Salivary Cortisol Lower in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Journal of Traumatic Stress

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 241-248

  Wahbeh, Helané ^a   Oken, Barry S ^a  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; HUMAN; MALE; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SALIVA; VETERAN;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; AREA UNDER CURVE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SALIVA; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; VETERANS;

EID: 84876155275     PISSN: 08949867     EISSN: 15736598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jts.21798     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Adam, E. K., Hawkley, L. C., Kudielka, B. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2006). Day-to-day dynamics of experience-cortisol associations in a population-based sample of older adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 17058-17063. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605053103.
2. Almeida, D. M., Piazza, J. R., & Stawski, R. S. (2009). Interindividual differences and intraindividual variability in the cortisol awakening response: an examination of age and gender. Psychology and Aging, 24, 819-827. doi:10.1037/a0017910.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. Asmundson, G. J., Frombach, I., McQuaid, J., Pedrelli, P., Lenox, R., & Stein, M. B. (2000). Dimensionality of posttraumatic stress symptoms: A confirmatory factor analysis of DSM-IV symptom clusters and other symptom models. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 203-214.
5. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition Manual. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace & Company.
6. Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Methodological), 57, 289-300.
7. Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 75-90. doi:10.1007/BF02105408.
8. Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Taylor, A. E., Loos, W. R., & Gerardi, R. J. (1994). Psychological morbidity associated with motor vehicle accidents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 283-290.
9. Chida, Y., & Steptoe, A. (2008). Cortisol awakening response and psychosocial factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biological Psychology, 80, 265-278. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.10.004.
10. Clow, A., Hucklebridge, F., & Thorn, L. (2010). The cortisol awakening response in context. International Review of Neurobiology, 93, 153-175. doi:10.1016/S0074-7742(10)93007-9.
11. Clow, A., Thorn, L., Evans, P., & Hucklebridge, F. (2004). The awakening cortisol response: Methodological issues and significance. Stress, 7, 29-37. doi:10.1080/10253890410001667205.
12. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 386-396. doi:10.2307/2136404.
13. de Kloet, C. S., Vermetten, E., Heijnen, C. J., Geuze, E., Lentjes, E. G., & Westenberg, H. G. (2007). Enhanced cortisol suppression in response to dexamethasone administration in traumatized veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32, 215-226. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.12.009.
14. Delahanty, D. L., Raimonde, A. J., & Spoonster, E. (2000). Initial posttraumatic urinary cortisol levels predict subsequent PTSD symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 940-947. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00896-9.
15. Finch, H. (2005). Comparison of the performance of nonparametric and parametric MANOVA test statistics when assumptions are violated. Methodology, 1, 27-38. doi:10.1027/1614-1881.1.1.27.
16. First, M., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. (2002). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis 1 Disorders-Patient Edition (SCID-I/P, 11/2002 revision). New York, NY: New York Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research Department.
17. Friedman, M. J., Resick, P. A., Bryant, R. A., & Brewin, C. R. (2011). Considering PTSD for DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 750-769. doi:10.1002/da.20767.
18. Fries, E., Dettenborn, L., & Kirschbaum, C. (2009). The cortisol awakening response (CAR): Facts and future directions. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 72, 67-73. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.014.
19. Granger, D. A., Hibel, L. C., Fortunato, C. K., & Kapelewski, C. H. (2009). Medication effects on salivary cortisol: tactics and strategy to minimize impact in behavioral and developmental science. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 1437-1448. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.017.
20. Heinrichs, M., Wagner, D., Schoch, W., Soravia, L. M., Hellhammer, D. H., & Ehlert, U. (2005). Predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms from pretraumatic risk factors: A 2-year prospective follow-up study in firefighters. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 2276-2286. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2276.
21. Hellhammer, J., Fries, E., Schweisthal, O. W., Schlotz, W., Stone, A. A., & Hagemann, D. (2007). Several daily measurements are necessary to reliably assess the cortisol rise after awakening: State- and trait components. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32, 80-86.
22. Huber, T. J., Issa, K., Schik, G., & Wolf, O. T. (2006). The cortisol awakening response is blunted in psychotherapy inpatients suffering from depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 900-904. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.03.005.
23. Inslicht, S. S., Otte, C., McCaslin, S. E., Apfel, B. A., Henn-Haase, C., Metzler, T., Marmar, C. R. (2011). Cortisol awakening response prospectively predicts peritraumatic and acute stress reactions in police officers. Biological Psychiatry, 70, 1055-1062. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.06.030.
24. Keane, T., Fairbank J.A., Caddell, J., Zimering, R., Taylor, K., & Mora, C. (1989). Clinical Evaluation of a Measure to Assess Combat Exposure. A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 53-55. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.1.53.
25. Kellner, M., Baker, D. G., & Yehuda, R. (1997). Salivary cortisol and PTSD symptoms in Persian Gulf War combatants. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 821, 442-443. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48300.x.
26. Klaassens, E. R., Giltay, E. J., Cuijpers, P., van Veen, T., & Zitman, F. G. (2012). Adulthood trauma and HPA-axis functioning in healthy subjects and PTSD patients: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 317-331. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.003.
27. Kunz-Ebrecht, S. R., Kirschbaum, C., Marmot, M., & Steptoe, A. (2004). Differences in cortisol awakening response on work days and weekends in women and men from the Whitehall II cohort. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 516-528. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00072-6.
28. Laudenslager, M. L., Noonan, C., Jacobsen, C., Goldberg, J., Buchwald, D., Bremner, J. D., Manson, S. M. (2009). Salivary cortisol among American Indians with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Gender and alcohol influences. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity, 23, 658-662. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2008.12.007.
29. Meewisse, M. L., Reitsma, J. B., de Vries, G. J., Gersons, B. P., & Olff, M. (2007). Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 387-392. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.024877.
30. Morris, M. C., Compas, B. E., & Garber, J. (2012). Relations among posttraumatic stress disorder, comorbid major depression, and HPA function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 301-315. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.002.
31. O'Donnell, T., Hegadoren, K. M., & Coupland, N. C. (2004). Noradrenergic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychobiology, 50, 273-283. doi:10.1159/000080952.
32. Pruessner, J. C., Kirschbaum, C., Meinlschmid, G., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2003). Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28, 916-931. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00108-7.
33. Resnick, H. S., Yehuda, R., & Acierno, R. (1997). Acute post-rape plasma cortisol, alcohol use, and PTSD symptom profile among recent rape victims. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 821, 433-436. doi:10.1136/jme.2007.022699.
34. Shalev, A. Y., Videlock, E. J., Peleg, T., Segman, R., Pitman, R. K., & Yehuda, R. (2008). Stress hormones and post-traumatic stress disorder in civilian trauma victims: A longitudinal study. Part I: HPA axis responses. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 11, 365-372. doi: 10.1017/S1461145707008127.
35. van Zuiden, M., Kavelaars, A., Rademaker, A. R., Vermetten, E., Heijnen, C. J., & Geuze, E. (2011). A prospective study on personality and the cortisol awakening response to predict posttraumatic stress symptoms in response to military deployment. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 713-719. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.11.013.
36. Wahbeh, H., Kishiyama, S. S., Zajdel, D., & Oken, B. S. (2008). Salivary cortisol awakening response in mild Alzheimer disease, caregivers, and noncaregivers. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 22, 181-183.
37. Wahbeh, H., & Oken, B. S. (2011). Mindful awareness and non-judging in relation to postraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Mindfulness, 2, 219-227. doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0064-3.
38. Wessa, M., Rohleder, N., Kirschbaum, C., & Flor, H. (2006). Altered cortisol awakening response in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 209-215. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.06.010.
39. Yehuda, R. (2002). Post-traumatic stress disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 108-114.
40. Yehuda, R. (2006). Advances in understanding neuroendocrine alterations in PTSD and their therapeutic implications. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 137-166. doi:10.1196/annals.1364.012.
41. Yehuda, R., Kahana, B., Binder-Brynes, K., Southwick, S. M., Mason, J. W., & Giller, E. L. (1995). Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 982-986.