Democratization theory and the "Arab Spring"

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 15-30

  Stepan, Alfred ^a   Linz, Juan J ^b  

^a Religion at Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84876215448     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: 10863214     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.2013.0032     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Alfred Stepan, "Religion, Democracy, and the 'Twin Tolerations,'" Journal of Democracy 11 (October 2000): 37-57.
2. For a longer version, see Alfred Stepan, "The World's Religious Systems and Democracy: Crafting the 'Twin Tolerations,'" Arguing Comparative Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 213-54.
3. Alfred Stepan, "The Multiple Secularisms of Modern Democratic and Non-Democratic Regimes, " in Craig Calhoun, Mark Juergensmeyer, and Jonathan VanAntwerpen, eds., Rethinking Secularism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 114-44.
4. See Alfred Stepan, Juan J. Linz, and Yogendra Yadav, Crafting State Nations: India and Other Multinational Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011), 70-71.
5. Mirjam Künkler and Alfred Stepan, "An Interview with Amien Rais, " Journal of International Affairs 61 (Fall-Winter 2007): 205-18.
6. Stepan, "The Multiple Secularisms of Modern Democratic and Non-Democratic Regimes, " 117.
7. Alfred Stepan, "Tunisia's Transition and the Twin Tolerations, " Journal of Democracy 23 (April 2012): 94-97.
8. Stepan, "Tunisia's Transition. "
9. For more detail on these and other examples of policy cooperation between religious and state officials in Indonesia and Senegal, see Alfred Stepan, "Rituals of Respect: Sufis and Secularists in Senegal in Comparative Perspective, " Comparative Politics 44 (July 2012): 379-401.
10. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 38-65.
11. Although Qadhafi and Saddam Hussein at times had totalitarian ambitions and installed some totalitarian features in their respective regimes, neither boasted the institutional or ideological resources that sustained the totalitarian regimes of Hitler, Stalin, or Mao.
12. For valuable reviews of this literature, see Nicolas van de Walle, "Between Authoritarianism and Democracy, " Journal of Democracy 23 (January 2012): 169-73
13. Leonardo Morlino, "Are There Hybrid Regimes?" in his Changes for Democracy: Actors, Structures, Processes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 48-76.
14. Juan. J. Linz, "The Future of an Authoritarian Situation or the Institutionalization of an Authoritarian Regime: The Case of Brazil, " in Alfred Stepan, ed., Authoritarian Brazil: Origins, Policies, and Future (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), 233-54.
15. The Carnegie Endowment's "Guide the Egypt's Transition" blog highlighted the persistence of this hybridity by noting on 4 October 2011 that "In general, liberal parties would like the constitution to be written before elections take place, fearing that a postelection constitution-making process will be dominated by Islamists. " See http://egyptelections. carnegieendowment.org/2011/10/04/constitutional-principles.
16. Stepan, "Tunisia's Transition, " 91-97.
17. Alfred Stepan, personal interview with President Moncef Marzouki, Tunis, 1 November 2012.
18. For a more extensive theoretical and comparative discussion of "parliamentarized semi-presidentialism, " see Alfred Stepan, ed., Democracies in Danger (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 11-14.
19. Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 231-32. Emphasis in original.
20. Jonathan Hartlyn, "The Trujillo Regime in the Dominican Republic, " in H.E. Chehabi and Juan J. Linz, eds., Sultanistic Regimes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 97.
21. For the political importance of this distinction, see "The Military as Institution Versus the Military as Government, " in Alfred Stepan, The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971), 253-66.
22. The best comparative analysis of the obstacles to achieving peaceful, negotiated, democratic exits from sultanism is Richard Snyder, "Paths Out of Sultanistic Regimes: Combining Structural and Voluntarist Perspectives, " in Chehabi and Linz, eds., Sultanistic Regimes, 49-81.
23. See Mark R. Thompson, "The Marcos Regime in the Philippines, " in Sultanistic Regimes, 206-30.
24. See his "Politics as Vocation" in H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, eds., From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), 78. Emphasis in original.
25. Robert F. Worth, "In Libya, the Captors Have Become the Captive, " New York Times Magazine, 9 May 2012.
26. On the requirement of "stateness" for all these values, see Linz and Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, chs. 1 and 2.
27. Roger Owen, The Rise and Fall of Arab Presidents for Life (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012).