The Wicked Problem of China's Disappearing Coral Reefs

Conservation Biology

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 261-269

  Hughes, Terry P ^a   Huang, Hui ^a,b   Young, Matthew A L ^a  

^a JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b SOUTH CHINA SEA INSTITUTE OF OCEANOLOGY   (China)

Author keywords

Climate change; Coral reef conservation; Environmental governance; Marine pollution; Overfishing; South China Sea

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; ATOLL; CLIMATE CHANGE; COASTAL DEVELOPMENT; LITERATURE REVIEW; MARINE POLICY; OVERFISHING; POLICY IMPLEMENTATION;

ANIMAL; ANTHOZOA; ARTICLE; CHINA; CLIMATE CHANGE; CORAL REEF; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FISHERY; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; LEGAL ASPECT; POPULATION GROWTH;

ANIMALS; ANTHOZOA; CHINA; CLIMATE CHANGE; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; CORAL REEFS; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; FISHERIES; POPULATION GROWTH;

CHINA; HAINAN; PACIFIC OCEAN; SOUTH CHINA SEA;

ANTHOZOA;

EID: 84875489218     PISSN: 08888892     EISSN: 15231739     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01957.x     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Alcala, A. C., and G. R. Russ. 2006. No-take marine reserves and reef fisheries management in the Philippines: a new people power revolution. Ambio 35:245-254.
2. Aliño, P. M., and M. C. C. Quibilan. 2003. The Kalayaan Islands: our natural heritage. Marine Science Institute and University of Philippines Diliman, Quezon City.
3. Berkes, F., et al. 2006. Globalization, roving bandits, and marine resources. Science 311:1557-1558.
4. Cabral, R. B., and P. M. Aliño. 2011. Transition from common to private coasts: consequences of privatization of the coastal commons. Ocean & Coastal Management 54:66-74.
5. Cao, W. Z., and M. H. Wong. 2007. Current status of coastal zone issues and management in China: a review. Environment International 33:985-992.
6. Chen, S., and J. I. Uitto. 2003. Governing marine and coastal environment in China: building local government capacity through international cooperation. China Environment Series 6:67-80.
7. Chen, T. R., K. F. Yu, Q. Shi, S. Li, G. J. Price, R. Wang, M. X. Zhao, T. G. Chen, and J. X. Zhao. 2009. Twenty-five years of change in scleractinian coral communities of Daya Bay (northern South China Sea) and its response to the 2008 AD extreme cold climate event. Chinese Science Bulletin 54:2107-2117.
8. Dai, C. F. 2006. Dongsha Atoll in the South China Sea: past, present, and future. Proceedings of the 10th International Coral Reef Symposium 2:1587-1592.
9. Dai, C. F., and T. Y. Fan. 1996. Coral fauna of Taiping Island (Itu Aba Island) in the Spratlys of the South China Sea. Atoll Research Bulletin 436:1-21.
10. Ding, H., H. Xu, J. Wu, W. J. F. Le Quesne, C. J. Sweeting, and N. V. C. Polunin. 2008. An overview of spatial management and marine protected areas in the East China Sea. Coastal Management 36:443-457.
11. Fabinyi, M. 2012. Historical, cultural and social perspectives on luxury seafood consumption in China. Environmental Conservation 39:83-92.
12. Fiege, D., V. Neumann, and J. H. Li. 1994. Observations on coral reefs of Hainan Island, South China Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29:84-89.
13. Foale, S., et al. 2012. Food security and the Coral Triangle Initiative. Marine Policy DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.033.
14. Fujiwara, S., T. Shibuno, K. Mito, T. Nakai, Y. Sasaki, C. F. Dai, and G. Chen. 2000. Status of coral reefs of east and north Asia: China, Japan and Taiwan. Pages 131-140 in C. Wilkinson, editor. Status of coral reefs of the world: 2000. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville.
15. Gelcich, S., et al. 2010. Navigating transformations in governance of Chilean marine coastal resources. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:16794-16799.
16. Gu, M., and P. P. Wong. 2008. Coastal zone management focusing on coastal tourism in a transitional period of China. Ocean & Coastal Management 51:1-24.
17. Han, Q. Y., X. P. Huang, P. Shi, and Q. M. Zhang. 2006. Coastal wetland in South China: degradation trends, causes and protection countermeasures. Chinese Science Bulletin 51:121-128.
18. Hodgson, G. 1999. A global assessment of human effects on coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:345-355.
19. Hodgson, G., and E. P. M. Yau. 1997. Physical and biological controls of coral communities in Hong Kong. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium 1: 459-464.
20. Huang, H., D. Wang, C. Hu, and J. Lian. 2009. Current resources of the Xisha Islands, China. South China Sea Institute of Oceanology and Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou.
21. Huang, H., C. Zhang, J. Yang, F. You, J. Lian, and Y. Tan. 2011. Scleractinian coral community characteristics in Zhubi coral reef (Nansha Island). Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait 31: 79-84.
22. Huang, L. M., Y. H. Tan, X. Y. Song, X. P. Huang, H. K. Wang, S. Zhang, J. D. Dong, and R. Y. Chen. 2003. The status of the ecological environment and a proposed protection strategy in Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47:180-186.
23. Hughes, T. P., N. A. J. Graham, J. B. C. Jackson, P. J. Mumby, and R. S. Steneck. 2010. Rising to the challenge of sustaining coral reef resilience. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 25:633-642.
24. Hughes, T. P., et al. 2003. Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Science 301:929-933.
25. Hutchings, P. A., and B. L. Wu. 1987. Coral reefs of Hainan Island, South China Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:25-26.
26. Jentoft, S., and R. Chuenpagdee. 2009. Fisheries and coastal governance as a wicked problem. Marine Policy 33:553-560.
27. Kimura, T., C. Dai, H. Park, H. Huang, and P. Ang. 2008. Status of coral reefs in east and north Asia (China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and Japan). Pages 145-158 in C. Wilkinson, editor. Status of coral reefs of the world: 2008. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, Queensland.
28. Kimura, T., C. F. Dai, S. Pae, H. Huang, P. O. Ang, J. G. Je, and C. L. S. Choi. 2004. Status of coral reefs in east and north Asia: China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan. Pages 277-301 in C. Wilkinson, editor. Status of coral reefs of the world: 2004. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland.
29. Lebel, L., J. M. Anderies, B. Campbell, C. Folke, S. Hatfield-Dodds, T. P. Hughes, and J. Wilson. 2006. Governance and the capacity to manage resilience in regional social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society 11:19. Available from http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art19/.
30. Levin, K., B. Cashore, S. Bernstein, and G. Auld. 2009. Playing it forward: path dependency, progressive incrementalism, and the "super wicked" problem of global climate change. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6:502002.
31. Li, J. J., T. F. Lee, K. S. Tew, and L. S. Fang. 2000. Changes in the coral community at Dong-Sha Atoll, South China Sea from 1975 to 1998. Acta Zoologica Taiwanica 11:1-15.
32. Liao, M. H., et al. 2007. The "black disease" of reef-building corals at Green Island, Taiwan-outbreak of a cyanobacteriosponge, Terpios Hoshinota (Suberitidae; Hadromerida). Zoological Studies 46:520.
33. Liu, J. G. 2010. China's road to sustainability. Science 328:50.
34. McManus, J. W. 1994. The Spratly Islands: A marine park? Ambio 23:181-186.
35. McManus, J. W., K. T. Shao, and S. Y. Lin. 2010. Toward establishing a Spratly Islands international marine peace park: ecological importance and supportive collaborative activities with an emphasis on the role of Taiwan. Ocean Development & International Law 41:270-280.
36. Morton, B., and G. Blackmore. 2001. South China Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1236-1263.
37. Olsson, P., C. Folke, and T. P. Hughes. 2008. Navigating the transition to ecosystem-based management of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105:9489-9494.
38. Rittel, H., and M. Webber. 1973. Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences 4:155-169.
39. Sadovy, Y. 2005. Trouble on the reefs: the imperative for managing vulnerable and valuable fisheries. Fish and Fisheries 6:167-185.
40. Scott, P., and M. Cope. 1986. Tolo revisited: a survey of the corals in Tolo Harbour and Channel six years and half a million people later: the marine flora and fauna of Hong Kong and southern China. Pages 1203-1220 in B. Morton, editor. Proceedings of the 2nd International Marine Biology Workshop. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.
41. Shi, Q., M. X. Zhao, Q. M. Zhang, H. K. Wang, and L. R. Wang. 2007. Growth variations of scleractinian corals at Luhuitou, Sanya, Hainan Island, and the impacts from human activities. Acta Ecologica Sinica 27:3316-3323.
42. Soong, K., C. Dai, and C. Lee. 2002. Status of Pratas Atoll in South China Sea. Pages 739-742 in H. Tsai, editor. Proceedings of the 4th Conference on the Protected Areas of East Asia. IUCN/WCPA/EA-4, Taipei.
43. South China Sea Institute of Oceanology. 2012. Brief introduction. South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou. Available from http://bi/ (accessed April 2012).
44. Spalding, M. D., C. Ravilious, and E. P. Green. 2001. World atlas of coral reefs. University of California Press, Berkely.
45. Walker, B., et al. 2009. Looming global-scale failures and missing institutions. Science 325:1345-1346.
46. Yang, M. 1994. Gifts, favors and banquets: the art of social relationships in China. Cornell University Press, New York.
47. Yu, H. M. 1994. China's coastal ocean uses: conflicts and impacts. Ocean & Coastal Management 25:161-178.
48. Yu, J., D. Tang, L. Yao, P. Chen, X. Jia, and C. Li. 2010. Long-term water temperature variations in Daya Bay, China, using satellite and in situ observations. Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 21:393-399.
49. Zhang, Q. M. 2001a. Status of tropical biological coasts of China: implications on ecosystem restoration and reconstruction. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica 32:454-464.
50. Zhang, Q. M. 2001b. On biogeomorphology of Luhuitou fringing reef of Sanya City, Hainan Island, China. Chinese Science Bulletin 46:97-102.
51. Zhang, Q. M. 2001c. Coral reef conservation and management in China. Pages 198-202 in M. Ahmed, C. K. Chong, and H. Cesar, editors. Economic valuation and policy priorities for sustainable management of coral reefs. WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia.
52. Zhang, Q. M., and S. Sui. 2001. The mangrove wetland resources and their conservation in China. Journal of Natural Resources 16:29-36.
53. Zhang, Q. M., Q. Shi, G. Chen, T. C. W. Fong, D. C. C. Wong, H. Huang, H. K. Wang, and M. X. Zhao. 2006. Status monitoring and health assessment of Luhuitou fringing reef of Sanya, Hainan, China. Chinese Science Bulletin 51:81-88.
54. Zhao, H., and T. Q. Wu. 2008. Some ideas about further development of the Xisha, Nansha and Zhongsha Islands. Tropical Geography 28:369-375.
55. Zhao, H., X. Weng, Z. Sun, D. Zheng, and J. Yuan. 1996. Coral reefs natural character in Nansha Islands. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 18:61-70.
56. Zhao, M., K. Yu, Q. Zhang, and Q. Shi. 2008. Spatial pattern of coral diversity in Luhuitou fringing reef Sanya, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica 28:1419-1428.
57. Zhou, X., and L. Cai. 2010. Coastal and marine environmental issues in the Pearl River Delta region, China. International Journal of Environmental Studies 67:137-145.