메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

Rwanda - Lasting imprints of a genocide: Trauma, mental health and psychosocial conditions in survivors, former prisoners and their children

Author keywords

Anxiety; Depression; Descendants; Former prisoners; Genocide survivors; PTSD; Risk factors; Rwanda

Indexed keywords


EID: 84876141970     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17521505     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1752-1505-7-6     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (88)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 85053488234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How many perpetrators were there in the Rwandan genocide? An estimate
    • DOI 10.1080/1462352042000194728
    • How many perpetrators were there in the Rwandan genocide? Straus S, An estimate. Journal of Genocide Research 2004 6 1 85 98 10.1080/ 1462352042000194728 (Pubitemid 38497724)
    • (2004) Journal of Genocide Research , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 85-98
    • Straus, S.1
  • 3
    • 46149091603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Civil Wars, Women, and Gender Relations: An Overview
    • London: Lynne Rienner Kumar K
    • Civil Wars, Women, and Gender Relations: An Overview. Kumar K, Women and Civil War. Impact, Organizations, and Action London: Lynne Rienner, Kumar K, 2001 27 38
    • (2001) Women and Civil War. Impact, Organizations, and Action , pp. 27-38
    • Kumar, K.1
  • 4
    • 0034080689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trauma exposure and psychological reactions to genocide among Rwandan children
    • DOI 10.1023/A:1007759112499
    • Trauma exposure and psychological reactions to genocide among Rwandan children. Dyregrov A, Gupta L, Gjestad R, Mukanoheli E, Journal of Traumatic Stress 2000 13 1 3 21 10.1023/A:1007759112499 10761171 (Pubitemid 30171847)
    • (2000) Journal of Traumatic Stress , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-21
    • Dyregrov, A.1    Gupta, L.2    Gjestad, R.3    Mukanoheli, E.4
  • 5
    • 33745347775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ten years after the genocide: Trauma confrontation and posttraumatic stress in Rwandan adolescents
    • DOI 10.1002/jts.20104
    • Ten years after the genocide: trauma confrontation and posttraumatic stress in Rwandan adolescents. Schaal S, Elbert T, Journal of Traumatic Stress 2006 19 1 95 105 10.1002/jts.20104 16568463 (Pubitemid 46422069)
    • (2006) Journal of Traumatic Stress , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 95-105
    • Schaal, S.1    Elbert, T.2
  • 6
    • 77953508433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The trauma of truth telling: Effects of witnessing in the Rwandan gacaca courts on psychological health
    • 10.1177/0022002709360322
    • The trauma of truth telling: effects of witnessing in the Rwandan gacaca courts on psychological health. Brounéus K, Journal of Conflict Resolution 2010 54 3 408 437 10.1177/0022002709360322
    • (2010) Journal of Conflict Resolution , vol.54 , Issue.3 , pp. 408-437
    • Brounéus, K.1
  • 7
    • 84864750663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rates of trauma spectrum disorders and risks of posttraumatic stress disorder in a sample of orphaned and widowed genocide survivors
    • 10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.6343
    • Rates of trauma spectrum disorders and risks of posttraumatic stress disorder in a sample of orphaned and widowed genocide survivors. Schaal S, Duzingizemungu JP, Jacob N, Elbert T, European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2011 2 6343 10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.6343
    • (2011) European Journal of Psychotraumatology , vol.2 , pp. 6343
    • Schaal, S.1    Duzingizemungu, J.P.2    Jacob, N.3    Elbert, T.4
  • 8
    • 33751264959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconciliation after genocide, mass killing, or intractable conflict: Understanding the roots of violence, Psychological recovery, and steps toward a general theory
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00541.x
    • Reconciliation after genocide, mass killing, or intractable conflict: Understanding the roots of violence, psychological recovery, and steps towards a general theory. Staub E, Political Psychology 2006 27 867 894 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00541.x (Pubitemid 44797758)
    • (2006) Political Psychology , vol.27 , Issue.6 , pp. 867-894
    • Staub, E.1
  • 9
    • 84864750836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental health 15 years after the killings: Imprisoned perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide versus a community sample of survivors
    • 10.1002/jts.21671 22354502
    • Mental health 15 years after the killings: imprisoned perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide versus a community sample of survivors. Schaal S, Weierstall R, Duzingizemungu JP, Elbert T, Journal of Traumatic Stress 2012 25 1 8 10.1002/jts.21671 22354502
    • (2012) Journal of Traumatic Stress , vol.25 , pp. 1-8
    • Schaal, S.1    Weierstall, R.2    Duzingizemungu, J.P.3    Elbert, T.4
  • 10
    • 85084681995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender and genocide in Rwanda
    • 10.1080/14623520120113900
    • Gender and genocide in Rwanda. Jones A, Journal of Genocide Research 2002 4 1 65 94 10.1080/14623520120113900
    • (2002) Journal of Genocide Research , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 65-94
    • Jones, A.1
  • 13
    • 0034030630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the PTSD Symptom Scale-Interview Version and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale
    • DOI 10.1023/A:1007781909213
    • Comparison of the PTSD symptom scale- interview version and the clinician-administered PTSD scale. Foa EB, Tolin DF, Journal of Traumatic Stress 2000 13 2 181 191 10.1023/A:1007781909213 10838669 (Pubitemid 30333790)
    • (2000) Journal of Traumatic Stress , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 181-191
    • Foa, E.B.1    Tolin, D.F.2
  • 15
    • 12944319408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nakivale camp mental health project: Building local competency for psychological assistance to traumatised refugees
    • The nakivale camp mental health project: building local competency for psychological assistance to traumatised refugees. Onyut LP, Neuner F, Schauer E, Ertl V, Odenwald M, Schauer M, Elbert T, Intervention 2004 2 2 90 107
    • (2004) Intervention , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 90-107
    • Onyut, L.P.1    Neuner, F.2    Schauer, E.3    Ertl, V.4    Odenwald, M.5    Schauer, M.6    Elbert, T.7
  • 16
    • 77953878594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of a mental health assessment in an African conflict population
    • 20528059
    • Validation of a mental health assessment in an African conflict population. Ertl V, Pfeiffer A, Saile R, Schauer E, Elbert T, Psychological Assessment 2010 22 2 318 324 20528059
    • (2010) Psychological Assessment , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 318-324
    • Ertl, V.1    Pfeiffer, A.2    Saile, R.3    Schauer, E.4    Elbert, T.5
  • 18
    • 0027326281 scopus 로고
    • Test characteristics of the Hopkins symptom check list-25 (HSCL-25) in Sweden, using the present state examination (PSE-9) as a caseness criterion
    • Test characteristics of the Hopkins Symptom Check List-25 (HSCL-25) in Sweden, using the Present State Examiniation (PSE-9) as a caseness criterion. Nettelbladt P, Hansson L, Stefansson CG, Borgquist L, Nordström G, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1993 28 130 133 10.1007/BF00801743 8378808 (Pubitemid 23256549)
    • (1993) Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 130-133
    • Nettelbladt, P.1    Hansson, L.2    Stefansson, C.-G.3    Borgquist, L.4    Nordstrom, G.5
  • 19
    • 0031056301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The validity of screening for post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression among Vietnamese former political prisoners
    • The validity of screening for post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression among Vietnamese former political prisoners. Smith Fawzi MC, Murphy E, Pham T, Lin L, Poole C, Mollica RF, Acta Psychiatrica Scandnavica 2007 95 2 87 93
    • (2007) Acta Psychiatrica Scandnavica , vol.95 , Issue.2 , pp. 87-93
    • Smith Fawzi, M.C.1    Murphy, E.2    Pham, T.3    Lin, L.4    Poole, C.5    Mollica, R.F.6
  • 20
    • 0036742327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of depression in rural Rwanda based on symptom and functional criteria
    • 10.1097/00005053-200209000-00009 12357098
    • Prevalence of depression in rural Rwanda based on symptom and functional criteria. Bolton P, Neugebauer R, Ndogoni L, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2002 190 9 631 637 10.1097/00005053-200209000-00009 12357098
    • (2002) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.190 , Issue.9 , pp. 631-637
    • Bolton, P.1    Neugebauer, R.2    Ndogoni, L.3
  • 21
    • 0032421570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10
    • The MINI-International Neuro- psychiatric Interview (MINI): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan H, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1998 59 22 33 9881538 (Pubitemid 29001829)
    • (1998) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , vol.59 , Issue.SUPPL. 20 , pp. 22-33
    • Sheehan, D.V.1    Lecrubier, Y.2    Sheehan, K.H.3    Amorim, P.4    Janavs, J.5    Weiller, E.6    Hergueta, T.7    Baker, R.8    Dunbar, G.C.9
  • 27
    • 0003429996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Human Rights Watch and Fédération internationale des ligues des droits de l'homme
    • Des Forges A, Leave none to tell the story New York: Human Rights Watch and Fédération internationale des ligues des droits de l'homme 1999
    • (1999) Leave None to Tell the Story
    • Des Forges, A.1
  • 28
    • 21344432568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in a community sample of adolescents and young adults
    • DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1320
    • Longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. Perkonigg A, Pfister H, Stein MB, Hofler M, Lieb R, Maercker A, Wittchen HU, American Journal of Psychiatry 2005 162 7 1320 1327 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1320 15994715 (Pubitemid 40905583)
    • (2005) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.162 , Issue.7 , pp. 1320-1327
    • Perkonigg, A.1    Pfister, H.2    Stein, M.B.3    Hofler, M.4    Lieb, R.5    Maercker, A.6    Wittchen, H.-U.7
  • 29
    • 0037464894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic panic-attack equivalents in a community sample of Rwandan widows who survived the 1994 genocide
    • DOI 10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00301-3, PII S0165178102003013
    • Somatic panic-attack equivalents in a community sample of Rwandan widows who survived the 1994 genocide. Hagengimana A, Hinton D, Bird B, Pollack M, Pitman RK, Psychiatry Research 2003 117 1 9 10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00301-3 12581815 (Pubitemid 36173771)
    • (2003) Psychiatry Research , vol.117 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-9
    • Hagengimana, A.1    Hinton, D.2    Bird, B.3    Pollack, M.4    Pitman, R.K.5
  • 31
    • 44149089812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Family violence, war, and natural disasters: A study of the effect of extreme stress on children's mental health in Sri Lanka
    • DOI 10.1186/1471-244X-8-33
    • Family violence, war, and natural disasters: a study of the effect of extreme stress on childrens's mental health in Sri Lanka. Catani C, Jacob N, Schauer E, Kohila M, Neuner F, BMC Psychiatry 2008 8 33 10.1186/1471-244X-8-33 18454851 (Pubitemid 351715879)
    • (2008) BMC Psychiatry , vol.8 , pp. 33
    • Catani, C.1    Jacob, N.2    Schauer, E.3    Kohila, M.4    Neuner, F.5
  • 34
    • 0030998263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anxiety, depression and PTSD in asylum-seekers: Associations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stressors
    • Anxiety, depression, and PTSD in asylum-seekers: associations with pre-migration trauma and post- migration stressors. Silove D, Sinnerbrink I, Field A, Manicavasagar V, Steel Z, British Journal of Psychiatry 1997 170 351 357 10.1192/bjp.170.4.351 9246254 (Pubitemid 27208233)
    • (1997) British Journal of Psychiatry , vol.170 , Issue.APRIL , pp. 351-357
    • Silove, D.1    Sinnerbrink, I.2    Field, A.3    Manicavasagar, V.4    Steel, Z.5
  • 36
    • 0036084494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mental health of war-wounded refugees: An 8-year follow-up
    • DOI 10.1097/00005053-200206000-00005
    • The mental health of war-wounded refugees: an 8-year follow-up. Hermansson AC, Timpka T, Thyberg M, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2002 190 6 374 380 10.1097/00005053-200206000-00005 12080207 (Pubitemid 34663467)
    • (2002) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.190 , Issue.6 , pp. 374-380
    • Hermansson, A.-C.1    Timpka, T.2    Thyberg, M.3
  • 37
    • 0043210735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors Associated with Poor Mental Health among Guatemalan Refugees Living in Mexico 20 Years after Civil Conflict
    • DOI 10.1001/jama.290.5.635
    • Factors associated with poor mental health among Guatemalan refugees living in Mexico 20 years after civil conflict. Sabin M, Lopes Cardozo B, Nackerud L, Kaiser R, Varese L, JAMA 2003 290 5 635 642 10.1001/jama.290.5.635 12902367 (Pubitemid 37430484)
    • (2003) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.290 , Issue.5 , pp. 635-642
    • Sabin, M.1    Cardozo, B.L.2    Nackerud, L.3    Kaiser, R.4    Varese, L.5
  • 40
    • 0030090826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conséquences psychologiques des massacres de 1994 au Rwanda
    • 23560024
    • Conséquences psychologiques des massacres de 1994 au Rwanda. Sydor G, Phillipot P, Santé mentale au Québec 1996 21 1 229 246 23560024
    • (1996) Santé Mentale Au Québec , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 229-246
    • Sydor, G.1    Phillipot, P.2
  • 41
    • 27744498114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trauma, PTSD, and resilience: A review of the literature
    • 10.1177/1524838005277438 23559953
    • Trauma, PTSD, and resilience: a review of the literature. Agaibi CE, Wilson JP, Trauma, violence & abuse 2005 6 3 195 216 10.1177/ 1524838005277438 23559953
    • (2005) Trauma, Violence & Abuse , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 195-216
    • Agaibi, C.E.1    Wilson, J.P.2
  • 42
    • 0035223253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychopathology in children of holocaust survivors: A review of the research literature
    • Psychopathology in children of Holocaust survivors: A review of the research literature. Kellerman NP, Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 2001 38 1 36 46 11381585 (Pubitemid 33771356)
    • (2001) Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences , vol.38 , Issue.1 , pp. 36-46
    • Kellerman, N.P.F.1
  • 43
    • 0042847346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental health, social functioning, and feelings of hatred and revenge of Kosovar Albanians one year after the war in Kosovo
    • DOI 10.1023/A:1024413918346
    • Mental health, social functioning, and feelings of hatred and revenge of Kosovar Albanians one year after the war in Kosovo. Lopes Cardozo B, Kaiser R, Gotway CA, Agani F, Journal of Traumatic Stress 2003 16 4 351 360 10.1023/A:1024413918346 12895018 (Pubitemid 36909273)
    • (2003) Journal of Traumatic Stress , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 351-360
    • Lopes Cardozo, B.1    Kaiser, R.2    Gotway, C.A.3    Agani, F.4
  • 44
    • 0031765596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-effect relationships of trauma to symptoms of depression and post- traumatic stress disorder among Cambodian survivors of mass violence
    • Dose-effect relationships of trauma to symptoms of depression and post- traumatic stress disorder among Cambodian survivors of mass violence. Mollica RF, McInnes K, Poole C, Tor S, British Journal of Psychiatry 1999 173 482 488 (Pubitemid 28557129)
    • (1998) British Journal of Psychiatry , vol.173 , Issue.DEC. , pp. 482-488
    • Mollica, R.F.1    McInnes, K.2    Poole, C.3    Tor, S.4
  • 46
    • 0033211359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physcial health and posttraumatic stress disorder: Review and synthesis
    • 10553035
    • Physcial health and posttraumatic stress disorder: review and synthesis. Schnurr PP, Jankowski MK, Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry 1999 4 4 295 304 10553035
    • (1999) Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 295-304
    • Schnurr, P.P.1    Jankowski, M.K.2
  • 48
    • 0034904795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder: Mutual maintenance?
    • DOI 10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00071-4, PII S0272735800000714
    • Chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder: mutual maintenance? Sharp TJ, Harvey AG, Clinical Psychology Review 2001 21 6 857 877 10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00071-4 11497210 (Pubitemid 32722120)
    • (2001) Clinical Psychology Review , vol.21 , Issue.6 , pp. 857-877
    • Sharp, T.J.1    Harvey, A.G.2
  • 49
  • 50
    • 77953687279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community based sociotherapy in Byumba
    • 10.1097/WTF.0b013e328307ed33
    • Community based sociotherapy in Byumba. Richters A, Dekker C, Scholte WF, Rwanda. Intervention 2008 6 2 100 116 10.1097/WTF.0b013e328307ed33
    • (2008) Rwanda. Intervention , vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp. 100-116
    • Richters, A.1    Dekker, C.2    Scholte, W.F.3
  • 51
    • 0041845293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender, social support, and PTSD in victims of violent crime
    • DOI 10.1023/A:1024478305142
    • Gender, Social Support, and PTSD in Victims of Violence. Andrews B, Brewin CR, Andrews SR, Journal of Traumatic Stress 2003 16 4 421 427 10.1023/A:1024478305142 12895025 (Pubitemid 36909280)
    • (2003) Journal of Traumatic Stress , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 421-427
    • Andrews, B.1    Brewin, C.R.2    Rose, S.3
  • 52
    • 38349090259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Truth-telling as talking cure? Insecurity and retraumatization in tneh Rwandan Gacaca courts
    • 10.1177/0967010607086823
    • Truth-telling as talking cure? Insecurity and retraumatization in tneh Rwandan Gacaca courts. Brounéus K, Security Dialogue 2008 39 1 55 76 10.1177/0967010607086823
    • (2008) Security Dialogue , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 55-76
    • Brounéus, K.1
  • 53
    • 84876113866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Programme National de la Santé Mentale (PNSM) Kigali: Ministère de la Santé 21179530
    • Programme National de la Santé Mentale (PNSM), Guide en Santé Mentale dans le contexte des Juridictions Gacaca Kigali: Ministère de la Santé 2004 21179530
    • (2004) Guide en Santé Mentale dans le Contexte des Juridictions Gacaca
  • 55
    • 30944447982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remembering to forget: Chosen amnesia as a strategy for local coexistence in post-genocide Rwanda
    • Remembering to forget: Chosen amnesia as a strategy for local coexistence in post-genocide Rwanda. Buckley-Zistel S, Africa 2006 76 2 131 150 10.3366/afr.2006.76.2.131 (Pubitemid 43870977)
    • (2006) Africa , vol.76 , Issue.2 , pp. 131-150
    • Buckley-Zistel, S.1
  • 56
    • 77951132505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ingando Solidarity Camps: Reconciliation and Political Indoctrination in post-genocide Rwanda
    • Ingando Solidarity Camps: Reconciliation and Political Indoctrination in post-genocide Rwanda. Mgabko C, Harvard Human Rights Journal 2005 18 201 224
    • (2005) Harvard Human Rights Journal , vol.18 , pp. 201-224
    • Mgabko, C.1
  • 57
    • 79952499729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Building peace and security after genocide: The contribution of the gacaca courts of Rwanda
    • 10.1080/10246029.2011.561008
    • Building peace and security after genocide: the contribution of the gacaca courts of Rwanda. Wielenga C, Harris G, African Security Review 2011 20 1 15 25 10.1080/10246029.2011.561008
    • (2011) African Security Review , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-25
    • Wielenga, C.1    Harris, G.2
  • 59
    • 17744387676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restorative Justice and Collective Responsibility: Lessons For and From the Rwandan Genocide
    • DOI 10.1080/10282580210831
    • Restorative Justice and Collective Responsibility: Lessons for and from the Rwandan Genocide. Drumbl M, Contemporary Justice Review 2002 5 1 5 22 10.1080/10282580210831 (Pubitemid 36166218)
    • (2002) Contemporary Justice Review , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-22
    • Drumbl, M.A.1
  • 60
    • 84970104187 scopus 로고
    • Holocaust perpetrators and their children: A paradoxical morality
    • 10.1177/0022167889294002
    • Holocaust perpetrators and their children: A paradoxical morality. Bar-On D, Journal of Humanistic Psychology 1989 29 4 424 443 10.1177/0022167889294002
    • (1989) Journal of Humanistic Psychology , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 424-443
    • Bar-On, D.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.