메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 26, Issue 15, 2013, Pages 5608-5623

Diagnosing present and future permafrost from climate models

Author keywords

Arctic; Land surface; Land surface model; Soil temperature

Indexed keywords

ARCTIC; CANADIAN ARCHIPELAGO; COUPLED MODEL INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT; LAND SURFACE; LAND SURFACE MODELS; SOIL TEMPERATURE; SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION; TEMPERATURE CHANGES;

EID: 84875832309     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00341.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (266)

References (74)
  • 1
    • 52949118018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thawing permafrost and thicker active layers in sub-arctic Sweden
    • doi:10.1002/ppp.626
    • Akerman, H. J., and M. Johansson, 2008: Thawing permafrost and thicker active layers in sub-arctic Sweden. Permafrost Peri-glacial Processes, 19, 279-292, doi:10.1002/ppp.626.
    • (2008) Permafrost Peri-glacial Processes , vol.19 , pp. 279-292
    • Akerman, H.J.1    Johansson, M.2
  • 2
    • 0030201278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permafrost distribution in the Northern Hemisphere under scenarios of climatic change
    • doi:10.1016/0921-8181(96)00002-1
    • Anisimov, O., and F. Nelson, 1996: Permafrost distribution in the Northern Hemisphere under scenarios of climatic change. Global Planet. Change, 14, 59-72, doi:10.1016/0921-8181(96)00002-1.
    • (1996) Global Planet. Change , vol.14 , pp. 59-72
    • Anisimov, O.1    Nelson, F.2
  • 3
    • 0030656321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global warming and active-layer thickness: Results from transient general circulation models
    • doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(97)00009-X.
    • Anisimov, O., N. Shiklomanov, and F. Nelson, 1997: Global warming and active-layer thickness: Results from transient general circulation models. Global Planet. Change, 15, 61-77, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(97)00009-X.
    • (1997) Global Planet. Change , vol.15 , pp. 61-77
    • Anisimov, O.1    Shiklomanov, N.2    Nelson, F.3
  • 4
    • 84881365727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BCC, cited: BCC_AVIM 1.0. Beijing Climate Center
    • Available online
    • BCC, cited 2012: BCC_AVIM 1.0. Beijing Climate Center. Available online at http://bcc.cma.gov.cn/bcccsm/web/channel-42.htm.
    • (2012)
  • 5
    • 0033729488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of the inclusion of soil freezing on simulations by a soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer scheme
    • Boone, A., V. Masson, T. Meyers, and J. Noilhan, 2000: The influence of the inclusion of soil freezing on simulations by a soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer scheme. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 1544-1569.
    • (2000) J. Appl. Meteor , vol.39 , pp. 1544-1569
    • Boone, A.1    Masson, V.2    Meyers, T.3    Noilhan, J.4
  • 6
    • 0003950423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrost and Ground-Ice Conditions
    • U.S. Geological Survey in Cooperation with the Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Circum-Pacific Map Series CP-45, scale 1:10,000,000, 1 sheet.
    • Brown, J., O. J. Ferrians Jr., J. A. Heginbottom, and E. S. Melnikov, Eds., 1997: Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrost and Ground-Ice Conditions. U.S. Geological Survey in Cooperation with the Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Circum-Pacific Map Series CP-45, scale 1:10,000,000, 1 sheet.
    • (1997)
    • Brown, J.1    Ferrians Jr., O.J.2    Heginbottom, J.A.3    Melnikov, E.S.4
  • 7
    • 79952908232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) daily snow depth analysis data
    • Available online at
    • Brown, R., and B. Brasnett, cited 2010: Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) daily snow depth analysis data. National Snow and Ice Data Center. Available online at http://nsidc.org/data/NSIDC-0447.html.
    • (2010) National Snow and Ice Data Center
    • Brown, R.1    Brasnett, B.2
  • 8
    • 34548309226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
    • doi:10.1029/2006JF000631
    • Cheng, G., and T. Wu, 2007: Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. J. Geophys. Res., 112, F02S03, doi:10.1029/2006JF000631.
    • (2007) J. Geophys. Res , vol.112
    • Cheng, G.1    Wu, T.2
  • 10
    • 0030843133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution, characteristics, and use of earth dens and related excavations by polar bears on the western Hudson Bay lowlands
    • Clark, D., I. Stirling, and W. Calvert, 1997: Distribution, characteristics, and use of earth dens and related excavations by polar bears on the western Hudson Bay lowlands. Arctic, 50, 158-166.
    • (1997) Arctic , vol.50 , pp. 158-166
    • Clark, D.1    Stirling, I.2    Calvert, W.3
  • 11
    • 80053336337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of permafrost and seasonal thaw depth in the JULES land surface scheme
    • doi:10.5194/tc-5-773-2011
    • Dankers, R., E. J. Burke, and J. Price, 2011: Simulation of permafrost and seasonal thaw depth in the JULES land surface scheme. Cryosphere, 5, 773-790, doi:10.5194/tc-5-773-2011.
    • (2011) Cryosphere , vol.5 , pp. 773-790
    • Dankers, R.1    Burke, E.J.2    Price, J.3
  • 12
    • 79955446270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ERA-Interim Reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system
    • doi:10.1002/qj.828 Coauthors
    • Dee, D. P., and Coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim Reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553-597, doi:10.1002/qj.828.
    • (2011) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc , vol.137 , pp. 553-597
    • Dee, D.P.1
  • 13
    • 84867671008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GFDL's ESM2 global coupled climate-carbon Earth System Models. Part I: Physical formulation and baseline simulation characteristics
    • Coauthors
    • Dunne, J. P., and Coauthors, 2012: GFDL's ESM2 global coupled climate-carbon Earth System Models. Part I: Physical formulation and baseline simulation characteristics. J. Climate, 25, 6646-6665.
    • (2012) J. Climate , vol.25 , pp. 6646-6665
    • Dunne, J.P.1
  • 14
    • 84881352734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ECMWF-GABLS, Working Group reports. Workshop on Diurnal Cycles and the Stable Boundary Layer, ECMWF, v-xxi. Available online at
    • ECMWF-GABLS, 2012: Working Group reports. Workshop on Diurnal Cycles and the Stable Boundary Layer, ECMWF, v-xxi. [Available online at http://www.ecmwf.int/publications/library/ecpublications/_pdf/workshop/2 011/GABLS/WG_Reports_ workshop_Nov2011.pdf.]
    • (2012)
  • 15
    • 1442314273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational mesoscale Eta model
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD003296
    • Ek, M. B., K. E. Mitchell, Y. Lin, E. Rogers, P. Grunmann, V. Koren, G. Gayno, and J. D. Tarpley, 2003: Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational mesoscale Eta model. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8851, doi:10.1029/2002JD003296.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res , vol.108 , pp. 8851
    • Ek, M.B.1    Mitchell, K.E.2    Lin, Y.3    Rogers, E.4    Grunmann, P.5    Koren, V.6    Gayno, G.7    Tarpley, J.D.8
  • 16
    • 0038752383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MOSES 2.2 technical documentation
    • Note 30, 30 pp. Available online at
    • Essery, R. L. H., M. J. Best, and P. M. Cox, 2001: MOSES 2.2 technical documentation. Hadley Centre Tech. Note 30, 30 pp. Available online at http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/9/j/HCTN_30.pdf.
    • (2001) Hadley Centre Tech
    • Essery, R.L.H.1    Best, M.J.2    Cox, P.M.3
  • 17
    • 85040292292 scopus 로고
    • Thermal Properties of Soils
    • Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    • Farouki, O. T., 1981: Thermal Properties of Soils. CRREL Monogr., No. 81-1, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 151 pp.
    • (1981) CRREL Monogr , vol.81 , Issue.1 , pp. 151
    • Farouki, O.T.1
  • 18
    • 34548683694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observation of rapid drainage system development by thermal erosion of ice wedges on Bylot Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago
    • doi:10.1002/ppp.595.
    • Fortier, D., M. Allard, and Y. Shur, 2007: Observation of rapid drainage system development by thermal erosion of ice wedges on Bylot Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Permafrost Periglacial Processes, 18, 229-243, doi:10.1002/ppp.595.
    • (2007) Permafrost Periglacial Processes , vol.18 , pp. 229-243
    • Fortier, D.1    Allard, M.2    Shur, Y.3
  • 19
    • 0010560782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global Soil Data Task, Global gridded surfaces of selected soil characteristics (IGBP-DIS). International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme-Data and Information Services, doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/569.
    • Global Soil Data Task, 2000: Global gridded surfaces of selected soil characteristics (IGBP-DIS). International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme-Data and Information Services, doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/569.
    • (2000)
  • 20
    • 30744436094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The CSIRO Mk3 climate system model
    • Available online at Coauthors
    • Gordon, H. B., and Coauthors, 2002: The CSIRO Mk3 climate system model. CSIRO Tech. Paper 60, 130 pp. Available online at http://www.cmar.csiro.au/e-print/open/gordon_2002a. pdf.
    • (2002) CSIRO Tech , vol.60 , pp. 130
    • Gordon, H.B.1
  • 21
    • 84858171054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WATCH: Current knowledge of the terrestrial global water cycle
    • Coauthors
    • Harding, R., and Coauthors, 2011: WATCH: Current knowledge of the terrestrial global water cycle. J. Hydrometeor., 12, 1149-1156.
    • (2011) J. Hydrometeor , vol.12 , pp. 1149-1156
    • Harding, R.1
  • 23
    • 32144462033 scopus 로고
    • A climate-vegetation interaction model: Simulating physical and biological processes at the surface
    • Ji, J., 1995: A climate-vegetation interaction model: Simulating physical and biological processes at the surface. J. Biogeogr., 22, 2063-2069.
    • (1995) J. Biogeogr , vol.22 , pp. 2063-2069
    • Ji, J.1
  • 24
    • 33644784081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abrupt increase in permafrost degradation in Arctic Alaska
    • doi:10.1029/2005GL024960
    • Jorgenson, M., Y. Shur, and E. Pullman, 2006: Abrupt increase in permafrost degradation in Arctic Alaska. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02503, doi:10.1029/2005GL024960.
    • (2006) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.33
    • Jorgenson, M.1    Shur, Y.2    Pullman, E.3
  • 25
    • 0034535097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A catchment-based approach to modeling land surface processes in a general circulation model: 1
    • Koster, R., M. Suarez, A. Ducharne, M. Stieglitz, and P. Kumar, 2000: A catchment-based approach to modeling land surface processes in a general circulation model: 1. Model structure. J. Geophys. Res., 105 (D20), 24809-24822.
    • (2000) Model structure. J. Geophys. Res , vol.105 , Issue.D 20 , pp. 24809-24822
    • Koster, R.1    Suarez, M.2    Ducharne, A.3    Stieglitz, M.4    Kumar, P.5
  • 26
    • 84875835798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of permafrost thermal dynamics and response to climate change in the CMIP5 Earth System Models
    • Koven, C., W. Riley, and A. Stern, 2013: Analysis of permafrost thermal dynamics and response to climate change in the CMIP5 Earth System Models. J. Climate, 26, 1877-1900.
    • (2013) J. Climate , vol.26 , pp. 1877-1900
    • Koven, C.1    Riley, W.2    Stern, A.3
  • 28
    • 53249097786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating future costs for Alaska public infrastructure at risk from climate change
    • doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.03.005
    • Larsen, P. H., S. Goldsmith, O. Smith, M. L. Wilson, K. Strzepek, P. Chinowsky, and B. Saylor, 2008: Estimating future costs for Alaska public infrastructure at risk from climate change. Global Environ. Change, 18, 442-457, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.03.005.
    • (2008) Global Environ. Change , vol.18 , pp. 442-457
    • Larsen, P.H.1    Goldsmith, S.2    Smith, O.3    Wilson, M.L.4    Strzepek, K.5    Chinowsky, P.6    Saylor, B.7
  • 29
    • 32644437394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A projection of severe near-surface permafrost degradation during the 21st century
    • doi:10.1029/2005GL025080
    • Lawrence, D. M., and A. G. Slater, 2005: A projection of severe near-surface permafrost degradation during the 21st century. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L24401, doi:10.1029/2005GL025080.
    • (2005) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.32
    • Lawrence, D.M.1    Slater, A.G.2
  • 30
    • 77952877853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of snow condition trends to future ground climate
    • doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0537-4
    • Lawrence, D. M., and A. G. Slater, 2010: The contribution of snow condition trends to future ground climate. Climate Dyn., 34, 969-981, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0537-4.
    • (2010) Climate Dyn , vol.34 , pp. 969-981
    • Lawrence, D.M.1    Slater, A.G.2
  • 31
    • 49849086735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of a model projection of near-surface permafrost degradation to soil column depth and representation of soil organic matter
    • doi:10.1029/2007JF000883
    • Lawrence, D. M., A. G. Slater, V. E. Romanovsky, and D. J. Nicolsky, 2008: Sensitivity of a model projection of near-surface permafrost degradation to soil column depth and representation of soil organic matter. J. Geophys. Res., 113, F02011, doi:10.1029/2007JF000883.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res , vol.113
    • Lawrence, D.M.1    Slater, A.G.2    Romanovsky, V.E.3    Nicolsky, D.J.4
  • 32
    • 79952767655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parameterization improvements and functional and structural advances in version 4 of the Community Land Model
    • doi:10.1029/2011MS000045 Coauthors
    • Lawrence, D. M., and Coauthors, 2011: Parameterization improvements and functional and structural advances in version 4 of the Community Land Model. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 3, M03001, doi:10.1029/2011MS000045.
    • (2011) J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst , vol.3
    • Lawrence, D.M.1
  • 33
    • 84859343365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of present-day and future permafrost and seasonally frozen ground conditions in CCSM4
    • Lawrence, D. M., A. G. Slater, and S. C. Swenson, 2012: Simulation of present-day and future permafrost and seasonally frozen ground conditions in CCSM4. J. Climate, 25, 2207-2225.
    • (2012) J. Climate , vol.25 , pp. 2207-2225
    • Lawrence, D.M.1    Slater, A.G.2    Swenson, S.C.3
  • 34
    • 77649116343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SURFEX scientific documentation
    • Available online at Coauthors
    • LeMoigne, P., and Coauthors, 2009: SURFEX scientific documentation. SURFEX Tech. Rep., Vol. 5, 211 pp. Available online at http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/surfex/IMG/pdf/surfex_ scientific_documentation.pdf.
    • (2009) SURFEX Tech. Rep , vol.5 , pp. 211
    • LeMoigne, P.1
  • 35
    • 0041814508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of permafrost degradation on woody vegetation at Arctic treeline on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska
    • doi:10.1002/ppp.446
    • Lloyd, A., K. Yoshikawa, C. Fastie, L. Hinzman, and M. Fraver, 2003: Effects of permafrost degradation on woody vegetation at Arctic treeline on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Permafrost Periglacial Processes, 14, 93-101, doi:10.1002/ppp.446.
    • (2003) Permafrost Periglacial Processes , vol.14 , pp. 93-101
    • Lloyd, A.1    Yoshikawa, K.2    Fastie, C.3    Hinzman, L.4    Fraver, M.5
  • 36
    • 84859153521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • September Arctic sea ice predicted to disappear near 28C global warming above present
    • doi:10.1029/2011JD016709
    • Mahlstein, I., and R. Knutti, 2012: September Arctic sea ice predicted to disappear near 28C global warming above present. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D06104, doi:10.1029/2011JD016709.
    • (2012) J. Geophys. Res , vol.117
    • Mahlstein, I.1    Knutti, R.2
  • 37
    • 0023469683 scopus 로고
    • A computational method for prediction and regionalization of permafrost
    • doi:10.2307/1551363
    • Nelson, F., and S. Outcalt, 1987: A computational method for prediction and regionalization of permafrost. Arct. Alp. Res., 19, 279-288, doi:10.2307/1551363.
    • (1987) Arct. Alp. Res , vol.19 , pp. 279-288
    • Nelson, F.1    Outcalt, S.2
  • 38
    • 70450172511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contemporary permafrost degradation of northern European Russia
    • Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks
    • Oberman, N. G., 2008: Contemporary permafrost degradation of northern European Russia. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Permafrost, D. L. Kane and K. M. Hinkel, Eds., Vol. 2, Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1305-1310.
    • (2008) Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Permafrost, D. L. Kane and K. M. Hinkel, Eds , vol.2 , pp. 1305-1310
    • Oberman, N.G.1
  • 39
    • 34848921893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technical description of the Community Land Model (CLM)
    • Note NCAR/TN-4611STR, 174 pp. Available online at Coauthors
    • Oleson, K. W., and Coauthors, 2004: Technical description of the Community Land Model (CLM). NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-4611STR, 174 pp. Available online at http://www.cgd. ucar.edu/tss/clm/distribution/clm3.0/TechNote/CLM_Tech_ Note.pdf.
    • (2004) NCAR Tech. , pp. 174
    • Oleson, K.W.1
  • 40
    • 84858249964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technical description of version 4.0 of the Community Land Model (CLM)
    • Note NCAR/TN-4781STR Coauthors
    • Oleson, K. W., and Coauthors, 2010: Technical description of version 4.0 of the Community Land Model (CLM). NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-4781STR, 257 pp. Available online at http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/ccsm4.0/clm/CLM4_Tech_Note. pdf.
    • (2010) NCAR Tech
    • Oleson, K.W.1
  • 41
    • 34548030679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The JRA-25 Reanalysis
    • doi:10.2151/jmsj.85.369 Coauthors
    • Onogi, K., and Coauthors, 2007: The JRA-25 Reanalysis. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 85, 369-432, doi:10.2151/jmsj.85.369.
    • (2007) J. Meteor. Soc , vol.85 , pp. 369-432
    • Onogi, K.1
  • 42
    • 79952683753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MERRA: NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications
    • Coauthors
    • Rienecker, M. M., and Coauthors, 2011: MERRA: NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications. J. Climate, 24, 3624-3648.
    • (2011) J. Climate , vol.24 , pp. 3624-3648
    • Rienecker, M.M.1
  • 43
    • 27744554324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5. Part I: Model description
    • Coauthors
    • Roeckner, E., and Coauthors, 2003: The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5. Part I: Model description. Max Planck Institute Rep. 349, 127 pp.
    • (2003) Max Planck Institute Rep , vol.349 , pp. 127
    • Roeckner, E.1
  • 44
    • 0001941835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thawing of the active layer on the coastal plain of the Alaskan Arctic
    • Romanovsky, V. E., and T. E. Osterkamp, 1997: Thawing of the active layer on the coastal plain of the Alaskan Arctic. Permafrost Periglacial Processes, 8, 1-22.
    • (1997) Permafrost Periglacial Processes , vol.8 , pp. 1-22
    • Romanovsky, V.E.1    Osterkamp, T.E.2
  • 45
    • 77956107713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permafrost thermal state in the polar Northern Hemisphere during the international polar year 2007-2009: A synthesis
    • doi:10.1002/ppp.689
    • Romanovsky, V. E., S. L. Smith, and H. H. Christiansen, 2010: Permafrost thermal state in the polar Northern Hemisphere during the international polar year 2007-2009: A synthesis. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 21, 106-116, doi:10.1002/ppp.689.
    • (2010) Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , vol.21 , pp. 106-116
    • Romanovsky, V.E.1    Smith, S.L.2    Christiansen, H.H.3
  • 46
    • 0031200810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land-surface model development for the GISS GCM
    • Rosenzweig, C., and F. Abramopoulos, 1997: Land-surface model development for the GISS GCM. J. Climate, 10, 2040-2054.
    • (1997) J. Climate , vol.10 , pp. 2040-2054
    • Rosenzweig, C.1    Abramopoulos, F.2
  • 47
    • 0031158604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of climate change on the freshwaters of arctic and subarctic North America
    • Coauthors
    • Rouse, W., and Coauthors, 1997: Effects of climate change on the freshwaters of arctic and subarctic North America. Hydrol. Processes, 11, 873-902.
    • (1997) Hydrol. Processes , vol.11 , pp. 873-902
    • Rouse, W.1
  • 48
    • 77955177995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arctic landscapes in transition: Responses to thawing permafrosts, Eos
    • doi:10.1029/2010EO260001 Coauthors
    • Rowland, J. C., and Coauthors, 2010: Arctic landscapes in transition: Responses to thawing permafrosts, Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 91, 229-230, doi:10.1029/2010EO260001.
    • (2010) Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union , vol.91 , pp. 229-230
    • Rowland, J.C.1
  • 49
    • 77956572998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis
    • Coauthors
    • Saha, S., and Coauthors, 2010: The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91, 1015-1057.
    • (2010) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc , vol.91 , pp. 1015-1057
    • Saha, S.1
  • 50
    • 34548303956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating a high-resolution climate model: Simulated hy-drothermal regimes in frozen ground regions and their change under the global warming scenario
    • doi:10.1029/2006JF000577
    • Saito, K., M. Kimoto, T. Zhang, K. Takata, and S. Emori, 2007: Evaluating a high-resolution climate model: Simulated hy-drothermal regimes in frozen ground regions and their change under the global warming scenario. J. Geophys. Res., 112, F02S11, doi:10.1029/2006JF000577.
    • (2007) J. Geophys. Res , vol.112
    • Saito, K.1    Kimoto, M.2    Zhang, T.3    Takata, K.4    Emori, S.5
  • 52
    • 0042315250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model for regional-scale estimation of temporal and spatial variability of active layer thickness and mean annual ground temperatures
    • doi:10.1002/ppp.449
    • Sazonova, T., and V. Romanovsky, 2003: A model for regional-scale estimation of temporal and spatial variability of active layer thickness and mean annual ground temperatures. Permafrost Periglacial Processes, 14, 125-139, doi:10.1002/ppp.449.
    • (2003) Permafrost Periglacial Processes , vol.14 , pp. 125-139
    • Sazonova, T.1    Romanovsky, V.2
  • 53
    • 51549097236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change: Implications for the global carbon cycle
    • doi:10.1641/B580807 Coauthors
    • Schuur, E. A. G., and Coauthors, 2008: Vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change: Implications for the global carbon cycle. Bioscience, 58, 701-714, doi:10.1641/B580807.
    • (2008) Bioscience , vol.58 , pp. 701-714
    • Schuur, E.A.G.1
  • 54
    • 66449106144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of permafrost thaw on old carbon release and net carbon exchange from tundra
    • doi:10.1038/nature08031
    • Schuur, E. A. G.,J.G. Vogel, K. G. Crummer, H. Lee, J. O. Sickman, and T. E. Osterkamp, 2009: The effect of permafrost thaw on old carbon release and net carbon exchange from tundra. Nature, 459, 556-559, doi:10.1038/nature08031.
    • (2009) Nature , vol.459 , pp. 556-559
    • Schuur, E.A.G.1    Vogel, J.G.2    Crummer, K.G.3    Lee, H.4    Sickman, J.O.5    Osterkamp, T.E.6
  • 55
    • 0022825341 scopus 로고
    • A Simple Biosphere Model (SiB) for use within general circulation models
    • Sellers, P., Y. Mintz, Y. Sud, and A. Dalcher, 1986: A Simple Biosphere Model (SiB) for use within general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 505-531.
    • (1986) J. Atmos. Sci , vol.43 , pp. 505-531
    • Sellers, P.1    Mintz, Y.2    Sud, Y.3    Dalcher, A.4
  • 56
    • 18044386192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The representation of snow in land surface schemes: Results from PILPS 2(d)
    • Coauthors
    • Slater, A., and Coauthors, 2001: The representation of snow in land surface schemes: Results from PILPS 2(d). J. Hydrometeor., 2, 7-25.
    • (2001) J. Hydrometeor , vol.2 , pp. 7-25
    • Slater, A.1
  • 57
    • 21344487532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disappearing Arctic lakes
    • doi:10.1126/science.1108142
    • Smith, L., Y. Sheng, G. MacDonald, and L. Hinzman, 2005: Disappearing Arctic lakes. Science, 308, 1429, doi:10.1126/science.1108142.
    • (2005) Science , vol.308 , pp. 1429
    • Smith, L.1    Sheng, Y.2    MacDonald, G.3    Hinzman, L.4
  • 58
    • 0036662797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of global warming on permafrost conditions in a coupled GCM
    • doi:10.1029/2001GL014345
    • Stendel, M., and J. Christensen, 2002: Impact of global warming on permafrost conditions in a coupled GCM. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29 (13), doi:10.1029/2001GL014345.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.13
    • Stendel, M.1    Christensen, J.2
  • 59
    • 0038350457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of the minimal advanced treatments of surface interaction and runoff
    • doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00030-4
    • Takata, K., S. Emori, and T. Watanabe, 2003: Development of the minimal advanced treatments of surface interaction and runoff. Global Planet. Change, 38, 209-222, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00030-4.
    • (2003) Global Planet. Change , vol.38 , pp. 209-222
    • Takata, K.1    Emori, S.2    Watanabe, T.3
  • 61
    • 70849083255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent permafrost degradation in bogs of the James Bay area, northern Quebec, Canada
    • doi:10.1002/ppp.660
    • Thibault, S., and S. Payette, 2009: Recent permafrost degradation in bogs of the James Bay area, northern Quebec, Canada. Permafrost Periglacial Processes, 20, 383-389, doi:10.1002/ppp.660.
    • (2009) Permafrost Periglacial Processes , vol.20 , pp. 383-389
    • Thibault, S.1    Payette, S.2
  • 62
    • 0034382211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The CanadianLand Surface Scheme (CLASS): Its history and future
    • Verseghy, D., 2000: The CanadianLand Surface Scheme (CLASS): Its history and future. Atmos.-Ocean, 38, 1-13.
    • (2000) Atmos.-Ocean , vol.38 , pp. 1-13
    • Verseghy, D.1
  • 63
    • 0033381739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The representation of soil moisture freezing and its impact on the stable boundary layer
    • doi:10.1256/smsqj.55903
    • Viterbo, P., A. Beljaars, J. Mahfouf, and J. Teixeira, 1999: The representation of soil moisture freezing and its impact on the stable boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125A, 2401-2426, doi:10.1256/smsqj.55903.
    • (1999) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc , vol.125 A , pp. 2401-2426
    • Viterbo, P.1    Beljaars, A.2    Mahfouf, J.3    Teixeira, J.4
  • 64
    • 0000461885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parametrization of heat and moisture transfer in the soil-vegetation system for use in atmospheric general circulation models: I. Formulation and simulations based on local observational data
    • Volodin, E. M., and V. N. Lykosov, 1998a: Parametrization of heat and moisture transfer in the soil-vegetation system for use in atmospheric general circulation models: I. Formulation and simulations based on local observational data. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana, 34, 453-465.
    • (1998) Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana , vol.34 , pp. 453-465
    • Volodin, E.M.1    Lykosov, V.N.2
  • 65
    • 0032413838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parametrization of heat and moisture transfer in the soil-vegetation system for use in atmospheric general circulation models: II. Numerical experiments on climate modeling
    • Volodin, E. M., and V. N. Lykosov,, 1998b: Parametrization of heat and moisture transfer in the soil-vegetation system for use in atmospheric general circulation models: II. Numerical experiments on climate modeling. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana, 34, 622-633.
    • (1998) Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana , vol.34 , pp. 622-633
    • Volodin, E.M.1    Lykosov, V.N.2
  • 66
    • 33845934137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change effects on aquatic biota, ecosystem structure and function
    • doi:10.1579/0044-7447(2006)35359:CCEOAB2.0.CO;2
    • Wrona, F. J., T. D. Prowse, J. D. Reist, J. E. Hobbie, L. M. J. Levesque, and W. F. Vincent, 2006: Climate change effects on aquatic biota, ecosystem structure and function. Ambio, 35, 359-369, doi:10.1579/0044-7447(2006)35359:CCEOAB2.0.CO;2.
    • (2006) Ambio , vol.35 , pp. 359-369
    • Wrona, F.J.1    Prowse, T.D.2    Reist, J.D.3    Hobbie, J.E.4    Levesque, L.M.J.5    Vincent, W.F.6
  • 67
    • 77958197920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permafrost degradation and its environmental effects on the Tibetan Plateau: A review of recent research
    • doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.002
    • Yang, M., F. E. Nelson, N. I. Shiklomanov, D. Guo, and G. Wan, 2010: Permafrost degradation and its environmental effects on the Tibetan Plateau: A review of recent research. Earth-Sci. Rev., 103, 31-44, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.002.
    • (2010) Earth-Sci. Rev , vol.103 , pp. 31-44
    • Yang, M.1    Nelson, F.E.2    Shiklomanov, N.I.3    Guo, D.4    Wan, G.5
  • 68
    • 0032419577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General Geocryology
    • Cambridge University Press
    • Yershov, E. D., 1998: General Geocryology. Cambridge University Press, 580 pp.
    • (1998) , pp. 580
    • Yershov, E.D.1
  • 69
    • 0041313945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shrinking thermokarst ponds and groundwater dynamics in discontinuous permafrost near Council, Alaska
    • doi:10.1002/ppp.451
    • Yoshikawa, K., and L. Hinzman, 2003: Shrinking thermokarst ponds and groundwater dynamics in discontinuous permafrost near Council, Alaska. Permafrost Periglacial Processes, 14,151-160, doi:10.1002/ppp.451.
    • (2003) Permafrost Periglacial Processes , vol.14 , pp. 151-160
    • Yoshikawa, K.1    Hinzman, L.2
  • 70
    • 84864247969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new global climate model ofthe Meteorological Research Institute: MRI-CGCM3-Modeldescription and basic performance
    • doi:10.2151/jmsj.2012-A02 Coauthors
    • Yukimoto, S., and Coauthors, 2012: A new global climate model ofthe Meteorological Research Institute: MRI-CGCM3-Modeldescription and basic performance. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 90A,23-64,doi:10.2151/jmsj.2012-A02.
    • (2012) J. Meteor. Soc , vol.90 A , pp. 23-64
    • Yukimoto, S.1
  • 71
    • 33244469276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: An overview
    • doi:10.1029/2004RG000157
    • Zhang, T., 2005: Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: An overview. Rev. Geophys., 43, RG4002, doi:10.1029/2004RG000157.
    • (2005) Rev. Geophys , vol.43
    • Zhang, T.1
  • 72
    • 0034580766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Further statistics on the distribution of permafrost and ground ice in the Northern Hemisphere
    • Zhang, T., J. Heginbottom, R. Barry, and J. Brown, 2000: Further statistics on the distribution of permafrost and ground ice in the Northern Hemisphere. Polar Geogr., 24, 126-131.
    • (2000) Polar Geogr , vol.24 , pp. 126-131
    • Zhang, T.1    Heginbottom, J.2    Barry, R.3    Brown, J.4
  • 73
    • 38349194801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient projections of permafrost distribution in Canada during the 21st century under scenarios of climate change
    • doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.05.003
    • Zhang, Y., W. Chen, and D. W. Riseborough, 2008: Transient projections of permafrost distribution in Canada during the 21st century under scenarios of climate change. Global Planet. Change, 60, 443-456, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.05.003.
    • (2008) Global Planet. Change , vol.60 , pp. 443-456
    • Zhang, Y.1    Chen, W.2    Riseborough, D.W.3
  • 74
    • 0003526423 scopus 로고
    • A world soil file for global climate modelling
    • 87802
    • Zobler, L., 1986: A world soil file for global climate modelling. NASA Tech. Memo. 87802, 32 pp.
    • (1986) NASA Tech. Memo , pp. 32
    • Zobler, L.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.