A.2    Centeno, D.C.3    Costa, A.C.4    Ribas, R.F.5    Pereira, E.G.6
  • 40
    • 0031735647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control
    • Noctor G, Foyer CH (1998) Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49: 249-279.
    • (1998) Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol , vol.49 , pp. 249-279
    • Noctor, G.1    Foyer, C.H.2
  • 41
    • 0001719419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aluminum effects on lipid peroxidation and on the activities of enzymes of oxidative metabolism in sorghum
    • Peixoto PHP, Cambraia J, Sant'Anna R, Mosquim PR, Moreira MA (1999) Aluminum effects on lipid peroxidation and on the activities of enzymes of oxidative metabolism in sorghum. Rev Bras Fisiol Veg 11: 137-143.
    • (1999) Rev Bras Fisiol Veg , vol.11 , pp. 137-143
    • Peixoto, P.H.P.1    Cambraia, J.2    Sant'Anna, R.3    Mosquim, P.R.4    Moreira, M.A.5
  • 42
    • 62449159361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photosynthetic changes caused by iron ore dust deposition in the tropical CAM tree Clusia hilariana
    • Pereira EG, Oliva MA, Kuki KN, Cambraia J (2009) Photosynthetic changes caused by iron ore dust deposition in the tropical CAM tree Clusia hilariana. Trees- Struct Funct 23: 277-285.
    • (2009) Trees- Struct Funct , vol.23 , pp. 277-285
    • Pereira, E.G.1    Oliva, M.A.2    Kuki, K.N.3    Cambraia, J.4
  • 43
    • 0036619384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ascorbate and glutathione: guardians of the cell cycle, partners in crime?
    • Potters G, De Gara L, Asard H, Horemans N (2002) Ascorbate and glutathione: guardians of the cell cycle, partners in crime? Plant Physiol Biochem 40: 537-548.
    • (2002) Plant Physiol Biochem , vol.40 , pp. 537-548
    • Potters, G.1    De Gara, L.2    Asard, H.3    Horemans, N.4
  • 44
    • 19444368725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead induced changes in antioxidant metabolism of horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.) and belgalgram (Cicer arietinum L.)
    • Reddy AM, Kumar SG, Jyothsnakumari G, Thimmanaik S, Sudhakar C (2005) Lead induced changes in antioxidant metabolism of horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.) and belgalgram (Cicer arietinum L.). Chemosphere 60: 97-104.
    • (2005) Chemosphere , vol.60 , pp. 97-104
    • Reddy, A.M.1    Kumar, S.G.2    Jyothsnakumari, G.3    Thimmanaik, S.4    Sudhakar, C.5
  • 45
    • 0002696602 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen stress and superoxide dismutases
    • Scandalios JG (1993) Oxygen stress and superoxide dismutases. Plant Physiol 101: 7-12.
    • (1993) Plant Physiol , vol.101 , pp. 7-12
    • Scandalios, J.G.1
  • 46
    • 0037662650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron solutions: acquisition strategies and signaling pathways in plants
    • Schmidt W (2003) Iron solutions: acquisition strategies and signaling pathways in plants. Trends Plant Sci 8: 188-193.
    • (2003) Trends Plant Sci , vol.8 , pp. 188-193
    • Schmidt, W.1
  • 47
    • 0033771378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidative enzymes in wheat subjected to increasing water deficit and rewatering
    • Sgherri CLM, Maffei M, Navari-izzo F (2000) Antioxidative enzymes in wheat subjected to increasing water deficit and rewatering. J Plant Physiol 157: 273-279.
    • (2000) J Plant Physiol , vol.157 , pp. 273-279
    • Sgherri, C.L.M.1    Maffei, M.2    Navari-Izzo, F.3
  • 48
    • 28444433326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cadmium accumulation and its influence on lipid peroxidation and antioxidative system in an aquatic plant, Bacopa monnieri L
    • Singh S, Eapen S, D'souza SF (2006) Cadmium accumulation and its influence on lipid peroxidation and antioxidative system in an aquatic plant, Bacopa monnieri L. Chemosphere 62: 233-246.
    • (2006) Chemosphere , vol.62 , pp. 233-246
    • Singh, S.1    Eapen, S.2    D'souza, S.F.3
  • 49
    • 32544440342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of iron on lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and bacoside-A content in medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri L
    • Sinhá S, Saxena R (2006) Effect of iron on lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and bacoside-A content in medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri L. Chemosphere 62: 1340-1350.
    • (2006) Chemosphere , vol.62 , pp. 1340-1350
    • Sinhá, S.1    Saxena, R.2
  • 50
    • 0031427601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress induced by iron in Hydrilla verticillata Royle: response of antioxidants
    • Sinhá S, Gupta M, Chandra P (1997) Oxidative stress induced by iron in Hydrilla verticillata Royle: response of antioxidants. Ecotox Environ Safe 38: 286-291.
    • (1997) Ecotox Environ Safe , vol.38 , pp. 286-291
    • Sinhá, S.1    Gupta, M.2    Chandra, P.3
  • 52
    • 60849088274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct physiological responses subjected to iron toxicity under field conditions
    • Stein RRJ, Duarte GL, Spohr MG, Lopes SIG, Fett JP (2008) Distinct physiological responses subjected to iron toxicity under field conditions. Ann Appl Biol 154: 269-277.
    • (2008) Ann Appl Biol , vol.154 , pp. 269-277
    • Stein, R.R.J.1    Duarte, G.L.2    Spohr, M.G.3    Lopes, S.I.G.4    Fett, J.P.5
  • 53
    • 3242725932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of antioxidative enzymes to accumulation of copper in a copper hyperaccumulator of Commoelina communis
    • Wang H, Shan X, Wen B, Zhang S, Wang Z (2004) Responses of antioxidative enzymes to accumulation of copper in a copper hyperaccumulator of Commoelina communis. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 47: 185-192.
    • (2004) Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , vol.47 , pp. 185-192
    • Wang, H.1    Shan, X.2    Wen, B.3    Zhang, S.4    Wang, Z.5
  • 54
    • 77958199119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidative responses of Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H. St. John to short-term iron exposure
    • Xing W, Li D, Liu G (2010) Antioxidative responses of Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H. St. John to short-term iron exposure. Plant Physiol Biochem 48: 873-878.
    • (2010) Plant Physiol Biochem , vol.48 , pp. 873-878
    • Xing, W.1    Li, D.2    Liu, G.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.