Third- and fourth-degree perineal tears-incidence and risk factors

Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine

Volumn 26, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 660-664

  Melamed, Nir ^a   Gavish, Oz ^a   Eisner, Michal ^a   Wiznitzer, Arnon ^a   Wasserberg, Nir ^a   Yogev, Yariv ^a  

^a RABIN MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

Delivery; Fourth degree; Perineal tear; Risk factor

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BODY POSITION; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; FETUS; FORCEPS DELIVERY; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LABOR; LARGE FOR GESTATIONAL AGE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PERINEUM INJURY; PERSISTENT OCCIPUT POSTERIOR POSITION; PRECIPITATE LABOR; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; VAGINAL DELIVERY;

ADULT; DELIVERY, OBSTETRIC; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; ISRAEL; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; OBSTETRIC LABOR COMPLICATIONS; PERINEUM; PREGNANCY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SOFT TISSUE INJURIES; TERTIARY CARE CENTERS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84875988575     PISSN: 14767058     EISSN: 14764954     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.746308     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of third and fourth degree perineal tears following vaginal delivery. RCOG guideline no.29. London: RCOG Press; 2001
2. Samuelsson E, Ladrors L, Lindblom BG, et al. A prospective observational study on tears during vaginal delivery: Occurrences and risk factors. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002;81:44-9
3. Williams A. Third degree perineal tears: Risk factors and outcome after primary repair. J Obstet Gynaecol 2003;23:611-14
4. Dandolu V, Chatwani A, Harmanli O, et al. Risk factors for obstetrical anal sphincter lacerations. Int Urogynecol J 2005; 16:304-7
5. Dahlen HG, Ryan M, Homer C, et al. An Australian prospective cohort study of risk factors for severe perineal trauma during childbirth. Midwifery 2007;23:196-203
6. Eskandar O, Shet D. Risk factors for 3rd and 4th degree perineal tear. J Obstet Gynaecol 2009;29:119-22
7. Valbo A, Gjessing L, Herzog C, et al. Anal sphincter tears at spontaneous delivery: A comparison of five hospitals at Norway. Acta Obstet Gynecol 2008;87:1176-80
8. Laine K, Gissler M, Pirhonen J. Changing incidence of anal sphincter tears in four Nordic countries through the last decades. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009;146:71-5
9. Sheiner E, Levy A, Walfisch A, et al. Third degree perineal tears in a university medical center where midline episiotomies are not performed. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2005;271:307-10
10. Andrews V, Sultan AH, Thakar R, et al. Risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injury: A prospective study. Birth 2006;33:117-22
11. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Bartram CI, et al. Analsphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1905-11
12. De Leeuw JW, Struijk PC, Vierhout ME, et al. Risk factors for third degree perineal ruptures during delivery. BJOG 2001;108:383-387
13. Groutz A, Hasson J, Wengier A, et al. Third-And fourth-degree perineal tears: Prevalence and risk factors in the third millennium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;204:347.e1-4
14. Poen AC, Felt-Bersma RJ, Dekker GA, et al. Third degree obstetric perineal tears: Risk factors and the preventive role of mediolateral episiotomy. BJOG 1997;104:563-6
15. Hamilton E, Smith S, Yang L, et al. Third and fourth degree perineal lacerations: Defining high risk clinical clusters. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;204:309e1-6
16. Faltin DL, Boulvain M, Irion O, et al. Diagnosis of anal sphincter tears by postpartum endosonography to predict fecal incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:643-7
17. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, et al. Third degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: Risk factors and outcome of primary repair. BMJ 1994;30:887-91
18. Combs CA, Robertson PA, Laros RK. Risk factors for third-degree and fourth-degree perineal lacerations in forceps and vacuum deliveries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:100-4
19. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, et al. Anal sphincter trauma during instrumental delivery: A comparison between forceps and vacuum extraction. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1993;43:263-70
20. Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, et al. Prenatal diagnosis and fetal therapy. In: Cunnigham FG, Leveno KL, Bloom SL, et al, eds. Williams Obstetrics. 23rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2010:chap 13
21. Sultan AH, Monga AK, Kumar D, et al. Primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture using the overlap technique. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;106:318-23
22. Sheiner E, Levy A, Mazor M. Precipitate labor: Higher rates of maternal complications. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004;116:43-7
23. Dollberg S, Haklai Z, Mimouni FB, et al. Birth weight standards in the live born populations in Israel. Isr Med Assoc J 2005;7:311-14
24. Carroli G, Mignini L: Episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1 2009;21:CD000081
25. Zetterström J, Lo'pez A, Anze'n B, et al. Anal sphincter tears at vaginal delivery: Risk factors and clinical outcome of primary repair. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:21-8
26. Peleg D, Kennedy CM, Merrill D, et al. Risk of repetition of a severe perineal laceration. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:1021-4
27. Steiner N, Weintraub AY, Wiznitzer A, et al. Episiotomy: The final cut? Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012;286(6):1369-73