To count or not to count: The effect of instructions on expecting a break in timing

Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics

Volumn 75, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 588-602

  Gaudreault, Rémi ^a   Fortin, Claudette ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Attention: divided attention and inattention; Grouping and segmentation; Temporal processing

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSIOLOGY; REACTION TIME; REPRODUCIBILITY; TIME; TIME PERCEPTION; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ATTENTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PRACTICE (PSYCHOLOGY); REACTION TIME; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; TIME FACTORS; TIME PERCEPTION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84876005079     PISSN: 19433921     EISSN: 1943393X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/s13414-012-0411-z     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Allan, L. G., & Kristofferson, A. B. (1974). Psychophysical theories of duration discrimination. Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 26-34.
2. Bherer, L., Desjardins, S., & Fortin, C. (2007). Age-related differences in timing with breaks. Psychology and Aging, 22, 398-403. doi: 10. 1037/0882-7974. 22. 2. 398.
3. Blier, M., Fortin, C. & Gaudreault, R. (2008). Preparatory processes, uncertainty and timing. Poster presented at BBCS 18th annual meeting, London, Canada.
4. Brown, S. W. (1985). Time perception and attention: The effects of prospective versus retrospective paradigms and task demands on perceived duration. Perception & Psychophysics, 38, 115-124.
5. Brown, S. W. (1997). Attentional resources in timing: Interference effects in concurrent temporal and nontemporal working memory tasks. Perception & Psychophysics, 59, 1118-1140.
6. Brown, S. W. (1998). Automaticity versus timesharing in timing and tracking dual-task performance. Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung. Special Issue: Timing in perception and action, 61, 71-81. doi: 10. 1007/s004260050014.
7. Brown, S. W. (2006). Timing and executive function: Bidirectional interference between concurrent temporal production and randomization tasks. Memory & Cognition, 34, 1464-1471.
8. Brown, S. W. (2008a). The attenuation effect in timing: Counteracting dual-task interference with time judgment skill training. Perception, 37, 712-724.
9. Brown, S. W. (2008b). Time and attention: Review of the Literature. In S. Grondin (Ed.), Psychology of time (pp. 111-138). Bingley, UK: Emerald.
10. Brown, S. W. (2010). Timing, resources, and interference: Attentional modulation of time perception. In K. C. Nobre & J. T. Coull (Eds.), Attention and time (pp. 107-121). New-York: Oxford University Press.
11. Buffardi, L. (1971). Factors affecting the filled-duration illusion in the auditory, tactual, and visual modalities. Perception & Psychophysics, 10, 292-294.
12. Buhusi, C. V., & Meck, W. H. (2005). What makes us tick? Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 755-765. doi: 10. 1038/nrn1764.
13. Burle, B., & Casini, L. (2001). Dissociation between activation and attention effects in time estimation: Implications for internal clock models. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 27, 195-205. doi: 10. 1037/0096-1523. 27. 1. 195.
14. Casini, L., & Macar, F. (1997). Effects of attention manipulation on judgments of duration and of intensity in the visual modality. Memory and Cognition, 25, 812-818.
15. Champagne, J., & Fortin, C. (2008). Attention sharing during timing: Modulation by processing demands of an expected stimulus. Perception & Psychophysics, 70, 630-639. doi: 10. 3758/PP. 70. 4. 630.
16. Church, R. M. (1984). Properties of the internal clock. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 423, 566-582. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1749-6632. 1984. tb23459. x.
17. Church, R. M. (1997). Timing and temporal search time and behaviour: Psychological and neurobehavioural analyses (pp. 41-78). Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland/Elsevier Science Publishers. doi: 10. 1016/S0166-4115(97)80054-4.
18. Crystal, J. D. (2003). Nonlinearities in sensitivity to time: Implications for oscillator-based representations of interval and circadian clocks. In W. H. Meck (Ed.), Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing (pp. 61-75). Boca Raton, FL, US: CRC Press.
19. Fetterman, J. G., & Killeen, P. R. (1990). A componential analysis of pacemaker-counter timing systems. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 16, 766-780. doi: 10. 1037/0096-1523. 16. 4. 766.
20. Field, D. T., & Groeger, J. A. (2004). Temporal interval production and short-term memory. Perception & Psychophysics, 66, 808-819.
21. Fortin, C. (2003). Attentional time-sharing in interval timing. In W. H. Meck (Ed.), Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing (pp. 235-260). Boca Raton, FL, US: CRC Press.
22. Fortin, C., Bédard, M.-C., & Champagne, J. (2005). Timing during interruptions in timing. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 31, 276-288. doi: 10. 1037/0096-1523. 31. 2. 276.
23. Fortin, C., Champagne, J., & Poirier, M. (2007). Temporal order in memory and interval timing: An interference analysis. Acta Psychologica, 126, 18-33. doi: 10. 1016/j. actpsy. 2006. 10. 002.
24. Fortin, C., & Couture, E. (2002). Short-term memory and time estimation: Beyond the 2-second "critical" value. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56, 120-127. doi: 10. 1037/h0087390.
25. Fortin, C., Fairhurst, S., Malapani, C., Morin, C., Towey, J., & Meck, W. H. (2009). Expectancy in humans in multisecond peak-interval timing with gaps. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 71, 789-802. doi: 10. 3758/APP. 71. 4. 789.
26. Fortin, C., & Massé, N. (2000). Expecting a break in time estimation: Attentional time-sharing without concurrent processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 26, 1788-1796. doi: 10. 1037/0096-1523. 26. 6. 1788.
27. Fortin, C., & Rousseau, R. (1998). Interference from short-term memory processing on encoding and reproducing brief durations. Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung, 61, 269-276. doi: 10. 1007/s004260050031.
28. Fortin, C., & Tremblay, S. (2006). Interrupting timing in interval production and discrimination: Similarities and differences. Behavioural Processes, 71, 336-343. doi: 10. 1016/j. beproc. 2005. 10. 003.
29. Fraisse, P. (1963). The psychology of time. Oxford, England: Harper & Row.
30. Fraisse, P. (1984). Perception and estimation of time. Annual Review of Psychology, 35, 1-36. doi: 10. 1146/annurev. ps. 35. 020184. 000245.
31. Gaudreault, R., Fortin, C., & Macar, F. (2010). Contrasting effects of interference and of breaks in interval timing. Acta Psychologica, 133, 3-16. doi: 10. 1016/j. actpsy. 2009. 07. 013.
32. Getty, D. J. (1975). Discrimination of short temporal intervals: A comparison of two models. Perception & Psychophysics, 18, 1-8.
33. Getty, D. J. (1976). Counting processes in human timing. Perception & Psychophysics, 20, 191-197.
34. Gibbon, J. (1977). Scalar expectancy theory and Weber's law in animal timing. Psychological Review, 84, 279-325. doi: 10. 1037/0033-295X. 84. 3. 279.
35. Gibbon, J. (1991). Origins of scalar timing. Learning and Motivation, 22, 3-38. doi: 10. 1016/0023-9690(91)90015-Z.
36. Gibbon, J., Church, R. M., & Meck, W. H. (1984). Scalar timing in memory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 423, 52-77. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1749-6632. 1984. tb23417. x.
37. Gilliland, A. R., & Martin, R. (1940). Some factors in estimating short time intervals. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 243-255. doi: 10. 1037/h0060494.
38. Grondin, S. (1992). Production of time intervals from segmented and nonsegmented inputs. Perception & Psychophysics, 52, 345-350.
39. Grondin, S. (2001). From physical time to the first and second moments of psychological time. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 22-44. doi: 10. 1037/0033-2909. 127. 1. 22.
40. Grondin, S., Meilleur Wells, G., & Lachance, R. (1999). When to start explicit counting in a time-intervals discrimination task: A Critical point in the timing process of humans. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 25, 993-1004. doi: 10. 1037/0096-1523. 25. 4. 993.
41. Grondin, S., Ouellet, B., & Roussel, M.-E. (2004). Benefits and limits of explicit counting for discriminating temporal intervals. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 1-12. doi: 10. 1037/h0087436.
42. Hemmes, N. S., Brown, B. L., & Kladopoulos, C. N. (2004). Time perception with and without a concurrent nontemporal task. Perception & Psychophysics, 66, 328-341.
43. Hicks, R. E., & Allen, D. A. (1979). Counting eliminates the repetition effect in judgments of temporal duration. Acta Psychologica, 43, 361-366. doi: 10. 1016/0001-6918(79)90030-1.
44. Hicks, R. E., Miller, G. W., & Kinsbourne, M. (1976). Prospective and retrospective judgments of time as a function of amount of information processed. The American Journal of Psychology, 89, 719-730. doi: 10. 2307/1421469.
45. Hinton, S. C., Harrington, D. L., Binder, J. R., Durgerian, S., & Rao, S. M. (2004). Neural systems supporting timing and chronometric counting: An FMRI study. Cognitive Brain Research, 21, 183-192. doi: 10. 1016/j. cogbrainres. 2004. 04. 009.
46. Hinton, S. C., & Rao, S. M. (2004). "One-thousand one...one-thousand two...": Chronometric counting violates the scalar property in interval timing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 24-30.
47. Killeen, P. R. (1992). Counting the minutes. In F. Macar, V. Pouthas, & W. J. Friedman (Eds.), Time, action and cognition: Towards bridging the gap (pp. 203-214). New York, NY, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
48. Killeen, P. R., & Weiss, N. A. (1987). Optimal timing and the Weber function. Psychological Review, 94, 455-468. doi: 10. 1037/0033-295X. 94. 4. 455.
49. Kladopoulos, C. N., Brown, B. L., Hemmes, N. S., & Cabeza de Vaca, S. (1998). The start-stop procedure: Estimation of temporal intervals by human subjects. Perception & Psychophysics, 60, 438-450.
50. Kladopoulos, C. N., Hemmes, N. S., & Brown, B. L. (2004). Prospective timing under dual-task paradigms: Attentional and contextual-change mechanisms. Behavioural Processes, 67, 221-233. doi: 10. 1016/j. beproc. 2003. 12. 004.
51. Lejeune, H. (1998). Switching or gating? The attentional challenge in cognitive models of psychological time. Behavioural Processes, 44, 127-145. doi: 10. 1016/S0376-6357(98)00045-X.
52. Lejeune, H. (2000). Prospective timing, attention and the switch: A response to "gating or switching? Gating is a better model of prospective timing" by Zakay. Behavioural Processes, 52, 71-76. doi: 10. 1016/S0376-6357(00)00136-4.
53. Lejeune, H., & Wearden, J. H. (2009). Vierordt's the experimental study of the time sense (1868) and its legacy. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 21, 941-960. doi: 10. 1080/09541440802453006.
54. Lewis, P. A., & Miall, R. C. (2003). Overview: An image of human neural timing. In W. H. Meck (Ed.), Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing (pp. 515-532). Boca Raton, FL, US: CRC Press.
55. Macar, F. (2002). Expectancy, controlled attention and automatic attention in prospective temporal judgments. Acta Psychologica, 111, 243-262. doi: 10. 1016/S0001-6918(02)00052-5.
56. Macar, F., Grondin, S., & Casini, L. (1994). Controlled attention sharing influences time estimation. Memory and Cognition, 22, 673-686.
57. Meck, W. H. (1984). Attentional bias between modalities: Effect on the internal clock, memory, and decision stages used in animal time discrimination. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 423, 528-541. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1749-6632. 1984. tb23457. x.
58. Meck, W. H. (1997). Application of a mode-control model of temporal integration to counting and timing behaviour. In C. M. Bradshaw & E. Szabadi (Eds.), Time and behaviour: Psychological and neurobehavioural analyses (pp. 133-184). Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland/Elsevier Science Publishers. doi: 10. 1016/S0166-4115(97)80056-8.
59. Meck, W. H., & Church, R. M. (1983). A mode control model of counting and timing processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes, 9, 320-334. doi: 10. 1037/0097-7403. 9. 3. 320.
60. Meck, W. H., Church, R. M., & Gibbon, J. (1985). Temporal integration in duration and number discrimination. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes, 11, 591-597. doi: 10. 1037/0097-7403. 11. 4. 591.
61. Michon, J. A. (1985). The compleat time experiencer. In J. A. Michon & J. L. Jackson (Eds.), Time, mind, and behavior (pp. 20-52). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
62. Morey, R. D. (2008). Confidence intervals from normalized data: A correction to Cousineau (2005). Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 4, 61-64.
63. Penney, T. B., & Vaitilingam, L. (2008). Imaging time. In S. Grondin (Ed.), Psychology of time (pp. 261-294). Bingley, UK: Emerald.
64. Petrusic, W. M. (1984). Explicit counting and time-order errors in duration discrimination. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 423, 630-633. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1749-6632. 1984. tb23477. x.
65. Petrusic, W. M. (2002). Chronometric mental counting in duration discrimination. In J. A. Da Silva & N. P. Ribeiro-Filho (Eds.), Fechner day 2002. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the International Society for Psychophysics (pp. 116-122). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: The International Society for Psychophysics.
66. Rakitin, B. C. (2005). The effects of spatial stimulus-response compatibility on choice time production accuracy and variability. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 31, 685-702. doi: 10. 1037/0096-1523. 31. 4. 685.
67. Rakitin, B. C., Gibbon, J., Penney, T. B., Malapani, C., Hinton, S. C., & Meck, W. H. (1998). Scalar expectancy theory and peak-interval timing in humans. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes, 24, 15-33. doi: 10. 1037/0097-7403. 24. 1. 15.
68. Rammsayer, T. H., & Lima, S. D. (1991). Duration discrimination of filled and empty auditory intervals: Cognitive and perceptual factors. Perception & Psychophysics, 50, 565-574.
69. Rammsayer, T., & Ulrich, R. (2005). No evidence for qualitative differences in the processing of short and long temporal intervals. Acta Psychologica, 120, 141-171. doi: 10. 1016/j. actpsy. 2005. 03. 005.
70. Rattat, A.-C., & Droit-Volet, S. (2012). What is the best and esiest method of preventing counting in different temporal task? Behavior Research Methods, 44, 67-80. doi: 10. 3758/s13428-011-0135-3.
71. Rousseau, R., Picard, D., & Pitre, E. (1984). An adaptive counter model for time estimation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 423, 639-642. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1749-6632. 1984. tb23479. x.
72. Thomas, E. A., & Weaver, W. B. (1975). Cognitive processing and time perception. Perception & Psychophysics, 17, 363-367.
73. Tremblay, S., & Fortin, C. (2003). Break expectancy in duration discrimination. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 29, 823-831. doi: 10. 1037/0096-1523. 29. 4. 823.
74. Wearden, J. H. (1991). Do humans possess an internal clock with scalar timing properties? Learning and Motivation. Special Issue: Animal timing, 22, 59-83. doi: 10. 1016/0023-9690(91)90017-3.
75. Wearden, J. H., Denovan, L., Fakhri, M., & Haworth, R. (1997). Scalar timing in temporal generalization in humans with longer stimulus durations. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes, 23, 502-511. doi: 10. 1037/0097-7403. 23. 4. 502.
76. Wearden, J. H., & Lejeune, H. (2008). Scalar properties in human timing: Conformity and violations. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 569-587. doi: 10. 1080/17470210701282576.
77. Wearden, J. H., & McShane, B. (1988). Interval production as an analogue of the peak procedure: Evidence for similarity of human and animal timing processes. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 40, 363-375.
78. Woodrow, H. (1930). The reproduction of temporal intervals. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 13, 473-499. doi: 10. 1037/h0070462.
79. Woodrow, H. (1934). The temporal indifference interval determined by the method of mean error. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 17, 167-188.
80. Zakay, D. (1990). The evasive art of subjective time measurement: Some methodological dilemmas. In R. A. Block (Ed.), Cognitive models of psychological time (pp. 59-84). Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
81. Zakay, D., & Block, R. A. (1996). The role of attention in time estimation processes. In M. A. Pastor & J. Artieda (Eds.), Time, internal clocks and movement. Advances in psychology (Vol. 115, pp. 143-164). Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland/Elsevier Science Publishers, xiv, 310 pp.
82. Zakay, D., Nitzan, D., & Glicksohn, J. (1983). The influence of task difficulty and external tempo on subjective time estimation. Perception & Psychophysics, 34, 451-456.