Contesting the zoo as a setting for ecotourism, and the design of a first principle

Journal of Ecotourism

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 1-14

  Fennell, David A ^a  

^a BROCK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

animal ethics; animal rights; animal welfare; ecotourism; zoos

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL WELFARE; ECOTOURISM; ETHICS; MORALITY; ZOO;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84876166981     PISSN: 14724049     EISSN: 17477638     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2012.737796     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Acampora, R. (1998). Extinction by exhibition: Looking at and in the zoo. Human Ecology Review, 5(1), 1-4. (Pubitemid 29133947)
2. Acampora, R. (2005). Zoos and eyes: Contesting captivity and seeking successor practices. Society & Animals, 13(1), 69-88. (Pubitemid 40670049)
3. Agoramoorthy, G., & Harrison, B. (2002). Ethics and animal welfare evaluations in South East Asian zoos: A case study of Thailand. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 5(1), 1-13. (Pubitemid 39172212)
4. Allen, C. (2004). Animal pain. Noûs, 38(4), 617-643.
5. Anderson, K. (1995). Culture and nature at the Adelaide Zoo: At the frontiers of 'human' geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, 20(3), 275-294.
6. Appel, M., & Elwood, R.W. (2009). Motivational trade-offs and potential pain experience in hermit crabs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 119(1/2), 120-124.
7. Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., Hughes, K., & Dierking, L. (2007). Conservation learning in wildlife tourism settings: Lessons from research in zoos and aquariums. Environmental Education Research, 13(3), 367-383.
8. Balmford, A., Leader-Willims, N., Mace, G.M., Manica, A.,Walter, O.,West, C., & Zimmermann, A. (2007). Message received̈ Quantifying the impact of informal conservation education on adults visiting UK zoos. In A. Zimmermann, M. Hatchwell, L. Dickie, & C.West (Eds.), Zoos in the 21st century: Catalysts for conservation̈ (pp. 120-136). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Barber, J.C.E. (2009). Programmatic approaches to assessing and improving animal welfare in zoos and aquariums. Zoo Biology, 28, 519-530.
10. Beardsworth, A., & Bryman, A. (2001). The wild animal in late modernity: The case of the Disneyization of zoos. Tourist Studies, 1(1), 83-104.
11. Berger, J. (1980). About looking. London: Writers and Readers.
12. Bertram, B. (2004). Misconceptions about zoos. Biologist, 51(4), 199-206.
13. Blamey, R.K. (2001). Principles of ecotourism. In D.B.Weaver (Ed.), The encyclopedia of ecotourism (pp. 5-22). New York: CAB International.
14. Brown, J.L., Wielebnowski, N., & Cheeran, J.V. (2008). Pain, stress, and suffering in elephants. In C. Wemmer & C.A. Christian (Eds.), Elephants and ethics: Toward a morality of coexistence (pp. 121-145). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
15. Butcher, J. (2003). The moralisation of tourism: Sun, sand . . . and saving the world̈ London: Routledge.
16. Catibog-Sinha, C. (2008). Zoo tourism: Biodiversity conservation through tourism. Journal of Ecotourism, 7(2 and 3), 160-177.
17. Clayton, S., Fraser, J., & Saunders, C.D. (2009). Zoo experiences: Conversations, and concern for animals. Zoo Biology, 28, 377-397.
18. Cui, B., & Jiang, D. (2011). The problems and countermeasures of animal protection in zoos -Take Shenyang Glacier Zoo for example. International Journal of Biology, 3(1), 136-139.
19. Davey, G.C.L. (2007). Public perceptions in urban China toward zoos and their animal welfare. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 12(5), 367-74.
20. Domalain, J.-Y. (1978). The animal connection. London: Heinemann.
21. Duffus, D.A., & Dearden, P. (1990). Non-consumptive wildlife-oriented recreation: A conceptual framework. Biological Conservation, 53(3), 213-231.
22. Duffy, R. (2008). Neoliberalising nature: Global networks and ecotourism development in Madagascar. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(3), 327-344.
23. English Tourist Board. (1983). Britain's zoos: Marketing and presentation -The way forward to viability. London: Author.
24. Farm Animal Welfare Council. (2009). Five freedoms. Retrieved May 3, 2011, from http://www. fawc.org.uk/freedoms.htm
25. Fascione, N. (1995). A survey of travel programs in North American zoos and aquariums. Panel discussion on zoos, ecotourism and conservation. American zoo and aquarium annual conference proceedings, Wheeling, WV, pp. 231-233.
26. Fennell, D.A. (2000). Ecotourism on trial: The case of billfishing as ecotourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(4), 341-345.
27. Fennell, D.A. (2006). Tourism Ethics. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
28. Fennell, D.A. (2012a). Tourism and animal ethics. London: Routledge.
29. Fennell, D.A. (2012b). Tourism and animal rights. Tourism Recreation Research, 37(2), 157-166.
30. Fennell, D.A. (in press). Tourism, animals and utilitarianism. Tourism Recreation Research.
31. Fennell, D.A., & Malloy, D.C. (1995). Ethics and ecotourism: A comprehensive ethical model. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 20(3), 163-183.
32. Fennell, D.A., & Malloy, D.C. (2007). Codes of ethics in tourism: Practice, theory, synthesis. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
33. Finlay, T., James, L.R., & Maple, T.L. (1988). People's perceptions of animals: The influence of zoo environment. Environment and Behavior, 20(4), 508-528.
34. Franklin, A. (1999). Animals and modern cultures, a sociology of human-Animal relations in modernity. London: Sage Publications.
35. Garner, R. (2005). The political theory of animal rights. New York: Manchester University Press.
36. Gunnarsdotter, Y. (2006). Hunting tourism as ecotourism: Conflicts and opportunities. In S. Gössling & J. Hultman (Eds.), Ecotourism in Scandinavia: Lessons in Theory and Practice (pp. 178-192). Wallingford: CABI.
37. Håstein, T., Scarfe, A.D., & Lund, V.L. (2005). Science-based assessment of welfare: Aquatic animals. Review of Science and Technology off International Epiz, 24(2), 529-547. (Pubitemid 41674183)
38. Higginbottom, K., Tribe, A., & Booth, R. (2003). Contributions of non-consumptive wildlife tourism to conservation. In R. Buckley & D.B. Weaver (Eds.), Nature-based tourism, environment and land management (pp. 181-192). Wallingford: CABI.
39. Higham, J., & Lück, M. (2002). Urban ecotourism: A contradiction in terms. Journal of Ecotourism, 1(1), 36-51.
40. Holland, S.M., Ditton, R.B., & Graefe, A. (1998). An ecotourism perspective on billfish industries. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 6(2), 97-116.
41. Holzer, D., Scott, D., & Bixler, R.D. (1998). Socialisation influences on adult zoo visitation. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 23(1), 43-62.
42. Hughes, B.O. (1976). Behaviour as an index of welfare. Proceedings of the fifth European poultry conference, Malta, pp. 1005-1018.
43. International Species Information System (ISIS). (2011). [Zoo/aquarium] involved in international animal conservation efforts. Retrieved January 26, 2012, from http://www2.isis.org/-layouts/OSSSearchResults.aspẍk= A%20global%20information%20network%20for%20species%20conservation&cs= This%20Site&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.isis.org
44. Jamieson, D. (1995). Zoos revisited. In B. Norton, M. Hutchins, E. Stevens, & T. Mapel (Eds.), Ethics on the ark: Zoos, animal welfare, and wildlife conservation (pp. 52-66). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute Press.
45. Jamieson, D. (2006). Against zoos. In P. Singer (Ed.), In defense of animals: The second wave (pp. 132-143). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
46. Karwacki, J., & Boyd, C. (1995). Ethics and ecotourism. A European Review, 4, 225-232.
47. Kellert, S.R. (1979). Zoological parks in American Society. Address to the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria, AAZPA Annual conference proceedings, Wheeling, WV, pp. 88-126.
48. Korte, S.M., Olivier, B., & Koolhaas, J.M. (2007). A new animal welfare concept based on allostasis. Physiology & Behavior, 92(3), 422-428. (Pubitemid 47562037)
49. Linhart, P., Adams, D.B., & Voracek, T. (2008). The international transportation of zoo animals: Conserving biological diversity and protecting animal welfare. Veterinaria Italiana, 44(1), 49-57.
50. Linke, S., & Winter, C. (2011). Conservation, education or entertainment: What really matters to zoo visitors̈ In W. Frost (Ed.), Zoos and tourism: Conservation, education, entertainmenẗ (pp. 69-81). Toronto: Channel View Publications.
51. Lück, M., & Jiang, Y. (2007). Keiko, Shamu and friends: Educating visitors to marine parks and aquariä Journal of Ecotourism, 6(2), 127-138. (Pubitemid 47412399)
52. Ludwig, E.G. (1981). People at zoos: A sociological approach. International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems, 2(6), 310-316.
53. Malamud, R. (1998). Reading zoos: Representations of animals and captivity. New York: New York University Press.
54. Maple, T.L. (2007). Toward a science of welfare for animals in the zoo. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 10(1), 63-70. (Pubitemid 46578909)
55. Marino, L., Bradshaw, G., & Malamud, R. (2009). The captivity industry: The reality of zoos and aquariums. Best Friends Magazine, March/April, 25-27.
56. Markwell, K., & Cushing, N. (2009). The serpent's stare meets the tourist's gaze: Strategies of display at the Australian Reptile Park. Current Issues in Tourism, 12(5 and 6), 475-488.
57. Marsh, L.K. (2002). Awonder lost or wonder lust: Tourists visit monkeys in the wild. Curator, 45(3), 199-212.
58. Mason, P. (2000). Zoo tourism: The need for more research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(4), 333-339. (Pubitemid 32007332)
59. Mason, P. (2007). Roles of the modern zoo: Conflicting or complementarÿ Tourism Review International, 11(3), 251-263.
60. Masson, J.M., & McCarthy, S. (1995). When elephants weep: The emotional lives of animals. New York: Delta.
61. Miller, I. (2005). Didactic nature: Exhibiting nation and empire at the Ueno Zoological Gardens. In G. Pflugfelder & B. Walker (Eds.), JAPANimals: History and culture in Japan's animal life (pp. 273-313). Ann Arbour, MI: University of Michigan.
62. Mimi. (2011). Consumptive use. Environment. Retrieved January 30, 2012, from http://en.mimi.hu/environment/index-environment.html
63. Mullan, B., & Marvin, G. (1999). Zoo culture. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
64. Orams, M. (1996). A conceptual model of tourist-wildlife interaction: The case of education as a management strategy. Australian Geographer, 21(1), 39-51. (Pubitemid 126592485)
65. Preece, R. (2005). Brute souls, happy beasts and evolution: The historical status of animals. Vancouver: UBC Press.
66. Preece, R., & Chamberlain, L. (1993). Animal welfare and human values. Waterloo, ON: Wilfred Laurier University Press.
67. Princée, F.P.G. (2001). Research in zoological gardens. Lutra, 44(2), 75-80.
68. Przeclawski, K. (1996). Deontology of tourism. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2, 239-245.
69. Ray, R. (2000). Management strategies in athletic training (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
70. Reade, L.S., & Waran, N.K. (1996). The modern zoo: How do people perceive zoo animals̈ Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 47, 109-118.
71. Regan, T. (2004). The case for animal rights. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
72. Ryan, C., & Saward, J. (2004). The zoo as ecotourism attraction -visitor reactions, perceptions and management implications: The case of Hamilton Zoo, New Zealand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 12(3), 245-266. (Pubitemid 38783860)
73. Shackley, M.L. (1996). Wildlife tourism. London: International Thomson Business Press.
74. Shani, A., & Pizam, A. (2008). Towards an ethical framework for animal-based attractions. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(6), 679-693.
75. Singer, P. (2009). Animal liberation. Toronto: Harper Perennial.
76. Smith, L., Broad, S., & Weiler, B. (2008). A closer examination of the impact of zoo visits on visitor behaviour. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(5), 544-562.
77. Smith, M., & Duffy, R. (2003). The ethics of tourism development. London: Routledge.
78. Stevens, P.M.C., & McAlister, E. (2003). Ethics in zoos. International Zoo Yearbook, 38, 94-101.
79. Tribe, A. (2004). Zoo tourism. In K. Higginbottom (Ed.), Wildlife tourism: Impacts, management and planning (pp. 35-56). Altona: Common Ground Publishing.
80. Tribe, A. (2011). Zoos and animal welfare. Paper presented at the International animal welfare conference, AAWC 08. Retrieved January 25, 2012, from http://www.daff.gov.au/-data/assets/pdf-file/0020/1046720/78-Andrew-Tribe. pdf
81. Turley, S.K. (1999a). Conservation and tourism in the traditional UK zoo. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 10(2), 2-13.
82. Turley, S.K. (1999b). Exploring the future of the traditional UK zoo. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 5(4), 340-355.
83. UKParliament. (2011). Zoos (regional and economic development). Retrieved February 29, 2012, from http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/ cmhansrd/cm111214/halltext/111214 h0001.htm
84. University of Nebraska, Bureau of Business Research. (2011). Economic and fiscal impact of Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo on Omaha and Nebraska: The 2010 update. Retrieved February 29, 2011, from http://www.bbr.unl.edu/documents/ Omaha-Zoo-Final-Report-2010Update.pdf
85. WAZA (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums). (2012). Zoos and aquariums of the world. Retrieved January 25, 2012, from http://www.waza.org/en/ site/zoos-Aquariums
86. Wearing, S., & Jobberns, C. (2011). Ecotourism and the commodification of wildlife: Animal welfare and the ethics of zoos. In W. Frost (Ed.), Zoos and tourism: Conservation, education, entertainmenẗ (pp. 47-58). Toronto: Channel View Publications.
87. Weaver, D.B. (2002). Asian ecotourism: Patterns and themes. Tourism Geographies, 4(2), 153-172.
88. Weiler, B., & Smith, L. (2009). Does more interpretation lead to greater outcomes̈ An assessment of the impacts of multiple layers of interpretation in a zoo context. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(1), 91-105.
89. Wheeller, B. (1994). Egotourism, sustainable tourism and the environment -A symbiotic, symbolic or shambolic relationship. In A.V. Seaton (Ed.), Tourism: The state of the art (pp. 647-653). Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
90. Wickins-Drazilová, D. (2006). Zoo animal welfare. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 19(1), 27-36.
91. Williams, V. (2001). Captive orcas dying to entertain you: The full story. Bath: WDCS.
92. Woods, B. (1998). Animals on display: Principles for interpreting captive wildlife. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 9(1), 28-39.
93. Zamir, T. (2007). The welfare-based defense of zoos. Society and Animals, 15(2), 191-201. (Pubitemid 47149472)
94. ZooCheck New Zealand. (n.d.). Zoos = conservation. Retrieved January 30, 2012, from http://www.wildlife.org.nz/zoocheck/cons.htm