Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of poorly differentiated gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinomas

Endokrynologia Polska

Volumn 64, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 60-72

  Koumarianou, Anna ^a   Chatzellis, Eleftherios ^b   Boutzios, Georgios ^b   Tsavaris, Nikolaos ^b   Kaltsas, Gregory ^b  

^a NATIONAL AND KAPODISTRIAN UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

Author keywords

Cisplatin; Etoposide; Gastrointestinal (GI); Ki67 labelling index; Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (PDNEC); Temozolomide

Indexed keywords

BIOCHEMICAL MARKER; CARBOPLATIN; CISPLATIN; ETOPOSIDE; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; IRINOTECAN; PACLITAXEL; TEMOZOLOMIDE;

ARTICLE; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; COLON; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DUODENUM; HISTOPATHOLOGY; LUNG SMALL CELL CANCER; LYMPH NODE; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PANCREAS; POORLY DIFFERENTIATED NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMA; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RECTUM; STOMACH; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; CARCINOMA, LARGE CELL; CARCINOMA, NEUROENDOCRINE; COLONIC NEOPLASMS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; ETOPOSIDE; GASTROINTESTINAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; PLATINUM COMPOUNDS; PROGNOSIS; RECEPTORS, SOMATOSTATIN; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA;

EID: 84876171609     PISSN: 0423104X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Nilsson O, Van CE, Delle FG et al. Poorly differentiated carcinomas of the foregut (gastric, duodenal and pancreatic). Neuroendocrinology 2006; 84: 212-215.
2. Klimstra DS, Modlin IR, Coppola D et al. The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems. Pancreas 2010; 39: 707-712.
3. Brenner B, Tang LH, Klimstra DS et al. Small-cell carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract: a review. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 2730-2739.
4. Kloppel G, Scherubl H. [Neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach. Risk stratification and therapy]. Pathologe 2010; 31: 182-187.
5. Kloppel G, Rindi G, Perren A et al. The ENETS and AJCC/UICC TNM classifications of the neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and the pancreas: a statement. Virchows Arch 2010; 456: 595-597.
6. Kaltsas GA, Besser GM, Grossman AB. The diagnosis and medical management of advanced neuroendocrine tumors. Endocr Rev 2004; 25: 458-511.
7. Sorbye H, Welin S, Langer SW et al. Predictive and prognostic factors for treatment and survival in 305 patients with advanced gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (WHO G3): The NORDIC NEC study. Ann Oncol 2013; 24: 152-160.
8. Welin S, Sorbye H, Sebjornsen S et al. Clinical effect of temozolomidebased chemotherapy in poorly differentiated endocrine carcinoma after progression on first-line chemotherapy. Cancer 2011; 117: 4617-4622.
9. Ahlman H, Nilsson O, McNicol AM et al. Poorly-differentiated endocrine carcinomas of midgut and hindgut origin. Neuroendocrinology 2008; 87: 40-46.
10. Brennan SM, Gregory DL, Stillie A et al. Should extrapulmonary small cell cancer be managed like small cell lung cancer? Cancer 2010; 116: 888-895.
11. Cicin I, Karagol H, Uzunoglu S et al. Extrapulmonary small-cell carcinoma compared with small-cell lung carcinoma: a retrospective singlecenter study. Cancer 2007; 110: 1068-1076.
12. Iwasa S, Morizane C, Okusaka T et al. Cisplatin and etoposide as first-line chemotherapy for poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the hepatobiliary tract and pancreas. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2010; 40: 313-318.
13. Strosberg JR, Coppola D, Klimstra DS et al. The NANETS consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of poorly differentiated (high-grade) extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. Pancreas 2010; 39: 799-800.
14. Brenner B, Shah MA, Gonen M et al. Small-cell carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract: a retrospective study of 64 cases. Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 1720-1726.
15. Zerbi A, Falconi M, Rindi G et al. Clinicopathological features of pancreatic endocrine tumors: a prospective multicenter study in Italy of 297 sporadic cases. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1421-1429.
16. Binderup T, Knigge U, Loft A et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography predicts survival of patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16: 978-985.
17. Ekeblad S, Skogseid B, Dunder K et al. Prognostic factors and survival in 324 patients with pancreatic endocrine tumor treated at a single institution. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 7798-7803.
18. Ekeblad S, Sundin A, Janson ET et al. Temozolomide as monotherapy is effective in treatment of advanced malignant neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 2986-2991.
19. Rindi G, Azzoni C, La RS et al. ECL cell tumor and poorly differentiated endocrine carcinoma of the stomach: prognostic evaluation by pathological analysis. Gastroenterology 1999; 116: 532-542.
20. Rindi G, Bordi C, Rappel S et al. Gastric carcinoids and neuroendocrine carcinomas: pathogenesis, pathology, and behavior. World J Surg 1996; 20: 168-172.
21. Faggiano A, Sabourin JC, Ducreux M et al. Pulmonary and extrapulmonary poorly differentiated large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas: diagnostic and prognostic features. Cancer 2007; 110: 265-274.
22. Ordonez NG. Value of thyroid transcription factor-1, E-cadherin, BG8, WT1, and CD44S immunostaining in distinguishing epithelial pleural mesothelioma from pulmonary and nonpulmonary adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2000; 24: 598-606.
23. Ho KJ, Herrera GA, Jones JM et al. Small cell carcinoma of the esophagus: evidence for a unified histogenesis. Hum Pathol 1984; 15: 460-468.
24. Yachida S, Vakiani E, White CM et al. Small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the pancreas are genetically similar and distinct from well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2012; 36: 173-184.
25. Stelow EB, Moskaluk CA, Mills SE. The mismatch repair protein status of colorectal small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30: 1401-1404.
26. Haider K, Shahid RK, Finch D et al. Extrapulmonary small cell cancer: a Canadian province's experience. Cancer 2006; 107: 2262-2269.
27. Kusayanagi S, Konishi K, Miyasaka N et al. Primary small cell carcinoma of the stomach. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18: 743-747.
28. Namikawa T, Kobayashi M, Okabayashi T et al. Primary gastric small cell carcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature. Med Mol Morphol 2005; 38: 256-261.
29. Ballantyne GH, Savoca PE, Flannery JT et al. Incidence and mortality of carcinoids of the colon. Data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry. Cancer 1992; 69: 2400-2405.
30. Solcia E, Rindi G, Larosa S et al. Morphological, molecular, and prognostic aspects of gastric endocrine tumors. Microsc Res Tech 2000; 48: 339-348.
31. Kim T, Tao-Cheng JH, Eiden LE et al. Chromogranin A, an "on/off " switch controlling dense-core secretory granule biogenesis. Cell 2001; 106: 499-509.
32. Rindi G, Bordi C. Endocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract: aetiology, molecular pathogenesis and genetics. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 19: 519-534.
33. Kloppel G, Rindi G, Perren A et al. The ENETS and UICC TNM classification of neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and the pancreas: comment. Pathologe 2010; 31: 353-354.
34. Vrouvas J, Ash DV. Extrapulmonary small cell cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1995; 7: 377-381.
35. Kang H, O'Connell JB, Leonardi MJ, Maggard MA, McGory ML, Ko CY. Rare tumors of the colon and rectum: a national review. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007; 22: 183-189.
36. Sundin A, Vullierme MP, Kaltsas G et al. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: radiological examinations. Neuroendocrinology 2009; 90: 167-183.
37. Oberg K, Ferone D, Kaltsas G et al. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: biotherapy. Neuroendocrinology 2009; 90: 209-213.
38. Ezziddin S, Sabet A, Heinemann F et al. Response and long-term control of bone metastases after peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with (177) Lu-octreotate. J Nucl Med 2011; 52: 1197-1203.
39. Garske U, Sandstrom M, Johansson S et al. Lessons on Tumour Response: Imaging during Therapy with (177)Lu-DOTA-octreotate. A Case Report on a Patient with a Large Volume of Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinoma. Theranostics 2012; 2: 459-471.
40. Ezziddin S, Opitz M, Attassi M et al. Impact of the Ki-67 proliferation index on response to peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38: 459-466.
41. Oberg K. Circulating biomarkers in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Endocr Relat Cancer 2011; 18 (Suppl. 1): S17-S25.
42. Lindholm DP, Oberg K. Biomarkers and molecular imaging in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Horm Metab Res 2011; 43: 832-837.
43. Korse CM, Taal BG, Vincent A et al. Choice of tumour markers in patients with neuroendocrine tumours is dependent on the histological grade. A marker study of Chromogranin A, Neuron specific enolase, Progastrinreleasing peptide and cytokeratin fragments. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48: 662-671.
44. Korse CM, Taal BG, Bonfrer JM, Vincent A, van Velthuysen ML, Baas P. An elevated progastrin-releasing peptide level in patients with welldifferentiated neuroendocrine tumours indicates a primary tumour in the lung and predicts a shorter survival. Ann Oncol 2011; 22: 2625-2630.
45. Yao JC, Hassan M, Phan A et al. One hundred years after "carcinoid": epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 3063-3072.
46. Moertel CG, Kvols LK, O'Connell MJ et al. Treatment of neuroendocrine carcinomas with combined etoposide and cisplatin. Evidence of major therapeutic activity in the anaplastic variants of these neoplasms. Cancer 1991; 68: 227-232.
47. Mitry E, Baudin E, Ducreux M et al. Treatment of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumours with etoposide and cisplatin. Br J Cancer 1999; 81: 1351-1355.
48. Nakano K, Takahashi S, Yuasa T et al. Feasibility and efficacy of combined cisplatin and irinotecan chemotherapy for poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2012; 42: 697-703.
49. Okita NT, Kato K, Takahari D et al. Neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach: chemotherapy with cisplatin plus irinotecan is effective for gastric poorly-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma. Gastric Cancer 2011; 14: 161-165.
50. Pavel ME, Hainsworth JD, Baudin E et al. Everolimus plus octreotide long-acting repeatable for the treatment of advanced neuroendocrine tumours associated with carcinoid syndrome (RADIANT-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet 2011; 378: 2005-2012.
51. Yao JC, Shah MH, Ito T et al. Everolimus for advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 514-523.
52. Catena L, Bichisao E, Milione M et al. Neuroendocrine tumors of unknown primary site: gold dust or misdiagnosed neoplasms? Tumori 2011; 97: 564-567.
53. Kwekkeboom DJ, de Herder WW, Kam BL et al. Treatment with the radiolabeled somatostatin analog [177 Lu-DOTA 0,Tyr3]octreotate: toxicity, efficacy, and survival. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 2124-2130.
54. Sellner F, Thalhammer S, Stattner S et al. TNM stage and grade in predicting the prognosis of operated, non-functioning neuroendocrine carcinoma of the pancreas-a single-institution experience. J Surg Oncol 2011; 104: 17-21.
55. Rothenstein J, Cleary SP, Pond GR et al. Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: a decade of experience at the Princess Margaret Hospital. Am J Clin Oncol 2008; 31: 64-70.
56. O'Brien ME, Ciuleanu TE, Tsekov H et al. Phase III trial comparing supportive care alone with supportive care with oral topotecan in patients with relapsed small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 5441-5447.
57. Walenkamp AM, Sonke GS, Sleijfer DT. Clinical and therapeutic aspects of extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2009; 35: 228-236.
58. Lindholm DP, Eriksson B, Granberg D. Response to temozolomide and bevacizumab in a patient with poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma. Med Oncol 2012; 29: 301-303.
59. Quinn AM, Blackhall F, Wilson G et al. Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma: a clinicopathological study with identification of potential diagnostic mimics. Histopathology 2012; 61: 454-464.
60. Cuffe S, Moua T, Summerfield R, Roberts H, Jett J, Shepherd FA. Characteristics and outcomes of small cell lung cancer patients diagnosed during two lung cancer computed tomographic screening programs in heavy smokers. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6: 818-822.
61. Travis WD. Advances in neuroendocrine lung tumors. Ann Oncol 2010; 21 (Suppl. 7): vii65-vii71.
62. Govindan R, Page N, Morgensztern D et al. Changing epidemiology of small-cell lung cancer in the United States over the last 30 years: analysis of the surveillance, epidemiologic, and end results database. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 4539-4544.
63. Paci M, Cavazza A, Annessi V et al. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung: a 10-year clinicopathologic retrospective study. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 77: 1163-1167.
64. Shepherd FA, Crowley J, Van HP et al. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer lung cancer staging project: proposals regarding the clinical staging of small cell lung cancer in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the tumor, node, metastasis classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2007; 2: 1067-1077.
65. Asamura H, Kameya T, Matsuno Y et al. Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung: a prognostic spectrum. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 70-76.
66. Brownson RC, Chang JC, Davis Jr. Gender and histologic type variations in smoking-related risk of lung cancer. Epidemiology 1992; 3: 61-64.
67. Grabowski P, Schrader J, Wagner J et al. Loss of nuclear p27 expression and its prognostic role in relation to cyclin E and p53 mutation in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 7378-7384.
68. Swarts DR, Ramaekers FC, Speel EJ. Molecular and cellular biology of neuroendocrine lung tumors: evidence for separate biological entities. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012; 1826: 255-271.
69. Song J, Li M, Tretiakova M et al. Expression patterns of PAX5, c-Met, and paxillin in neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010; 134: 1702-1705.
70. Capella C, Heitz PU, Hofler H et al. Revised classification of neuroendocrine tumours of the lung, pancreas and gut. Virchows Arch 1995; 425: 547-560.
71. Sun L, Sakurai S, Sano T et al. High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung: comparative clinicopathological study of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma. Pathol Int 2009; 59: 522-529.
72. Shepherd FA, Evans WK, Feld R et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy following surgical resection for small-cell carcinoma of the lung. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 832-838.
73. Inoue M, Sawabata N, Okumura M. Surgical intervention for small-cell lung cancer: what is the surgical role? Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 60: 401-405.
74. Fernandez FG, Battafarano RJ. Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung. Cancer Control 2006; 13: 270-275.
75. Sundstrom S, Bremnes RM, Kaasa S et al. Cisplatin and etoposide regimen is superior to cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and vincristine regimen in small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized phase III trial with 5 years' follow-up. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 4665-4672.
76. Iyoda A, Hiroshima K, Moriya Y et al. Prospective study of adjuvant chemotherapy for pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 82: 1802-1807.
77. Yamazaki S, Sekine I, Matsuno Y et al. Clinical responses of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Lung Cancer 2005; 49: 217-223.
78. Phan AT, Oberg K, Choi J et al. NANETS consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the thorax (includes lung and thymus). Pancreas 2010; 39: 784-798.
79. Mazieres J, Daste G, Molinier L et al. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung: pathological study and clinical outcome of 18 resected cases. Lung Cancer 2002; 37: 287-292.
80. Pignon JP, Arriagada R, Ihde DC et al. A meta-analysis of thoracic radiotherapy for small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1618-1624.
81. Glisson BS, Moran CA. Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: controversies in diagnosis and treatment. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2011; 9: 1122-1129.
82. Kayani I, Conry BG, Groves AM et al. A comparison of 68Ga-DOTATATE and 18F-FDG PET/CT in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med 2009; 50: 1927-1932.
83. Yeh J, Litz J, Hauck P et al. Selective inhibition of SCLC growth by the A12 anti-IGF-1R monoclonal antibody correlates with inhibition of Akt. Lung Cancer 2008; 60: 166-174.
84. Rossi G, Cavazza A, Marchioni A et al. Role of chemotherapy and the receptor tyrosine kinases KIT, PDGFRalpha, PDGFRbeta, and Met in large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 8774-8785.
85. Nagy-Mignotte H, Guillem P, Vignoud L et al. Outcomes in recurrent small-cell lung cancer after one to four chemotherapy lines: a retrospective study of 300 patients. Lung Cancer 2012; 78: 112-120.
86. Sarkaria IS, Iyoda A, Roh MS et al. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in resected pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas: a single institution experience. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 92: 1180-1186.
87. Faggiano A, Ferolla P, Grimaldi F et al. Natural history of gastro-enteropancreatic and thoracic neuroendocrine tumors. Data from a large prospective and retrospective Italian epidemiological study: the NET management study. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35: 817-823.
88. Deutschbein T, Unger N, Yuece A et al. Chemotherapy in patients with progressive, undifferentiated neuroendocrine tumors: a single-center experience. Horm Metab Res 2011; 43: 838-843.
89. Patta A, Fakih M. First-line cisplatin plus etoposide in high-grade metastatic neuroendocrine tumors of colon and rectum (MCRC NET): review of 8 cases. Anticancer Res 2011; 31: 975-978.
90. Fjallskog ML, Granberg DP, Welin SL et al. Treatment with cisplatin and etoposide in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer 2001; 92: 1101-1107.