Mortality associated with delays between clinic entry and ART initiation in resource-limited settings: Results of a transition-state model

Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

Volumn 63, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 105-111

  Hoffmann, Christopher J ^a,b   Lewis, James J ^c   Dowdy, David W ^c   Fielding, Katherine L ^c   Grant, Alison D ^c   Martinson, Neil A ^a,d   Churchyard, Gavin J ^b,c,e   Chaisson, Richard E ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b AURUM INSTITUTE   (South Africa)

^c LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^d Perinatal HIV Research Unit   (South Africa)

^e UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Africa; ART delay; CD4 count; mortality; state transition model

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MONTE CARLO METHOD; MORTALITY; PATIENT CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOUTH AFRICA; STATE TRANSITION MODEL; STATISTICAL MODEL; THERAPY DELAY; TREATMENT DURATION;

AMBULATORY CARE FACILITIES; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; MONTE CARLO METHOD; SOUTH AFRICA; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; SURVIVAL RATE; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84876296123     PISSN: 15254135     EISSN: 10779450     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182893fb4     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Lohse N, Hansen AB, Pedersen G, et al. Survival of persons with and without HIV infection in Denmark, 1995-2005. Ann Intern Med. 2007; 146:87-95.
2. Hogg RS, Heath KV, Yip B, et al. Improved survival among HIV-in-fected individuals following initiation of antiretroviral therapy. JAMA. 1998;279:450-454.
3. El-Sadr W., Neaton J., The SMART Study Investigators. Episodic CD4-guided use of antiretroviral therapy is inferior to continuous therapy: results of the SMART study. In: Program and abstracts of the 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; Denver, Colorado: February 5-8, 2006; Abstract 106B.
4. Kitahata MM, Gange SJ, Abraham AG, et al. Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on survival. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1815-1826.
5. Sterne JA, May M, Costagliola D, et al. Timing of initiation of antire-troviral therapy in AIDS-free HIV-1-infected patients: a collaborative analysis of 18 HIV cohort studies. Lancet. 2009;373:1352-1363.
6. Badri M, Lawn SD, Wood R. Short-term risk of AIDS or death in people infected with HIV-1 before antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: a longitudinal study. Lancet. 2006;368:1254-1259.
7. Lawn SD, Myer L, Orrell C, et al. Early mortality among adults accessing a community-based antiretroviral service in South Africa: implications for programme design. AIDS. 2005;19:2141-2148.
8. Parkes-Ratanshi R, Bufumbo L, Nyanzi-Wakholi B, et al. Barriers to starting ART and how they can be overcome: individual and operational factors associated with early and late start of treatment. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15:1347-1356.
9. Zachariah R, Tayler-Smith K, Manzi M, et al. Retention and attrition during the preparation phase and after start of antiretroviral treatment in Thyolo, Malawi, and Kibera, Kenya: implications for programmes? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2011;105:421-430.
10. Ingle SM, May M, Uebel K, et al. Outcomes in patients waiting for antiretroviral treatment in the Free State Province, South Africa: prospective linkage study. AIDS. 2010;24:2717-2725.
11. Dixon JG, Gibson S, McPake B, et al. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) rationing and access mechanisms and their impact on youth ART utilization in Malawi. Malawi Med J. 2011;23:48-54.
12. Muhamadi L, Nsabagasani X, Tumwesigye MN, et al. Inadequate pre-antiretroviral care, stock-out of antiretroviral drugs and stigma: policy challenges/bottlenecks to the new WHO recommendations for earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy (CD, 350 cells/microL) in eastern Uganda. Health Policy. 2010;97:187-194.
13. Stein J, Lewin S, Fairall L. Hope is the pillar of the universe: health-care providers' experiences of delivering anti-retroviral therapy in primary health-care clinics in the Free State province of South Africa. Soc Sci Med. 2007;64:954-964.
14. Wringe A, Roura M, Urassa M, et al. Doubts, denial and divine intervention: understanding delayed attendance and poor retention rates at a HIV treatment programme in rural Tanzania. AIDS Care. 2009;21:632-637.
15. Lubega M, Nsabagasani X, Tumwesigye NM, et al. Policy and practice, lost in transition: reasons for high drop-out from pre-antiretroviral care in a resource-poor setting of eastern Uganda. Health Policy. 2010;95:153-158.
16. Marcellin F, Abe C, Loubiere S, et al. Delayed first consultation after diagnosis of HIV infection in Cameroon. AIDS. 2009;23:1015-1019.
17. Jani IV, Sitoe NE, Alfai ER, et al. Effect of point-of-care CD4 cell count tests on retention of patients and rates of antiretroviral therapy initiation in primary health clinics: an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2011;378:1572-1579.
18. Zolopa A, Andersen J, Powderly W, et al. Early antiretroviral therapy reduces AIDS progression/death in individuals with acute opportunistic infections: a multicenter randomized strategy trial. PLoS One. 2009;4:e5575.
19. Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, et al. Integration of antire-troviral therapy with tuberculosis treatment. N Engl J Med. 2011;365: 1492-1501.
20. Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, et al. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362: 697-706.
21. Havlir DV, Kendall MA, Ive P, et al. Timing of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection and tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1482-1491.
22. Blanc FX, Sok T, Laureillard D, et al. Earlier versus later start of anti-retroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults with tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1471-1481.
23. Grant AD, Charalambous S, Fielding KL, et al. Effect of routine iso-niazid preventive therapy on tuberculosis incidence among HIV-infected men in South Africa. JAMA. 2005;293:2719-2725.
24. Innes C, Hamilton R, Hoffmann CJ, et al. A novel HIV treatment model using private practitioners in South Africa. Sex Transm Infect. 2012;88:136-140.
25. Hoffmann CJ, Fielding KL, Johnston V, et al. Changing predictors of mortality over time from cART start: implications for care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;58:269-276.
26. Fox MP, Brennan A, Maskew M, et al. Using vital registration data to update mortality among patients lost to follow-up from ART programmes: evidence from the Themba Lethu Clinic, South Africa. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15:405-413.
27. Hoffmann CJ, Katherine FL, Victoria J, et al. Changing predictors of mortality over time from cART start: implications for care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;58:269-276.
28. Bassett IV, Regan S, Chetty S, et al. Who starts antiretroviral therapy in Durban, South Africa?. not everyone who should. AIDS. 2010;24(suppl 1): S37-S44.
29. Micek MA, Gimbel-Sherr K, Baptista AJ, et al. Loss to follow-up of adults in public HIV care systems in central Mozambique: identifying obstacles to treatment. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52:397-405.
30. Mulissa Z, Jerene D, Lindtjorn B. Patients present earlier and survival has improved, but pre-ART attrition is high in a six-year HIV cohort data from Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2010;5:e13268.
31. Guthrie BL, Choi RY, Liu AY, et al. Barriers to antiretroviral initiation in HIV-1-discordant couples. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;58:e87-e93.
32. Hanifa Y, Fielding KL, Charalambous S, et al. Tuberculosis among adults starting antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: the need for routine case finding. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16:1252-1259.
33. Hoffmann CJ, Fielding KL, Charalambous S, et al. Reducing mortality with cotrimoxazole preventive therapy at initiation of antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. AIDS. 2010;24:1709-1716.
34. Wiktor SZ, Sassan-Morokro M, Grant AD, et al. Efficacy of trimetho-prim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999;353:1469-1475.
35. Lowrance D, Makombe S, Harries A, et al. Lower early mortality rates among patients receiving antiretroviral treatment at clinics offering cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in Malawi. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;46:56-61.
36. May M, Boulle A, Phiri S, et al. Prognosis of patients with HIV-1 infection starting antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: a collaborative analysis of scale-up programmes. Lancet. 2010;376:449-457.
37. Brinkhof MW, Boulle A, Weigel R, et al. Mortality of HIV-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: comparison with HIV-unrelated mortality. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000066.
38. Mills EJ, Bakanda C, Birungi J, et al. Mortality by baseline CD4 cell count among HIV patients initiating antiretroviral therapy: evidence from a large cohort in Uganda. AIDS. 2011;25:851-855.
39. Amuron B, Namara G, Birungi J, et al. Mortality and loss-to-follow-up during the pre-treatment period in an antiretroviral therapy programme under normal health service conditions in Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:290.
40. Anglaret X, Minga A, Gabillard D, et al. AIDS and non-AIDS morbidity and mortality across the spectrum of CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected adults before starting antiretroviral therapy in Cote d'Ivoire. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:714-723.
41. Fielding K, Koba A, Grant AD, et al. Cytomegalovirus viremia as a risk factor for mortality prior to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected gold miners in South Africa. PLoS One. 2011;6:e25571.
42. Geng EH, Emenyonu N, Bwana MB, et al. Sampling-based approach to determining outcomes of patients lost to follow-up in antiretroviral therapy scale-up programs in Africa. JAMA. 2008;300:506-507.
43. Braitstein P, Brinkhof MW, Dabis F, et al. Mortality of HIV-1-infected patients in the first year of antiretroviral therapy: comparison between low-income and high-income countries. Lancet. 2006;367:817-824.
44. Bisson GP, Gaolathe T, Gross R, et al. Overestimates of survival after HAART: implications for global scale-up efforts. PLoS One. 2008;3:e1725.
45. Martinson NA, Karstaedt A, Venter WD, et al. Causes of death in hospitalized adults with a premortem diagnosis of tuberculosis: an autopsy study. AIDS. 2007;21:2043-2050.
46. Murdoch DM, Venter WD, Feldman C, et al. Incidence and risk factors for the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patients in South Africa: a prospective study. AIDS. 2008;22:601-610.
47. Siedner MJ, Lankowski A, Haberer JE, et al. Rethinking the "pre" in pre-therapy counseling: no benefit of additional visits prior to therapy on adherence or viremia in Ugandans initiating ARVs. PLoS One. 2012;7:e39894.
48. Mellors JW, Munoz A, Giorgi JV, et al. Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:946-954.
49. Kiwanuka N, Robb M, Laeyendecker O, et al. HIV-1 viral subtype differences in the rate of CD4+ T-cell decline among HIV seroincident anti-retroviral naive persons in Rakai district, Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;54:180-184.
50. Mussini C, Cossarizza A, Sabin C, et al. Decline of CD4(+) T-cell count before start of therapy and immunological response to treatment in anti-retroviral-naive individuals. AIDS. 2011;25:1041-1049.
51. Holmes CB, Wood R, Badri M, et al. CD4 decline and incidence of opportunistic infections in Cape Town, South Africa: implications for prophylaxis and treatment. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;42:464-469.
52. Ding M, Tarwater P, Rodriguez M, et al. Estimation of the predictive role of plasma viral load on CD4 decline in HIV-1 subtype C-infected subjects in India. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;50:119-125.
53. Karcher H, Omondi A, Odera J, et al. Risk factors for treatment denial and loss to follow-up in an antiretroviral treatment cohort in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health. 2007;12:687-694.
54. Ochieng-Ooko V, Ochieng D, Sidle JE, et al. Influence of gender on loss to follow-up in a large HIV treatment programme in western Kenya. Bull World Health Organ. 2010;88:681-688.
55. Moon TD, Burlison JR, Blevins M, et al. Enrolment and programmatic trends and predictors of antiretroviral therapy initiation from president's emergency plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)-supported public HIV care and treatment sites in rural Mozambique. Int J STD AIDS. 2011;22:621-627.
56. Katz IT, Essien T, Marinda ET, et al. Antiretroviral therapy refusal among newly diagnosed HIV-infected adults. AIDS. 2011;25:2177-2181.