메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 10-18

Cutaneous manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome: A review of the clinical features, diagnosis and management

Author keywords

Antiphospholipid syndrome; Dermatology; Diagnosis; Review; Skin

Indexed keywords

ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ARTICLE; HUMAN; SKIN DISEASE;

EID: 84876375540     PISSN: 0303464X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (23)

References (100)
  • 1
    • 0020518953 scopus 로고
    • Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease and lupus anticoagulant
    • Hughes GR. Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease and lupus anticoagulant. Br Med J 1983; 287: 1088-1089.
    • (1983) Br Med J , vol.287 , pp. 1088-1089
    • Hughes, G.R.1
  • 3
    • 50249137145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical features, diagnosis and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Wong RC, Favloro EJ. Clinical features, diagnosis and mana- gement of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Semin Thromb He- most 2008;34:295-304.
    • (2008) Semin Thromb Hemost , vol.34 , pp. 295-304
    • Wong, R.C.1    Favloro, E.J.2
  • 5
    • 0022762857 scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous manifestations associated with the presence of the lupus anticoagulant
    • Grob JJ, Bonerandi JJ. Cutaneous manifestations associated with the presence of the lupus anticoagulant. J Am Acad Der- matol 1986; 15: 211-219.
    • (1986) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.15 , pp. 211-219
    • Grob, J.J.1    Bonerandi, J.J.2
  • 6
    • 0036228886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiphospholipid syndrome: Clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1
    • Cervera R, Piette JC, Font J et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: Clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of di- sease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 1019-1027.
    • (2002) 000 patients. Arthritis Rheum , vol.46 , pp. 1019-1027
    • Cervera, R.1    Piette, J.C.2    Font, J.3
  • 8
    • 0031810723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and laboratory features of 50 patients
    • Baltimore
    • Asherson RA, Cervera R, Piette JC et al. Catastrophic anti- phospholipid syndrome: clinical and laboratory features of 50 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1998; 77: 195-207.
    • (1998) Medicine , vol.77 , pp. 195-207
    • Asherson, R.A.1    Cervera, R.2    Piette, J.C.3
  • 9
    • 66349119318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and laboratory features of the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Stojanovich L, Marisavljevic D, Rovensky J et al. Clinical and laboratory features of the catastrophic antiphospholipid syn- drome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2009;36:74-79.
    • (2009) Clin Rev Allergy Immunol , vol.36 , pp. 74-79
    • Stojanovich, L.1    Marisavljevic, D.2    Rovensky, J.3
  • 10
    • 0033834033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
    • Petri M. Epidemiology of the antiphospholipid antibody syn- drome. J Autoimmun 2000; 15: 145-151.
    • (2000) J Autoimmun , vol.15 , pp. 145-151
    • Petri, M.1
  • 11
    • 24744445029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of gender on clinical manifestations of primary antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Jara LJ, Medina G, Vera-Lastra O et al. The impact of gender on clinical manifestations of primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2005; 14: 607-612.
    • (2005) Lupus , vol.14 , pp. 607-612
    • Jara, L.J.1    Medina, G.2    Vera-Lastra, O.3
  • 12
    • 0033512274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: report of an international workshop
    • Wilson WA, Gharavi AE, Koike T et al. International consen- sus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: report of an international works- hop. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 1309-1311.
    • (1999) Arthritis Rheum , vol.42 , pp. 1309-1311
    • Wilson, W.A.1    Gharavi, A.E.2    Koike, T.3
  • 13
    • 39749143895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When should consider antiphospholipid syndrome?
    • Bart PA. When should consider antiphospholipid syndrome? Rev Med Suisse 2008; 16: 97-99.
    • (2008) Rev Med Suisse , vol.16 , pp. 97-99
    • Bart, P.A.1
  • 14
    • 33344458573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)
    • Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T et al. International consen- sus statement on an update of the classification criteria for de- finite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 295-306.
    • (2006) J Thromb Haemost , vol.4 , pp. 295-306
    • Miyakis, S.1    Lockshin, M.D.2    Atsumi, T.3
  • 15
    • 0037492333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Wisloff F, Jacobsen EM, Liestol S. Laboratory diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Res 2002; 108: 263-271.
    • (2002) Thromb Res , vol.108 , pp. 263-271
    • Wisloff, F.1    Jacobsen, E.M.2    Liestol, S.3
  • 16
    • 0034903945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anticardiolipin antibody assay: a methodological analysis for a better consensus in routine determinations - a cooperative project of the European Antiphospholipid Forum
    • Tincani A, Allegri F, Sanmarco M et al. Anticardiolipin antibo- dy assay: a methodological analysis for a better consensus in routine determinations - a cooperative project of the European Antiphospholipid Forum. Thromb Haemost 2001; 86: 575-583.
    • (2001) Thromb Haemost , vol.86 , pp. 575-583
    • Tincani, A.1    Allegri, F.2    Sanmarco, M.3
  • 17
    • 10744227266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consensus guidelines on anticardiolipin antibody testing and reporting
    • Wong RC, Gillis D, Adelstein S et al. Consensus guidelines on anticardiolipin antibody testing and reporting. Pathology 2004; 36: 63-68.
    • (2004) Pathology , vol.36 , pp. 63-68
    • Wong, R.C.1    Gillis, D.2    Adelstein, S.3
  • 18
    • 13244292209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proposals for the measurement of anti-beta-2-glycoprotein I antibodies, Standardization group of the European Forum on Antiphospholipid Antibodies
    • Reber G, Tincani A, Sanmarco M et al. Proposals for the mea- surement of anti-beta-2-glycoprotein I antibodies. Standardi- zation group of the European Forum on Antiphospholipid An- tibodies. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2: 1860-1862.
    • (2004) J Thromb Haemost , vol.2 , pp. 1860-1862
    • Reber, G.1    Tincani, A.2    Sanmarco, M.3
  • 19
    • 0028810205 scopus 로고
    • Criteria for the diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants: an update, On behalf of the Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antiboby of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the ISTH
    • Brandt JT, Triplett DA, Alving B, Scharrer I. Criteria for the diag- nosis of lupus anticoagulants: an update. On behalf of the Sub- committee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antibo- by of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the ISTH. Thromb Haemost 1995; 74: 1185-1190.
    • (1995) Thromb Haemost , vol.74 , pp. 1185-1190
    • Brandt, J.T.1    Triplett, D.A.2    Alving, B.3    Scharrer, I.4
  • 20
    • 77951247060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiphospholipid syndrome: critical analysis of the diagnostic path
    • Pengo V, Banzato A, Bison E et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: critical analysis of the diagnostic path. Lupus 2010; 19:428-431.
    • (2010) Lupus , vol.19 , pp. 428-431
    • Pengo, V.1    Banzato, A.2    Bison, E.3
  • 21
    • 67649540491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory diagnosis of the Antiphospholipid syndrome: a plethora of obstacles to overcome
    • Devreese K, Hoylaerts MF. Laboratory diagnosis of the Anti- phospholipid syndrome: a plethora of obstacles to overcome. Eur J Haematol 2009; 83: 1-16.
    • (2009) Eur J Haematol , vol.83 , pp. 1-16
    • Devreese, K.1    Hoylaerts, M.F.2
  • 22
    • 68949166321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European attempts for the standardization of the antiphospholipid antiboidies
    • Tincani A, Filippini M, Scarsi M et al. European attempts for the standardization of the antiphospholipid antiboidies. Lupus 2009; 18: 913-919.
    • (2009) Lupus , vol.18 , pp. 913-919
    • Tincani, A.1    Filippini, M.2    Scarsi, M.3
  • 23
    • 0034852546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The risk of overdiagnosis of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
    • Pengo V, Biasiolo A. The risk of overdiagnosis of antiphospho- lipid antibody syndrome. Thromb Haemost 2001; 86: 933.
    • (2001) Thromb Haemost , vol.86 , pp. 933
    • Pengo, V.1    Biasiolo, A.2
  • 25
    • 68949186587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European forum on antiphospholipid antibodies: research in progress
    • Meroni PL, Tincani A, Alarcón-Riquelme ME et al. European fo- rum on antiphospholipid antibodies: research in progress. Lu- pus 2009; 18: 924-929.
    • (2009) Lupus , vol.18 , pp. 924-929
    • Meroni, P.L.1    Tincani, A.2    Alarcón-Riquelme, M.E.3
  • 26
    • 0024428788 scopus 로고
    • The primary antiphospholipid syndrome: major clinical and pathological features
    • (Baltimore)
    • Asherson RA, Khamashta MA, Ordi-Ros J et al. The primary antiphospholipid syndrome: major clinical and pathological features. Medicine (Baltimore) 1989; 68: 366-374.
    • (1989) Medicine , vol.68 , pp. 366-374
    • Asherson, R.A.1    Khamashta, M.A.2    Ordi-Ros, J.3
  • 27
    • 23444433036 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome: a European multicentre study of 114 patients
    • Vianna JL, Khamashta MA, Ordi-Ros J et al. Comparison of the primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome: a European multicentre study of 114 patients. Am J Med 1994; 96: 3-9.
    • (1994) Am J Med , vol.96 , pp. 3-9
    • Vianna, J.L.1    Khamashta, M.A.2    Ordi-Ros, J.3
  • 29
    • 20744443648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dermatologic manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome: two hundred consecutive cases
    • Francès C, Niang S, Laffitte E et al. Dermatologic manifesta- tions of the antiphospholipid syndrome: two hundred conse- cutive cases. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 1785-1793.
    • (2005) Arthritis Rheum , vol.52 , pp. 1785-1793
    • Francès, C.1    Niang, S.2    Laffitte, E.3
  • 30
    • 0024582443 scopus 로고
    • Skin lesions associated with circulating lupus anticoagulant
    • Alegre VA, Gastineau DA, Winkelmann RK. Skin lesions asso- ciated with circulating lupus anticoagulant. Br J Dermatol 1989; 120: 419-429.
    • (1989) Br J Dermatol , vol.120 , pp. 419-429
    • Alegre, V.A.1    Gastineau, D.A.2    Winkelmann, R.K.3
  • 31
    • 4644338190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiphospholipid syndrome associated with infections: clinical and microbiological characteristics of 100 patients
    • Cervera R, Asherson RA, Acevedo ML et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome associated with infections: clinical and microbiolo- gical characteristics of 100 patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63: 1312-1317.
    • (2004) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.63 , pp. 1312-1317
    • Cervera, R.1    Asherson, R.A.2    Acevedo, M.L.3
  • 32
    • 4644362889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous manifestations associated with antiphospholipid antibodies
    • Diógenes MJ, Diógenes PC, Carneiro RM et al. Cutaneous ma- nifestations associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Int J Dermatol 2004; 43: 632-637.
    • (2004) Int J Dermatol , vol.43 , pp. 632-637
    • Diógenes, M.J.1    Diógenes, P.C.2    Carneiro, R.M.3
  • 34
    • 33846137321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Livedo racemosa: a striking dermatological sign for the antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Uthman IW, Khamashta MA. Livedo racemosa: a striking der- matological sign for the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheu- matol 2006; 33: 2379-2382.
    • (2006) J Rheumatol , vol.33 , pp. 2379-2382
    • Uthman, I.W.1    Khamashta, M.A.2
  • 35
    • 76549172865 scopus 로고
    • Cerebrovascular lesions and livedo reticularis
    • Sneddon IB. Cerebrovascular lesions and livedo reticularis. Br J Dermatol 1965; 77: 180-185.
    • (1965) Br J Dermatol , vol.77 , pp. 180-185
    • Sneddon, I.B.1
  • 36
    • 0023896072 scopus 로고
    • SneddonBerkeley-Book -1. . notdefs syndrome: an antiphospholipid antibodies syndrome
    • Levine SR, Langer SL, Albers JW, Welch KM. SneddonBerkeley-Book.-1..notdefs syn- drome: an antiphospholipid antibodies syndrome. Neurology 1988; 38: 798-800.
    • (1988) Neurology , vol.38 , pp. 798-800
    • Levine, S.R.1    Langer, S.L.2    Albers, J.W.3    Welch, K.M.4
  • 37
    • 84939673577 scopus 로고
    • SneddonBerkeley-Book -1. . notdefs syndrome and the primary antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Kalashnikova LA, Nasonov EL, Stoyanovich LZ et al. SneddonBerkeley-Book.-1..notdefs syndrome and the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Cere- brovasc Dis 1994;4:76-82.
    • (1994) Cerebrovasc Dis , vol.4 , pp. 76-82
    • Kalashnikova, L.A.1    Nasonov, E.L.2    Stoyanovich, L.Z.3
  • 38
    • 0026913083 scopus 로고
    • Primary antiphospholipid syndrome associated with Sneddon syndrome
    • Merino AJ, Arenzana J. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome as- sociated with Sneddon syndrome. Rev Clin Esp. 1992; 191: 226.
    • (1992) Rev Clin Esp , vol.191 , pp. 226
    • Merino, A.J.1    Arenzana, J.2
  • 39
    • 0025711994 scopus 로고
    • Sneddon syndrome and primary antiphospholipid syndrome: are they the same entity?
    • Barc
    • Vargas JA, Yebra M, Pascual ML, Manzano L. Sneddon syndro- me and primary antiphospholipid syndrome: are they the same entity? Med Clin (Barc) 1990; 94: 597.
    • (1990) Med Clin , vol.94 , pp. 597
    • Vargas, J.A.1    Yebra, M.2    Pascual, M.L.3    Manzano, L.4
  • 40
    • 0033834765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mystery of Sneddon syndrome:relationshio with antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Francès C, Piette JC. The mystery of Sneddon syndrome:rela- tionshio with antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 2000; 15: 139-143.
    • (2000) J Autoimmun , vol.15 , pp. 139-143
    • Francès, C.1    Piette, J.C.2
  • 41
    • 0141525382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SneddonBerkeley-Book -1. . notdefs syndrome: additional neurological feature on antiphospholipid (HughesBerkeley-Book. -1.notdef) syndrome
    • Sinharay R. SneddonBerkeley-Book.-1..notdefs syndrome: additional neurological fea- ture on antiphospholipid (HughesBerkeley-Book.-1..notdef) syndrome. Postgrad Med J 2003; 79: 550.
    • (2003) Postgrad Med J , vol.79 , pp. 550
    • Sinharay, R.1
  • 42
    • 0032908910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Livedo reticularis and cerebrovascular accidents (SneddonBerkeley-Book -1..notdefs syndrome) as a clinical expression of antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Gantcheva M, Tsankov N. Livedo reticularis and cerebrovas- cular accidents (SneddonBerkeley-Book.-1..notdefs syndrome) as a clinical expression of antiphospholipid syndrome. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1999; 12: 157-160.
    • (1999) J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol , vol.12 , pp. 157-160
    • Gantcheva, M.1    Tsankov, N.2
  • 43
    • 0032870650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sneddon syndrome with or without antiphospholipid antibodies, A comparative study in 46 patients
    • Baltimore
    • Francès C, Papo T, Wechsler B et al. Sneddon syndrome with or without antiphospholipid antibodies. A comparative study in 46 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999; 78: 209-219.
    • (1999) Medicine , vol.78 , pp. 209-219
    • Francès, C.1    Papo, T.2    Wechsler, B.3
  • 44
    • 0034209155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and neuroradiological aspects of SneddonBerkeley-Book -1..notdefs syndrome and primary antiphospholipid syndrome. A follow-up study
    • Fetoni V, Grisoli M, Salmaggi A et al. Clinical and neuroradio- logical aspects of SneddonBerkeley-Book.-1..notdefs syndrome and primary antiphos- pholipid syndrome. A follow-up study. Neurol Sci 2000; 21: 157-164.
    • (2000) Neurol Sci , vol.21 , pp. 157-164
    • Fetoni, V.1    Grisoli, M.2    Salmaggi, A.3
  • 45
    • 14244273408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The presentation and differencial diagnosis of cutaneous vascular occlusion syndromes
    • Robson K, Piette W. The presentation and differencial diagno- sis of cutaneous vascular occlusion syndromes. Adv Dermatol 1999; 15: 153-182.
    • (1999) Adv Dermatol , vol.15 , pp. 153-182
    • Robson, K.1    Piette, W.2
  • 46
    • 0025308686 scopus 로고
    • Antiphospholipid antibodies and necrotizing purpura
    • Naldi L, Marchesi L, Finazzi G et al. Antiphospholipid antibo- dies and necrotizing purpura. Dermatologica 1990; 180: 272-275.
    • (1990) Dermatologica , vol.180 , pp. 272-275
    • Naldi, L.1    Marchesi, L.2    Finazzi, G.3
  • 48
    • 0029954499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Widespread cutaneous necrosis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Jou IM, Liu MF, Chao SC. Widespread cutaneous necrosis as- sociated with antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 1996; 15: 394-398.
    • (1996) Clin Rheumatol , vol.15 , pp. 394-398
    • Jou, I.M.1    Liu, M.F.2    Chao, S.C.3
  • 49
    • 0029055715 scopus 로고
    • Widespread cutaneous necrosis as the initial manifestation of the antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Abernethy ML, McGuinn JL, Callen JP. Widespread cutaneous necrosis as the initial manifestation of the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1995; 22: 1380-1383.
    • (1995) J Rheumatol , vol.22 , pp. 1380-1383
    • Abernethy, M.L.1    McGuinn, J.L.2    Callen, J.P.3
  • 50
    • 0036900548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Widespread cutaneous necrosis associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: report of four cases
    • Rossini J, Roverano S, Graf C, Paira S. Widespread cutaneous necrosis associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: report of four cases. J Clin Rheumatol 2002; 8: 326-331.
    • (2002) J Clin Rheumatol , vol.8 , pp. 326-331
    • Rossini, J.1    Roverano, S.2    Graf, C.3    Paira, S.4
  • 51
    • 0034095887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Widespread cutaneous necrosis occurring in association with the antiphospholipid syndrome: a report of two cases
    • Creamer D, Hunt BJ, Black MM. Widespread cutaneous ne- crosis occurring in association with the antiphospholipid syn- drome: a report of two cases. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142: 1199-1203.
    • (2000) Br J Dermatol , vol.142 , pp. 1199-1203
    • Creamer, D.1    Hunt, B.J.2    Black, M.M.3
  • 53
    • 0029353631 scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous ulcerations resembling pyoderma gangrenosum in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a report of two additional cases and review of the literature
    • Schlesinger IH, Farber GA. Cutaneous ulcerations resembling pyoderma gangrenosum in the primary antiphospholipid syn- drome: a report of two additional cases and review of the lite- rature. J La State Med Soc 1995; 147: 357-361.
    • (1995) J La State Med Soc , vol.147 , pp. 357-361
    • Schlesinger, I.H.1    Farber, G.A.2
  • 54
    • 0028948568 scopus 로고
    • Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a new cause of nonhealing skin ulcers
    • Goldberg DP, Lewis VL Jr, Koenig WJ. Antiphospholipid anti- body syndrome: a new cause of nonhealing skin ulcers. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995; 95: 837-841.
    • (1995) Plast Reconstr Surg , vol.95 , pp. 837-841
    • Goldberg, D.P.1    Lewis Jr, V.L.2    Koenig, W.J.3
  • 55
    • 0028077130 scopus 로고
    • Systemic therapy with fibrinolytic agents and heparin for recalcitrant nonhealing cutaneous ulcer in the antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Gertner E, Lie JT. Systemic therapy with fibrinolytic agents and heparin for recalcitrant nonhealing cutaneous ulcer in the an- tiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 2159-21
    • (1994) J Rheumatol , vol.21 , pp. 2159-2221
    • Gertner, E.1    Lie, J.T.2
  • 56
    • 34948874137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral vascular occlusions leading to gangrene and amputations in antiphospholipid antibody positive patients
    • Asherson RA, Cervera R, Shoenfeld Y. Peripheral vascular oc- clusions leading to gangrene and amputations in antiphos- pholipid antibody positive patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1108: 151-129.
    • (2007) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1108 , pp. 129-151
    • Asherson, R.A.1    Cervera, R.2    Shoenfeld, Y.3
  • 57
    • 52449096493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amputation of digits or limbs in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Asherson RA, Cervera R, Klumb E et al. Amputation of digits or limbs in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2008; 38: 124-131.
    • (2008) Semin Arthritis Rheum , vol.38 , pp. 124-131
    • Asherson, R.A.1    Cervera, R.2    Klumb, E.3
  • 58
    • 0028336024 scopus 로고
    • Multiple subungual splinter hemorrhages in the antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Frances C, Piette J, Saada V et al. Multiple subungual splinter hemorrhages in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 1994; 3: 123-128.
    • (1994) Lupus , vol.3 , pp. 123-128
    • Frances, C.1    Piette, J.2    Saada, V.3
  • 59
    • 0025344255 scopus 로고
    • Subungual splinter hemorrhages: a new sign of the antiphospholipid coagulopathy?
    • Asherson R. Subungual splinter hemorrhages: a new sign of the antiphospholipid coagulopathy? Ann Rheum Dis 1990; 49: 268.
    • (1990) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.49 , pp. 268
    • Asherson, R.1
  • 60
    • 0029063665 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and clinical significance of subungual splinter haemorrages in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Kujic F, Lloyd M, Cuadrado MJ et al. Prevalence and clinical sig- nificance of subungual splinter haemorrages in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1995; 13:327-331.
    • (1995) Clin Exp Rheumatol , vol.13 , pp. 327-331
    • Kujic, F.1    Lloyd, M.2    Cuadrado, M.J.3
  • 61
    • 33846864641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous pseudovasculitis
    • Carlson JA, Chen KR. Cutaneous pseudovasculitis. Am J Der- matol 2007; 29: 44-45.
    • (2007) Am J Dermatol , vol.29 , pp. 44-45
    • Carlson, J.A.1    Chen, K.R.2
  • 62
    • 0036483784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pseudovasculitis: mechanisms of vascular injury and clinical Spectrum
    • Grau R. Pseudovasculitis: mechanisms of vascular injury and clinical Spectrum. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2002; 4: 83-89.
    • (2002) Curr Rheumatol Rep , vol.4 , pp. 83-89
    • Grau, R.1
  • 63
    • 0026067413 scopus 로고
    • Unfading acral microlivedo: a discrete marker of thrombotic skin disease associated with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
    • Grob JJ, San Marco M, Aillaud MF et al. Unfading acral micro- livedo: a discrete marker of thrombotic skin disease associated with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. J Am Acad Der- matol 1991; 24: 53-58.
    • (1991) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.24 , pp. 53-58
    • Grob, J.J.1    San Marco, M.2    Aillaud, M.F.3
  • 64
    • 0026642282 scopus 로고
    • Skin nodules and macules resembling vasculitis in the antiphospholipid syndrome - a report of two cases
    • Asherson RA, Jacobelli S, Rosenberg H et al. Skin nodules and macules resembling vasculitis in the antiphospholipid syndrome - a report of two cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992; 17: 266-2
    • (1992) Clin Exp Dermatol , vol.17 , pp. 266-272
    • Asherson, R.A.1    Jacobelli, S.2    Rosenberg, H.3
  • 65
    • 0032950923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous papules and nodules in the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Ishikawa O, Takahashi A, Tamura A, Miyachi Y. Cutaneous pa- pules and nodules in the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syn- drome. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140: 725-729.
    • (1999) Br J Dermatol , vol.140 , pp. 725-729
    • Ishikawa, O.1    Takahashi, A.2    Tamura, A.3    Miyachi, Y.4
  • 66
    • 54049156505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous nodular lesions and antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Tomb R, Maalouf E, Attoui S. Cutaneous nodular lesions and antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2008; 135: 484-487.
    • (2008) Ann Dermatol Venereol , vol.135 , pp. 484-487
    • Tomb, R.1    Maalouf, E.2    Attoui, S.3
  • 67
    • 0014148229 scopus 로고
    • Livedo vasculitis: segmental hyalinizing vasculitis of the dermis
    • Bard JW, Winkelmann RK. Livedo vasculitis: segmental hyali- nizing vasculitis of the dermis. Arch Dermatol 1967; 96: 489-499.
    • (1967) Arch Dermatol , vol.96 , pp. 489-499
    • Bard, J.W.1    Winkelmann, R.K.2
  • 68
    • 0033043168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Livedoid vasculitis: a manifestation of the antiphospholipid syndrome?
    • Acland KM, Darvay A, Wakelin SH, Russell-Jones R. Livedoid vasculitis: a manifestation of the antiphospholipid syndrome? Br J Dermatol 1999; 140: 131-135.
    • (1999) Br J Dermatol , vol.140 , pp. 131-135
    • Acland, K.M.1    Darvay, A.2    Wakelin, S.H.3    Russell-Jones, R.4
  • 70
    • 33751250798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis
    • Hairston B, Davis M, Pittelkow M et al. Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis. Arch Derma- tol 2006; 142: 1413-1418.
    • (2006) Arch Dermatol , vol.142 , pp. 1413-1418
    • Hairston, B.1    Davis, M.2    Pittelkow, M.3
  • 71
    • 0033789448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Livedoid vasculopathy (white atrophy) associated with anticardiolipin antibodies
    • Paris
    • Grasland A, Crickx B, Blanc M et al. Livedoid vasculopathy (white atrophy) associated with anticardiolipin antibodies. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 2000; 151: 408-410.
    • (2000) Ann Med Interne , vol.151 , pp. 408-410
    • Grasland, A.1    Crickx, B.2    Blanc, M.3
  • 72
    • 0030144875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Idiopathic white atrophy and the primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a promise still anfulfilled
    • Llamas P, Yebra M, Berrocal E et al. Idiopathic white atrophy and the primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a promise still anfulfilled. Rev Clin Esp 1996; 196: 342-343.
    • (1996) Rev Clin Esp , vol.196 , pp. 342-343
    • Llamas, P.1    Yebra, M.2    Berrocal, E.3
  • 73
    • 38349058090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous manifestations of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
    • Weinstein S, Piette W. Cutaneous manifestations of antiphos- pholipid antibody syndrome. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 2008; 22: 67-77.
    • (2008) Hematol Oncol Clin N Am , vol.22 , pp. 67-77
    • Weinstein, S.1    Piette, W.2
  • 74
    • 0021193107 scopus 로고
    • DegosBerkeley-Book -1. . notdef disease: association with anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant
    • Englert H, Hawkes C, Boey M et al. DegosBerkeley-Book.-1..notdef disease: association with anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant. Br Med J 1984; 289: 576.
    • (1984) Br Med J , vol.289 , pp. 576
    • Englert, H.1    Hawkes, C.2    Boey, M.3
  • 75
    • 0028806260 scopus 로고
    • Absence of antiphospholipid and antiendothelial cell antibodies in malignant atrophic papulosis: a study of 15 cases
    • Assier H, Chosidow O, Piette J et al. Absence of antiphospho- lipid and antiendothelial cell antibodies in malignant atrophic papulosis: a study of 15 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995; 33: 831-833.
    • (1995) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.33 , pp. 831-833
    • Assier, H.1    Chosidow, O.2    Piette, J.3
  • 76
    • 0026693235 scopus 로고
    • Immunologic abnormalities associated with primary anetoderma
    • Hodak E, Shamai Lubovitz O, David M et al. Immunologic ab- normalities associated with primary anetoderma. Arch Der- matol 1992; 128: 799-803.
    • (1992) Arch Dermatol , vol.128 , pp. 799-803
    • Hodak, E.1    Shamai Lubovitz, O.2    David, M.3
  • 77
    • 0028031837 scopus 로고
    • Primary anetoderma associated with antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Disdier P, Harle J, Andrac L et al. Primary anetoderma associa- ted with antiphospholipid syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 30: 133-134.
    • (1994) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.30 , pp. 133-134
    • Disdier, P.1    Harle, J.2    Andrac, L.3
  • 78
    • 34147158885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anetoderma associated with primary antiphospholipid syndrome
    • de Souza E, Christofoletti P, Cintra M. Anetoderma associated with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Am Acad Derma- tol 2007; 56: 881-882.
    • (2007) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.56 , pp. 881-882
    • de Souza, E.1    Christofoletti, P.2    Cintra, M.3
  • 79
    • 0141737503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anetoderma associated with antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Bilen N, Bayramgurler D, Sikar A et al. Anetoderma associated with antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythe- matosus. Lupus 2003; 12: 714-716.
    • (2003) Lupus , vol.12 , pp. 714-716
    • Bilen, N.1    Bayramgurler, D.2    Sikar, A.3
  • 80
    • 35348925376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary anetoderma and antiphospholipid antibodies-review of the literature
    • Hodak E, David M. Primary anetoderma and antiphospholipid antibodies-review of the literature. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2007; 32: 162-166.
    • (2007) Clin Rev Allergy Immunol , vol.32 , pp. 162-166
    • Hodak, E.1    David, M.2
  • 81
    • 0038038338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary anetoderma: a cutaneous sign of antiphospholipid antibodies
    • Hodak E, Feuerman H, Moland Y et al. Primary anetoderma: a cutaneous sign of antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus 2003; 12: 564-568.
    • (2003) Lupus , vol.12 , pp. 564-568
    • Hodak, E.1    Feuerman, H.2    Moland, Y.3
  • 82
  • 83
    • 0024679638 scopus 로고
    • Vasculopathy in the antiphospholipid syndrome: thrombosis or vasculitis or both?
    • Lie J. Vasculopathy in the antiphospholipid syndrome: throm- bosis or vasculitis or both? J Rheumatol 1989; 16: 713-715.
    • (1989) J Rheumatol , vol.16 , pp. 713-715
    • Lie, J.1
  • 84
    • 0027052888 scopus 로고
    • The distinction between vasculitis coincidental with one that is causally relates to the antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Lie J. The distinction between vasculitis coincidental with one that is causally relates to the antiphospholipid syndrome. Arth- ritis Rheum 1992; 35: 15-40.
    • (1992) Arthritis Rheum , vol.35 , pp. 15-40
    • Lie, J.1
  • 85
    • 0028203811 scopus 로고
    • Vasculitis in the antiphospholipid syndrome: culprit or consort?
    • Lie J. Vasculitis in the antiphospholipid syndrome: culprit or consort? J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 397-399.
    • (1994) J Rheumatol , vol.21 , pp. 397-399
    • Lie, J.1
  • 86
    • 0028817682 scopus 로고
    • Clinicopathologic correlation of antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Cervera R, Asherson AR, Lie JT. Clinicopathologic correlation of antiphospholipid syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1995; 24: 262-272.
    • (1995) Semin Arthritis Rheum , vol.24 , pp. 262-272
    • Cervera, R.1    Asherson, A.R.2    Lie, J.T.3
  • 87
    • 0034106236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactive angioendotheliomatosis in association with the antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Creamer D, Black MM, Calonje E. Reactive angioendothelio- matosis in association with the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42: 903-906.
    • (2000) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.42 , pp. 903-906
    • Creamer, D.1    Black, M.M.2    Calonje, E.3
  • 88
    • 0038017111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactive angioendotheliomatosis in the setting of antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Thai KE, Barret W, Kossard S. Reactive angioendotheliomato- sis in the setting of antiphospholipid syndrome. Australas J Dermatol 2003; 44: 151-155.
    • (2003) Australas J Dermatol , vol.44 , pp. 151-155
    • Thai, K.E.1    Barret, W.2    Kossard, S.3
  • 89
    • 34250198632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Criteria for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome in patients presenting with dermatological symptoms
    • Kriseman YL, Nash JW, Hsu S. Criteria for the diagnosis of an- tiphospholipid syndrome in patients presenting with derma- tological symptoms. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57: 112-1
    • (2007) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.57 , pp. 112-121
    • Kriseman, Y.L.1    Nash, J.W.2    Hsu, S.3
  • 90
    • 68249099717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Tuthill JI, Khamashta MA. Management of antiphospholipid syndrome. J Autoimmun 2009; 33: 92-98.
    • (2009) J Autoimmun , vol.33 , pp. 92-98
    • Tuthill, J.I.1    Khamashta, M.A.2
  • 91
    • 70350149398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiphospholipid syndrome: a comprehensive review of a complex and multisystemic disease
    • Palomo I, Segovia F, Ortega C, Pierangeli S. Antiphospholipid syndrome: a comprehensive review of a complex and multi- systemic disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009; 27: 668-677.
    • (2009) Clin Exp Rheumatol , vol.27 , pp. 668-677
    • Palomo, I.1    Segovia, F.2    Ortega, C.3    Pierangeli, S.4
  • 92
    • 0036192682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longterm anticoagulation is preferable for patients with antiphospholipid syndrome result of a decision analysis
    • Brunner HI, Chan WS, Ginsberg JS, Fekdman BM. Longterm anticoagulation is preferable for patients with antiphospholipid syndrome - result of a decision analysis. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 490-501.
    • (2002) J Rheumatol , vol.29 , pp. 490-501
    • Brunner, H.I.1    Chan, W.S.2    Ginsberg, J.S.3    Fekdman, B.M.4
  • 93
    • 33644606069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a systematic review
    • Lim W, Crowther MA, Eikelboom JW. Management of anti- phospholipid antibody syndrome: a systematic review. JAMA 2006; 295: 1050-1057.
    • (2006) JAMA , vol.295 , pp. 1050-1057
    • Lim, W.1    Crowther, M.A.2    Eikelboom, J.W.3
  • 94
    • 58149196446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspirin in asymptomatic patients with confirmed positivity of antiphospholipid antibodies? Yes (in some cases)
    • Gerosa M, Chighizola C, Meroni PL. Aspirin in asymptomatic patients with confirmed positivity of antiphospholipid antibo- dies? Yes (in some cases). Intern Emerg Med 2008; 3: 201-2
    • (2008) Intern Emerg Med , vol.3 , pp. 201-202
    • Gerosa, M.1    Chighizola, C.2    Meroni, P.L.3
  • 95
    • 0036045796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cross sectional study of clinical thrombotic risk factors and preventive treatments in antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Erkan D, Yazici Y, Peterson MG et al. A cross sectional study of clinical thrombotic risk factors and preventive treatments in antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology 2002; 41: 924-929.
    • (2002) Rheumatology , vol.41 , pp. 924-929
    • Erkan, D.1    Yazici, Y.2    Peterson, M.G.3
  • 96
    • 34547407889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspirin for primary thrombosis prevention in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in asymptomatic antiphospholipid antibody-positive individuals
    • Erkan D, Harrison MJ, Levy R et al. Aspirin for primary throm- bosis prevention in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a rando- mized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in asymptomatic antiphospholipid antibody-positive individuals. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 2382-2391.
    • (2007) Arthritis Rheum , vol.56 , pp. 2382-2391
    • Erkan, D.1    Harrison, M.J.2    Levy, R.3
  • 97
    • 41749083256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of aspirin on the clinical outcomes of 103 antiphospholipid antibodies-positive patients
    • Herenge T, Lambert M, Hachulla E et al. Influence of aspirin on the clinical outcomes of 103 antiphospholipid antibodies-po- sitive patients. Lupus 2008; 17: 11-15.
    • (2008) Lupus , vol.17 , pp. 11-15
    • Herenge, T.1    Lambert, M.2    Hachulla, E.3
  • 98
    • 77951429490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent trends in the management of antiphospholipid syndrome (Hughes syndrome)
    • (Barc)
    • Espinosa G, Cervera R. Recent trends in the management of antiphospholipid syndrome (Hughes syndrome). Drugs Today (Barc) 2010; 46: 39-47.
    • (2010) Drugs Today , vol.46 , pp. 39-47
    • Espinosa, G.1    Cervera, R.2
  • 99
    • 33645026788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: diagnosis, skin manifestations and current therapy
    • Asherson RA, Francès C, Iaccarino L et al. The antiphospholi- pid antibody syndrome: diagnosis, skin manifestations and cur- rent therapy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2006; 24: 46-51.
    • (2006) Clin Exp Rheumatol , vol.24 , pp. 46-51
    • Asherson, R.A.1    Francès, C.2    Iaccarino, L.3
  • 100
    • 0242410503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New approaches to prevention of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome: hopes, trials, and tribulations
    • Roubey RA. New approaches to prevention of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome: hopes, trials, and tribulations. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 3004-3008.
    • (2003) Arthritis Rheum , vol.48 , pp. 3004-3008
    • Roubey, R.A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.