Zinc deficiency in soils, cropsand humans: A Review

Agrochimica

Volumn 56, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 65-97

  Ahmad, W ^a   Watts, M J ^b   Imtiaz, M ^c   Ahmed, I ^d   Zia, M H ^b,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^c NUCLEAR INSTITUTE FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE NIFA   (Pakistan)

^d NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (Pakistan)

^e Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

Bioavailability; Crop yield response; Human Zn malnutrition; Soil application; Zinc fertilizer

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875944959     PISSN: 00021857     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (182)

1. AASEN, I.: Zinc deficiency in plants, reaction of grain, grass, and carrots to zinc fertilization in soil with low zinc content. Aktuell, 1,9-14 (1987).
2. ADILOGLU, A. and ADILOGLU, S.: The effect of boron (B) application on the growth and nutrient contents of maize in zinc (Zn) deficient soils. Res. J. Agric. Bio. Sci., 2, 1-4 (2006).
3. ALLOWAY, B J.: Soil factors associated with zinc deficiency in crops and humans. Environ. Geochem. Health., 31,537-548 (2009).
4. nd ed. International Zinc Association (IZA) and International Fertilizer Association (IFA), Brussels, Belgium and Paris, France, p. 139 (2008).
5. ANDERSEN, P.A.: Review of Micronutrient Problems in the Cultivated Soil of Nepal: An Issue with Implications for Agriculture and Human Health. Mountain Research and Development, 27, 331-335 (2007).
6. BANK, L.: Effects of timing of foliar zinc fertilizer on yield components of soybeans. Amt. J. Exp. Agric. Animal llusb.. 22, 226-231 (1982).
7. BANSAL, R., SINGH, S. and NAYYAR, N.: The critical zinc deficiency level and response to zinc application of wheat on typic ustochrepts. Exp. Agric, 26,303-306 (1990).
8. BARAK, P. and HELMKE, P.: The chemistry of zinc. In: Robin, A. (ed). Zinc in soils and plants. K Iu war Academic Press, London (1993).
9. BERGER, K.: Micronutrient deficiencies in the United States. J. Agric. Food Chenu, 10, 178-181 (1962).
10. BHAT, R. and VASANTHI, S.: Food safety assessment issues of transgenic rice in the Indian context. In: Chopra, V., Shanthanam, S. and Sharma, R. (eds). Biosafety of Transgenic Rice. National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi, pp. 65-74 (2005).
11. BHATNAGAR, S.: Zinc with oral rehydration therapy reduces stool output and duration of diarrhoea in hospitalised children: a randomized control trial. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 38, 34-40 (2004).
12. BLACK, R.: Zinc deficiency, infectious disease and mortality in the developing world. J. Nutr., 133, 1485-1489 (2003).
13. BRAR, J.S., SIDHU, A.S., SIDHU, B.S. and KHURANA, M.P.S.: Evaluation of sources, methods and rate of zinc application with and without FYM in Bt cotton. J. Cotton Res. Dev., 22, 170-172 (2008).
14. BRENNAN, R.: The effect of zinc fertilizer on take-all and the grain yield of wheat grown on zinc-deficient soils of the Esperance region, Western Australia. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst., 31, 215-219 (1992).
15. BRENNAN, R.: Availability of previous and current applications of zinc fertilizer using single superphosphate for the grain production of wheat on soils of South Western Australia.J. Plant Nutr., 19, 1099-1115 (1996).
16. BRENNAN, R.: Residual value of zinc fertiliser for production of wheat. Aust. J. Exp. Agric, 41,541-547 (2001).
17. BROADLEY, M., WHITE, P., HAMMOND, J., ZELKO, I. and Lux, A.: Zinc in plants. New Phytol, 173, 677-702 (2007).
18. BROADLEY, MR., HAMMOND, J.P., KING, G.J., ASTLEY, D., BOWEN, H C, MEACHAM, MC, MEAD, A., PINK, D.A C, TEAKLE, GR., HAYDEN, R.M., SPRACKLEN, W.P. and WHITE, P.J.: Shoot calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations differ between subtaxa, are highly heritable, and associate with potentially pleiotropic loci in Brassica oleracea. Plant Physiol., 146, 1707-1720 (2008).
19. BROADLEY, M.R., Ó LOCHLAINN, S., HAMMOND, J.P., BOWEN, H.C., CAKMAK, I., EKER, S., ERDEM, H., KING, GJ. and WHITE, PJ.: Shoot zinc (Zn) concentration varies widely within Brassica oleracea L. and is affected by soil Zn and phosphorus (P) levels. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech., 85,375-380 (2010).
20. BROWN, L.: Comparison of zinc sulfate and zinc EIJTA as zinc fertilizer source. Proc. Soil Set. Soc. Am., 37, 111-115(1973).
21. CAKMAK, I.: Possible roles of zinc in protecting plant cells from damage by reactive oxygen species. New Phytol, 146, 185-205(2000).
22. CAKMAK, I.: Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc. Agronomic or genetic biofortification? Plant Soil., 302, 1-17 (2008).
23. CAKMAK, I., OZTURK L., KARANLIK S., MARSCHNER H. and EKIZ H.: Zinc efficient wild grasses enhance release of phytosiderophores under zinc deficiency. J. Plant Nutr., 19, 551-563 (1996).
24. CAKMAK, I., PFEIFFER, W. and Mc. CLAFFERTY, B.: Biofortification of Durum Wheat with Zinc and Iron. Cereal Chem., 87, 10-20(2010).
25. CARSKY, R. and REÍD, W.: Response of corn to zinc fertilization. J. Prod. Agric., 3,502-507 (1990).
26. CEYLAN, S., HIKMET, S., BUDAK, B., AKDEMÝR, H. and ESETLÝLÝ, B C: Effect of zinc on yield and some related traits of alfalfa. Turk. J. Field Crops, 14, 136-143 (2009).
27. CHANDYO, R.: Zinc and childhood infections. In: Anderson P. (ed). Micronutrients in South and South East Asia. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal, pp. 33-35 (2005).
28. CHANG, S.S.: Micronutrients in plant production in Taiwan. Extension Bulletin - Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region (Taiwan). 0379-7587, no. 489, Tapei, Taiwan, p. 17 (2000).
29. CHAUDHRY, F. and LONERAGAN, J.: Effects of nitrogen, copper, and zinc fertilizers on the copper and zinc nutrition of wheat plants. Australian J. Agric. Res., 21, 865-879 (1970).
30. CIMMYT, international Centre for Wheat and Maize Improvement. www.cimmyt.org?research/wheat/map/developing-world/wheat-developing-world (2011).
31. CIPAR, M., HUNTER, D., WEBER, W., MILLER, R. and PORTER, P.: Soil fumigation and zinc status of soils in relationship to potato speckle-bottom disease development and control. Potato Research, 17,307-319 (1974).
32. CONSTABLE, G., ROCHESTER, I. and COOK, J.: Zinc, copper, iron, manganese and boron uptake by cotton on cracking clay soils of high pH. Aust. J. Exp. Agric, 28,351-356 (1988).
33. DICKINSON, N., GULLIVER, G., MACPHERSON, J., ATKINSON, J., RANKIN, M., CUMMINGS, Z., NISBET, A., HURSTHOUSE, A., TAYLOR, C, ROBERTSON, and BURGHARDT, W.: A framework to explore micronutrient deficiency in maternal and child health in Malawi, Southern Africa. Environmental Health 8 (Suppl. 1) art. n. S13 (2009).
34. DONG, B., RENGEL, Z. and GRAHAM, R D.: Characters of root geometry of wheat genotypes differing in Zn efficiency. J. Plant Nutr., 18,2761-2773 (1995).
35. DONNER, E., BROOS, K., HEEMSBERGEN, D., WARNE, M.ST.J., MCLAUGHLIN, MJ., HODSON, M.E. and NORTCLIFF, S.: Biological and chemical assessments of zinc ageing in field soils. Environ. Poll., 158, 339-345 (2010).
36. DUNCAN, L.W. and COHN, E.: Nematode parasites of citrus. In: Lue, R., Sikora, R.A. and Bridge, J. (eds). Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Sub-tropical and Tropical Agriculture. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 321-346(1990).
37. DUTTA, P.: Impact of zinc supplementation in malnourished children with acute watery diarrhoea. J. Trop. Pediatr., 46, 259-263 (2000).
38. EKIZ, H., BAGCI, S., KIRAL, A., EKER, S., GÜLTEKIN, I., ALKAN, A and CAKMAK, I.: Effects of zinc fertilization and irrigation on grain yield and zinc concentration of various cereals grown in zinc-deficient calcareous soils. J. Plant Nutr., 21, 2245-2256 (1998).
39. ELWAN, I.M., MOHAMED, H.Z. and OMRAN, S.E.: Response of cotton plants to phosphatic and zinc fertilization. Annals Agric. Sci. Cairo, 47, 1159-1178 (2002).
40. EYUPOGLU, F., KURUCU, N. and SANISA, U.: Status of plant available micronutrients in Turkish soils (in Turkish). Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Ankara, pp. 25-32 (1994).
41. FAO/WHO/IAEA: Trace elements in human nutrition and health. WHO, Geneva (1996).
42. FARAJNIA, A. and ARDALAN, M.: Effect of source and rate of zinc on yield and quality of potato. .Soil Water J., 12,37-41 (1998).
43. GIBSON, R.S., HESS, S Y., HOTZ, C. and BROWN, KH.: Indicators of zinc status at the population level. A review of the evidence. Brit. J. Nutr., 99 (Suppl. 3), S14-S23 (2008).
44. GIBSON, R., HOTZ, C, TEMPLE, L., YEUDALL, F., MITIMUNI, B. and FERGUSON, E.: Dietary strategies to combat deficiencies of iron, zinc and vitamin A in developing countries. Food Nutr. Bull., 21,2219-2231 (2000).
45. GOBARAH, M E., MOHAMED, MH. and TA WFIK, M.M.: Effect of phosphorus fertilizer and foliar spraying with zinc on growth, yield and quality of groundnut under reclaimed sandy soils. J. Applied Sci. Res., 2, 491-496 (2006).
46. GRAHAM, D. and WEBB, M J.: Micronutrients and disease resistance and tolerance in plants. In: Mortvedt, J.J, Cox, F.R., Shuman, L.M., and Welch, R.M. (eds). Micronutrients in Agriculture. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, USA, 2nd ed., pp. 329-370 (1996).
47. GRAHAM, R.: Effects of nutrient stress on susceptibility of plants to disease with particular reference to the trace elements. In: Woolhouse H. (ed). Advances in Botanical Research, Academic Press, London, pp. 221-276 (1983).
48. GRAHAM, R., ARCHER, J. and HYNES, S.: Selecting zinc-efficient cereal genotypes for soils of low zinc status. Plant Soil. 146, 241-250 (1992).
49. GREGORIO, G., SENADHIRA, D., HTUT, H and GRAHAM, R.: Breeding for trace minerals in rice. Food Nutr. Bull., 21,382-386 (2000).
50. GREWAL, H.: Zinc influences nodulation, disease severity, leaf drop and herbage yield of alfalfa cultivare. Plant Soil, 234, 47-59 (2001).
51. GREWAL, H.S. and WILLIAMS, R.: Zinc nutrition affects alfalfa responses to water stress and excessive moisture. J. Plant Nutr., 23, 949-962 (2000).
52. GREWAL, H., GRAHAM, R. and RENGEL, Z.: Genotypic variation in zinc efficiency and resistance to crown rot disease (Fusarium graminaearum Schw. Group 1) in wheat. Plant Soil, 186, 219-226 (1996).
53. GUERTA-QUIJANO, C, KIRK, G, PORTUGAL, A, BARTOLOMÉ, V. and MCLAREN, G.: Tolerance of rice germplasms to zinc deficiency. Field Crops Res., 76, 123-130 (2002).
54. HAMBRIDGE, M.: Human zinc deficiency. J. Nutr., 130, 1344S-1349S (2000).
55. HAMID, A. and AHMAD, N.: Integrated plant nutrition system: Development and rural poverty alleviation. Regional Workshop on Integrated Plant Nutrition System (IPNS), Development and Rural Poverty Alleviation, FADINAP, 18-20 September, Bangkok, Thailand (2001).
56. HAZRA, C. and TRIPATHI, S: Effect of secondary and micronutrients on yield and quality of forages. Fertilizer News, 43, 77-82 (1998).
57. HEMANTARANJAN, A and GARG, O.: Iron and zinc fertilization with reference to grain quality of Triticum aesti- vum L. J. Plant Nutr., 11, 1439-1450 (1988).
58. HIDAYAT, A., ACHADI, S. and SOEDARNO, S.: The effect of zinc supplementation in children grown in sewage irrigated area. Med. J Indonesia, 2, 234-241 (1998).
59. HOFFLAND, E., WEI, C. and WISSUWA, M.: Organic anion exudation by lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) at zinc and phosphorus deficiency. Plant Soil, 283, 155-162 (2006).
60. HOLLOWAY, R., GRAHAM, R. and STACEY, S.: Micronutrient Deficiencies in Australian Field Crops. In: Alloway B. (ed). Micronutrient Deficiencies in Global Crop Production. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 63-92 (2008).
61. IZINCG (INTERNATIONAL ZINC NUTRITION CONSULTATIVE GROUP). Hotz, C. and Brown, KH. (eds). Assessment of the risk of zinc deficiency in populations and options for its control. Food Nutr. Bull., 25 (Suppl 2): S91-204 (2004).
62. HUSSAIN, S.: Oral zinc sulphate in leg ulcers. Lancet., 1, 1069-1071 (1969).
63. ILZRO: Zinc in Crop Production. International Lead Zinc Research Organisation, Durham, North Carolina, p. 54 (1975).
64. IMTIAZ, M., ALLOWAY, B, KHAN, P., MEMON, M., SIDDIQUI, S., ASLAM, M. and SHAH, S.: Zinc deficiency in selected cultivare of wheat and barley as tested in solution culture. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 37, 1703-1721 (2006).
65. IRRI: Bringing Hope, Improving Lives, Strategic Plan. 2007-2015. International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines (2007).
66. IRSHAD, M., GILL, M., AZIZ, T., RAHMATULLAH and AHMED, I.: Growth response of cotton cultivare to zinc deficiency stress in chelator-buffered nutrient solution. PoJt J. BoI., 36, 373-380 (2004).
67. IYENGER, S., MARTENS, D. and MILLER, W.: Distribution and plant availability of soil zinc fractions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45,735-739 (1981).
68. JOHNSON-BEEBOUT, S.E., SARAH, E., LAUREN, J and DUXBURY, J.: Immobilization of zinc fertilizer in flooded soils monitored by adapted DTPA soil test. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 40, 1842-1861 (2009).
69. JOHNSON, G.: Pakistan citrus industry challenges. Opportunities for Australia-Pakistan Collaboration in Research, Development & Extension. (2006). Available at http//aciar.gov.au/files/node/739/ASLP%20 citrus%20scoping%20study%20report.pdf (accessed April 21, 2012).
70. KABATA-PENDIAS, A. and PENDIAS, H.: Trace Elements m Soils and Plants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 365 (1992).
71. KANGARSHAHI, A., AMIRI, N., MALAKOUTI, M. and MORADI, B.: Effect of rates and methods of zinc application on yield and fruit quality of satsuma mandarin. Iranian J. Soil Water Sci, 21, 1-14 (2007).
72. KANWAL, S., RAHMATULLAH, M., MAQSOOD, A. and BAKHAT, H.: Zinc requirement of maize hybrids and indigenous varieties on udic haplustalf. J. Plant Nuir., 32,470-478 (2009).
73. KATYAL, J. and RATTAN, R.: Secondary and micronutrients research gaps and future needs. Pert. News, 48,9-20 (2003).
74. KAUSAR, M., CHAUDHRY, F., RASHID, A., LATIF, A. and ALAM, S.: Micronulrient availability to cereals from calcareous soils. I. Comparative Zn and Cu deficiency and their mutual interaction in rice and wheat. Plant Soil 45,397-410 (1976).
75. KAUSAR, M., HUSSAIN, F., ALI, S. and IQBAL, M.: Zinc and Cu nutrition of two wheat varieties on a calcareous soil. Pak J. Soil Sci, 20,21-26 (2001).
76. KHATTAK, J.: Micronutrients in Pakistan Agriculture. Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Islamabad and Deptt. of Soil Science, NWFP Agriculture University, Peshawar, Pakistan (1995).
77. KIEKENS, L.: Zinc. In: Alloway, B. (ed). Heavy Metals in Soils. Blackie Academic and Professional, London, pp. 284-305(1995).
78. LANTICAN, M.A., PINGALI, P.L. and RAJARAM, S.: Part 2: Are marginal wheat environments catching up? In: Ekboir, J. (ed). ClMMYT 2000-2001 World Wheat Overview and Outlook, Developing no-till packages for small-skill farmers. CIMMYT, Mexico, DF, pp. 39-44 (2002).
79. LEON, L., LOPES, A. and VLEK, P.: Micronulrient problems in tropical Latin America. In: Vlek, P. (ed). Micronutrients in Tropical Food Crop Production. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W/ Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 95-130 (1985).
80. Li, J., ZHOU, M., PESSARKLI, M. and STOREHLEIN, J L.: Cotton response to zinc fertilizer. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 22, 1689-1699(1991).
81. Liu, G., ZHANG, X., WANG, K. and HAN, J.: Effects of boron, molybdenum and zinc on the yield and crude protein content of alfalfa. Grassland China, 27, 13-18 (2005). Available at http://en.cnki com.cn/Article en/ GIFDTotal-ZGCD200506002.htm (accessed May 20, 2012).
82. LÓPEZ-VALDIVIA, L., FERNÁNDEZ, M., OBRADOR, A. and ALVAREZ, J.: Zinc transformations in acidic soil and zinc efficiency on maize by adding six organic zinc complexes. J. Agric. Food Chem, 50,1455-1460 (2002).
83. MARSCHNER, H.: Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press, London p. 889 (1995).
84. MENGEL, D.B.: Role of micronutrients in efficient crop production. Purdue University Coop. Ext. Serv., Pub. AY-239 (1980). Available at http://www extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/AY/AY-239.html (accessed April 21,2012).
85. th ed., p. 621 (2001).
86. MIRVAT, E.G., MAGDA, H.M. and TAWFIK, M.M : Effect of phosphorus fertilizer and foliar spraying with zinc on growth, yield and quality of groundnut under reclaimed sandy soils. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 2,491-496 (2006).
87. MODAIHSH, A.: Foliar application of chelated and non-chelated metals for supplying micronutrients to wheat grown on calcareous soil. Exp. Agric., 33, 237-245 (1997).
88. MORAGHAN, J.: Differential responses of five species to phosphorus and zinc fertilizers. Commun. Soil Set. Plant Anal., 15,437-447(1984).
89. MORAGHAN, J. and HELMS, T.: Seed zinc of soybean as an indicator of zinc status of the mother plant. J. Plant Nutr.,28, 161-171 (2005).
90. MORTVEDT, JJ.: Needs for controlled-availability micronutrient fertilizers. Fert. Res., 38, 213-221 (1994).
91. MORTVEDT, JJ. and GILKES, RJ.: Zinc fertilizers. In: Robson, A.D. (ed). Zinc in soils and plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 33-34 (1993).
92. NAMBIAR, K. and MOTIRAMANI, D.: Zinc nutrition on the yield and nutrient composition of chickpea (Cieer artelinum L.) as related to four soil types. J. Agron. Crop Set., 152,165-172 (1983).
93. NAMMUANG, C. and INGKAPRADIT, W.: Effects of phosphate fertilizer on the uptake of applied zinc chelate and zinc sulfate of rice grown on a Roi-Et sandy loam soil. In: Oil Science Annual Report for 1985/1986. Soil Science Division, Department of Agriculture, Thailand, pp. 12-22 (1986).
94. NAYAK, S., SARANGI, D., MISHRA, G. and ROUT, D.: Response of groundnut to secondary and micronutrients. Journal of SAT Agricultural Research 7, 1-2 (2009). Available at http.//ejoumal.crisat.org/Volume7/ Groundnut/GN706.pdf (accessed May 20, 2012).
95. NEILSEN, G.H. and NEILSEN, D.: Tree fruit zinc nutrition. In: Peterson, A.B. and Stevens, RG. (eds). Tree Fruit Nutrition. Good Fruit Grower, Yakima, Washington, pp. 85-93 (1994).
96. NEILSEN, D., HOYT, P. and MACKENZIE, A.: Distribution of soil Zn fractions in British Columbia interior orchards soils. Can. J. Soil Sci 66,445-454 (1986).
97. NFDC - NATIONAL FERTILIZER DEVELOPMENT CENTRE: Micronutrients in Agriculture. Pakistan Perspective. NFDC Publication No. 4/98, Islamabad, Pakistan (1998). NIAB: Seventh five year report on research and other activities. Faisalabad, Pakistan, 6 April 2002 to 5 April 2007). National Institute of Agriculture and Biology p. 67 (2007).
98. OSOTSAPAR, Y.: Micronutrients in crop production in Thailand. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Micronutrient in Crop Production (Taipei, Taiwan, November 8-13 1999). National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (1999).
99. OZKUTLU, F., TORUN, B. and CAKMAK, I.: Effect of zinc humate on growth of soybean and wheat in zincdeficient calcareous soil. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 37, 2769-2778 (2006).
100. PARC - PAKISTAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL: Soil Status and Scope of Micronutrients in Pakistan Agriculture. I ed., Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan, p. 36, (1986).
101. PATEL, P. and PATEL, K.: Effects of zinc and boron application on seed yield of lucerne (Medicago saliva L.). J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci 51, 320-321 (2003).
102. PAUL, P., SARKAR, D., SAHOO, A, BHATTACHARYA, B. and GUPTA, S.: Accumulation of nutrients in vegetables grown in sewage irrigated areas. Indian J Fert., 1, 51-54 (2006).
103. PEARSON, J., JENNER, C, RENGEL, Z. and GRAHAM, R.: Differential transport of Zn, Mn and sucrose along the longitudinal axis of developing wheat grains. Physiol. Plant., 97,332-338 (1996).
104. PFEIFFER, W. and Mc CLAFFERTY, B.: Harvest Plus: breeding crops for better nutrition. Crop Sci, 47, S88-S105 (2007).
105. PHILLIPS, M.: Economic benefits from using micronutrients for the farmer and the fertilizer producer, paper presented at IFA International Symposium on Micronutrients 23-25 February, New Delhi, India (2004). Available at http.//www.fertilizer org/ifa/HomePage/LlBRARY/Conference-papers/ AgricuItureConferences/2004-micronutrients (accessed April 22,2012).
106. POLARA, K B., SAKARVADIA, H L., PARMAR, K B, BABARIYA, N.B. and KUNJADIA, B.B.: Residual effect of potassium and zinc on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by groundnut in medium black calcareous soils. Asian J. Soil Sci 4, 245-247 (2009/2010a).
107. POLARA, K B, SAKARVADIA, H L., PARMAR, K.B., BABARIYA, N B. and KUNJADIA B B.: Direct and residual effect of Zn, Fe and K on yield and their uptake by wheat-groundnut crop sequence in medium black soils. Asian J. Soil Sci, 4,283-286 (2009/2010b).
108. PORIES, W. and STRAIN, W.: Zinc and wound healing. In: Prasad, A. (ed). Zinc Metabolism. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, USA, p. 378(1966).
109. PRADO, R., ROZANE, D., SIMÕES, R and ROMUALDO, L.: Response of rice seedlings to seed application of zinc. Magistra, 20, 87-94 (2008).
110. PRASAD, R.: Zinc in soils and in plant, human and animal nutrition. Indian J. Fert., 2, 103-109 (2006).
111. PRASAD, R.: Zinc biofortification of food grains in relation to food security and alleviation of zinc malnutrition. Curr. Sci 98, 1300-1304 (2010).
112. PRASAD, B. and SINHA, M K.: The relative efficiency of zinc carriers on growth and zinc nutrition of corn. Plant Soil, 62,45-52(1981).
113. PRASAD, A.S., HALSTED, J.A and MADIMI, M.: Syndrome of iron deficiency anaemia, hepatosplenomegaly, hypogonadism, dwarfism geophagea. Am. J. Med., 31, 532-546 (1961).
114. QAYYUM, F., ASHRAF, M. and YASIN, M.: Response of com to micronutrients on Barani land. In: Khattak, J K., Perveen, S" Farmanullah. (eds), Proceedings of the national seminar on micronutrient in soils and crops in Pakistan, December 13-15, 1987. Peshawar, Pakistan, NAUP, pp. 88-93 (1988).
115. RADFORD, B., KEY, A., ROBERTSON, L. and THOMAS, G.: Conservation tillage increases soil water storage, soil animal populations, grain yield, and response to fertiliser in the semi-arid tropics. Austr. J. Exp. Agric, 35, 223-232 (1995).
116. RAFIQUE, E., RASHID, A, RYAN, J. and BHATTI, A.: Zinc deficiency in rainfed wheat in Pakistan: magnitude, spatial variability, management, and plant analysis diagnostic norms. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 37, 181-197(2006).
117. RAHMATULLAH, SALIM, M. and SHAIKH, B.: Distribution and availability of zinc in soil fraction to wheat on some alkaline calcareous soils. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci 151, 385-389 (1988).
118. RASHID, A.: Nutrient indexing of Cotton in Multan district and Boron and Zinc nutrition of Cotton. Micronutrient Project Annual Report 1994-95, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan, p. 76 (1996).
119. RASHID, A.: Establishment and management of micronutrient deficiencies in Pakistan: a review. Soil Environ., 24, 1-22(2005).
120. RASHID, A.: Incidence, diagnosis and management of micronutrient deficiencies in crops: Success stories and limitations in Pakistan. IFA International Workshop on Micronutrients, 27 Feb-02 Mar, 2006, Kunming, China (2006). Available at http.//www.fertilizer.org/ifacontent/..Vl/.72006-ag- kunming-rashid.pdf (accessed April 21, 2012).
121. RASHID, A. and AKHTAR, M.: Soil fertility research and nutrient management in Pakistan. In: Symposium on Balanced Fertilizer Use. Impact on Crop Production. National Fertilizer Development Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan, pp. 90-113 (2006).
122. RASHID, A. and Fox R.L.: Evaluating the internal zinc requirements of grain crops by seed analysis. Agron. J., 4,469-474(1992).
123. RASHID, A. and QAYYUM, F.: Cooperative research programme on micronutrient status of Pakistan soils and their role in crop production. Final Report (1983-90), National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan, p. 84(1991).
124. RASHID, A. and RYAN, J.: Micronutrient constraints to crop production in soils with Mediterranean type characteristics: a review. J. Plant NuIr., 27,959-975 (2004).
125. RASHID, A., HUSSAIN, F. and TAHIR, M.: Alleviating zinc deficiency in transplanted flooded rice in alkaline soils of Pakistan. Int. Rice Res. News, 24, 32-33 (1999).
126. RASHID, A., RAFIQUE, E. and BUGHIO, N.: Micronutrient deficiencies in rain-fed calcareous soils of Pakistan. III. Boron Nutrition of Sorghum. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 28,444-454 (1997).
127. RASHID, A., RAHMATULLAH and SALEM. M.: Soil conditions and crop factors inducing zinc deficiency in plants. In: Khattak, J.K., Perveen, S., Farmanullah, (eds). Proceedings of the national seminar on micronutrient in soils and crops in Pakistan, December 13-15, 1987. Peshawar, Pakistan, NAUP, pp. 94-117 (1988).
128. RAVEN, K. and LOEPPERT, R.: Trace element composition of fertilizers and soil amendments. J. Environ Quality., 26,551-557(1997).
129. RENGEL, Z. and GRAHAM, R.: Wheat genotypes differ in zinc efficiency when grown in chelated buffered nutrient solution. I. Growth. Plant Soil, 146, 307-316 (1995).
130. RENGEL, Z. and ROMHELD, V.: Root exudation and Fe uptake and transport in wheat genotypes differing in tolerance to Zn deficiency. Plant Soil. 222,25-34 (2000).
131. RENGEL, Z., BATTEN, G. and CROWLEY, D.: Agronomic approaches for improving the micronutrient density in edible portions of field crops. Field Crop Res., 60,21-40 (1999).
132. RIVERA, J., RUEL, M., SANITZO, M., LONNERDEL, B. and BROWN, K.: Zinc supplementation improves the growth of stunted rural Guatemalan infants. J. Nutr., 128,556 (1998).
133. ROMHELD, V. and MARSCHNER, H.: Genotypical differences among graminaceous species in release of phytosiderophores and uptake of iron phytosiderophores. Plant Soil 123, 147-153 (1990).
134. ROSE, I., FELTON, W. and BANKS, L: Responses of four soybean varieties to foliar zinc fertilizer. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Animal Husb., 21, 236-240 (1981).
135. ROY, S.: Randomized controlled trial of zinc supplementation in malnourished Bangladeshi children with acute diarrhoea. Arch. Dis. Child., 77, 196-200(1997).
136. SACHDEV, H.A: Controlled trial on utility of oral zinc supplementation in acute diarrhoea in infants. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 7, 877-881 (1988).
137. SAHU, S., KABAT, B. and NAYAK, S.: Available boron and molybdenum status of some lateritic and alluvial soils of Orissa growing groundnut and its response to molybdenum on lateritic soil. Environ. EcoL, 16,772-775 (1998).
138. SCHULTE, E.E. and WALSH, L.M.: Soil and applied zinc. University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension Service, Wisconsin, USA, Pub. no. A2528, p. 2 (1982), Available at http.//www.soils.wisc.edu/extension/pubs/ A2528.pdf (accessed April 21,2012).
139. SHANKAR, M.A., GAJANANA, G.N., MOHAN, H.K., JAKKANUR, R., RAVI, M V. and RUPADEVI, V.D.: Effect of zinc and boron on growth, yield and quality of fingermillet-groundnut based cropping system for alfisoils of Kamataka. IFA International Symposium on Micronutrients, 23-25 February, New Delhi, India, pp. 23-25 (2004).
140. SHIVAY, Y.S., KUMAR, D., PRASAD, R. and AHLAWAT, I.P.S.: Relative yield and zinc uptake by rice from zinc sulphate and zinc oxide coatings onto urea. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 80, 181-188 (2008a).
141. SHIVAY, Y.S., PRASAD, R. and RAHAL, A.: Relative efficiency of zinc oxide and zinc sulphate enriched urea for spring wheat. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 82,259-264 (2008b).
142. SHUKLA, U. and RAJ, H.: Influence of genotypical variability on zinc response in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Plant Soil, 104, 151-154 (1987).
143. SILLANPAA, M.: Micronutrients and nutrient status of soils, a global study. FAO Soils Bull., 48, p. 414 (1982).
144. SILLANPA, M.: Micronutrient assessment at the country level. An international study. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (1990).
145. SIMS, JT. and JOHNSON, G.V.: Micronutrient soil tests. In: Mortvedt, J., Cox, F., Shuman, L., and Welch, R. (eds). Micronutrients in Agriculture. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 427-476 (1991).
146. SINCLAIR, J.: Soybeans. In: Bennett, W. (ed). Nutrient Deficiencies and Toxicities in Crop Plants. The American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, pp. 99-103 (1993).
147. SINGH, B., NATESAN, S.K.A., SINGH, BK. and USHA, K.: Improving zinc efficiency of cereals under zinc deficiency. Curr. Sci, 88, 36-44 (2005).
148. SINGH, M. V.: Evaluation of current micronutrient stocks in different agro-ecological zones of India for sustainable crop production. Fert. News., 46, 25-42 (2001).
149. SINGH, M. V.: Micronutrient seed treatment to nourish the crops at the critical stages of growth. Tech. Bull. HSS, Bhopal, pp. 1-93 (2003).
150. SINGH, M. V.: Micronutrient deficiencies in crops and soils in India. In: Alloway, B (ed). Micronutrient deficiencies in global crop production. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 93-126 (2008).
151. SINGH, M.V. and ABROL, IP.: Direct and residual effect of fertilizer zinc application on the yield and chemical composition of rice-wheat crops in an alkali soil. Fert. Res., 8(2), 179-191 (1985).
152. SINGHAL, S. and RATTAN, R.: Zinc nutrition of soybean and mustard in relation to sources of zinc. Ann. Agric. Res., 20,4-8(1999).
153. SLATON, N., GBUR, E., WILSON, CJ. and NORMAN, R.: Rice response to granular zinc sources varying in water-soluble zinc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 69,443-453 (2005a).
154. SLATON, N., NORMAN, R. and CE, W.J.: Effect of zinc source and application time on zinc uptake and grain yield of flood-irrigated rice. Agron. J., 97, 272-278 (2005b).
155. SNYDER, CS. and SLATON, N.: Rice production in the United States. An overview. Belter Crop Int., 16, 30-35 (2002).
156. SPARROW, D.H. and GRAHAM, R D.: Susceptibility of zinc-deficient wheat plants to colonization by Fusarium graminearum Schw. Group I. Plant Soil, 112, 261-266 (1988).
157. SRIVASTAVA, A. and SHYAM, S.: Zinc nutrition in 'Nagpur' mandarin on haplustert. J. Plant Nutr., 37, 10651081 (2009).
158. STEIN, A.: Global impacts of human mineral malnutrition. Plant Soil, 335, 133-154(2010).
159. STEIN, A.J., NESTEL, P., MEENAKSHI, J.V., QAIM, M., SACHDEV, H P. and BHUTTA, Z.A.: Plant breeding to control zinc deficiency in India: how cost-effective is biofortification? Public Health Nutr., 10,492-501 (2007).
160. SUDHALAKSHMI, C: Shoot length - a tool to evaluate rice genotypes for zinc efficiency in solution culture. Asian J. Soil Sci., 2,93-95 (2007).
161. SWIETIK, D.: Interaction between zinc deficiency and boron toxicity on growth and mineral nutrition of sour orange seedlings. J. Plant Nutr., 118, 1191-1207 (1995).
162. SZAKAL, P. and SZALKA, E.: Effect of Zn-soil treatment on yield and quality of potato variety Cleopatra. Acta Agronomica Ovariensis, 50,49-55 (2008).
163. TAKKAR, P.: Zinc deficiency in Indian soils and crops. In: Zinc in crop nutrition. International Lead Zinc Research Organization Inc. and Indian l-ead Zinc Information Centre, New Dehli, pp. 55-64 (1991).
164. TAKKAR, P.: Requirements and response of crop genotypes to micronutrients in India-a-review. In: Randall, P., Delhaize, E.R. Munns, R.A. and Munns, R. (eds). Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 341-348 (1993).
165. TAKKAR, P. and WALKER, C: The distribution and correction of zinc deficiency. In: Robson, A. (ed). Zinc in soils and plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 151-165 (1993).
166. TANDON, H.: Micronutrients in soils, crops and fertilizers. Fertilizer Development Consultation Organization, New Delhi, India (1995).
167. TORUN, A., GÜLTEKIN, M., KALAYCI, M., YILMAZ, A., EKER, S. and CAKMAK, I.: Effect of zinc fertilization on grain yield and shoot concentrations of zinc, boron, and phosphorus of 25 wheat cultivars grown on a zincdeficient and boron-toxic soil. J. Plant Nutr., 24, 1817-1829 (2001).
168. VAN ÄSTEN, P., BARRO, S., WOPEREIS, M and DEFOER, T.: Using farmer knowledge to combat low productive spots in rice fields of a sahelian irrigation scheme. Land Degrad. Develop., 15, 383-396 (2004).
169. VAN BREEMEN, N. and QUIJANO, C.L.N.S.: Zinc deficiency in wetland rice along a toposequence of hydromorphic soils in the Philippines. Plam Soil, 57,203-214 (1980).
170. WELCH, R. and GRAHAM, R.: A new paradigm for world agriculture: productive, sustainable, nutritious, healthful food systems. Food Nutr. Bull. 21, 261-366 (2000).
171. WHITE, PJ. and BROADLEY, MR.: Biofortification of crops with seven mineral elements often lacking in human diets - iron, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, selenium and iodine. New Phytoi, 182,49-84 (2009).
172. WHITE, PJ. and BROADLEY, M R.: Physiological limits to zinc biofortification of edible crops. Front. Plant Sci, 2, 1-11, Article 80 (2011).
173. WHITE, PJ., BROADLEY, M R, HAMMOND, J.P., RAMSAY, G., SUBRAMANIAN, N.K., THOMPSON, J. and WRIGHT, G.: Bio-fortification of potato tubers using foliar zinc-fertiliser. J. Hon. Sci. Biotech., 87, 123-129 (2012).
174. WISSUWA, M., ISMAIL, A. and GRAHAM R.: Rice grain zinc concentrations as affected by genotype, native soilzinc availability, and zinc fertilization. Plant Soil, 306,37-48 (2008).
175. XIE, J., XING, W. and ZHOU, J.: Current use and requirement for nutrients for sustainable food production in China. In: Johnston, A. and Syers, J. (eds). Nutrient Management for Sustainable Crop Production in Asia. CAB International, Walhngford, Connecticut, USA, pp. 267-277 (1998).
176. YAKAN, H., GÜRBÜZ, M. A., AVSAR, F., SÜREK, H. and Beser, N.: The effect of zinc application on rice yield and some agronomic characters. Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes, 58, 1-5 (2000).
177. YASEEN, M. and AHMAD, M.: Nutrition management in citrus: effect of multinutrients foliar feeding on the yield of kinnow at different locations. Pak. J. Bot., 43, 1863-1870 (2010).
178. YILMAZ, A., EKIZ, H., TORUN, B., GULTEKIN, I, KARANLIK, S., BAGCI, S. and CAKMAK, I.: Effect of different zinc application methods on grain yield and zinc concentration in wheat cultivare grown on zinc-deficient calcareous soils. J. Plant Nutr., 20,461-471(1997).
179. YOGARATNAM, N. and JOHNSON, D.: The application of foliar sprays
180. ZANONI, U. and DELOBEL, T.: Pakistan Swiss Potato Development Project. Annual technical reports of potato on farm and on station research activities in Pakistan Autumn 1992, spring 1993, summer 1993, p. 376 (1994).
181. ZIA, M.H., AHMAD, R., KHALIQ, I., AHMAD, A. and IRSHAD, M.: Micronutrients status and management in orchards soils: applied aspects. Soil Environ., 25, 6-16 (2006).
182. Zou, C, GAO, X., SHI, R., FAN, X. and ZHANG, F.: Micronutrient deficiencies in crop production in China. In: Alloway, B. (ed). Micronutrient deficiencies in global crop production. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 127-148(2008).