Current strategies in cardiovascular biomaterial functionalization

Materials

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 638-655

  Schopka, Simon ^a   Schmid, Thomas ^b   Schmid, Christof ^a   Lehle, Karla ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL REGENSBURG   (Germany)

^b GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

Author keywords

Biofunctionalization; Biomaterials; Cardiovascular; Tissue engineering

Indexed keywords

BIOFUNCTIONALIZATION; BIOMATERIAL SURFACES; CARDIOVASCULAR; CARDIOVASCULAR BIOMATERIALS; ENDOTHELIAL CELL SEEDING; FUNCTIONALIZATIONS; PLATELET ACTIVATION; POSSIBLE CLINICAL APPLICATIONS;

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

BIOMATERIALS;

EID: 84875464084     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19961944     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ma3010638     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. vogler, E.A.; Siedllecki, C.A. Contact activation of blood plasma coagulation. Biomaterials 2009, 30, 1857-1869.
2. Von Segesser, L.K. Heparin-bonded surfaces in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac support. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1996, 61, 330-335.
3. Hsu, L.C. Heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuits: Current status. Perfusion 2001, 16, 417-428.
4. Bordenave, L.; Fernandez, P.; Remy-Zolghadri, M.; Villars, S.; Daculsi, R.; Midy, D. In vitro endothelialized ePTFE prostheses: Clinical update 20 years after the first realization. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 2005, 33, 227-234.
5. Schmaier, A.H. The elusive physiologic role of factor XII. J. Clin. Invest. 2008, 118, 3006-3009.
6. Colman, R.W.; Schmaier, A.H. Contact system: A vascular biology modulator with anticoagulant, profibrinolytic, antiadhesive, and proinflammatory attributes. Blood 1997, 90, 3819-3843.
7. Colman, R.W. Contact activation pathway: Inflammatory fibrinolytic, anticoagulant, antiadhesive, and antiangiogenic activities. In Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice, 4th ed; Colman, R.W., Marder, V.J., Hirsh, J., Clowes, A.W., Eds.; J.B. Lippincott Company: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2000; pp. 103-121.
8. Samuel, M.; Pixley, R.A.; Villanueva, M.A.; Colman, R.W.; Villanueva, G.B. Human factor XII (Hageman factor) autoactivation by dextran sulfate. Circular dichroism, fluorescence, and ultraviolet difference spectroscopic studies. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267, 19691-19697.
9. Hanson, S.R. Device thrombosis and thromboembolism. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 1993, 2, 157S-165S.
10. Ratner, B.D. The blood compatibility catastrophe. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1993, 27, 283-287.
11. Gorbet, M.B.; Sefton, M.V. Biomaterial-associated thrombosis: roles of coagulation factors, complement, platelets and leukocytes. Biomaterials 2004, 25, 5681-5703.
12. Furie, B.; Furie, B.C. Mechanism of thrombus formation. N. Eng. J. Med. 2008, 359, 938-949.
13. Godo, M.N.; Sefton, M.V. Characterization of transient platelet contacts on a polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel by video microscopy. Biomaterials 1999, 20, 1117-1126.
14. Sheppard, J.I.; McClung, W.G.; Feuerstein, I.A. Adherent platelet morphology on adsorbed fibrinogen: Effects of protein incubation time and albumin addition. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1994, 28, 1175-1186.
15. Park, J.H.; Bae, Y.H. Hydrogels based on poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(tetramethylene oxide) or poly(dimethyl siloxane): Synthesis, characterization, in vitro protein adsorption and platelet adhesion. Biomaterials 2002, 23, 1797-1808.
16. Gemmell, C.H.; Ramirez, S.M.; Yeo, E.L.; Sefton, M.V. Platelet activation in whole blood by artificial surfaces: Identification of platelet-derived microparticles and activated platelet binding to leukocytes as material-induced activation events. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1995, 125, 276-287.
17. Cholakis, C.H.; Zingg, W.; Sefton, M.V. Effect of heparin-PVA hydrogel on platelets in a chronic canine AV shunt. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1989, 23, 417-441.
18. Hanson, S.R.; Harker, L.A.; Ratner, B.D.; Hoffman, A.S. In vivo evaluation of artificial surfaces with a nonhuman primate model of arterial thrombosis. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1980, 95, 289-304.
19. Ip, W.F.; Sefton, M.V. Platelet consumption by NHLBI reference materials and silastic. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1991, 25, 1321-1324.
20. Grunkemeier, J.M.; Tsai, W.B.; McFarland, C.D.; Horbett, T.A. The effect of adsorbed fibrinogen, fibronectin, von Willebrand factor and vitronectin on the procoagulant state of adherent platelets. Biomaterials 2000, 21, 2243-2252.
21. Wu, Y.; Simonovsky, F.I.; Ratner, B.D.; Horbett, T.A. The role of adsorbed fibrinogen in platelet adhesion to polyurethane surfaces: a comparison of surface hydrophobicity, protein adsorption, monoclonal antibody binding, and platelet adhesion. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2005, 74, 722-738.
22. Wachtfogel, Y.T.; Hack, C.E.; Nuijens, J.H.; Kettner, C.; Reilly, T.M.; Knabb, R.M.; Bischoff, R.; Tschesche, H.; Wenzel, H.; Kucich, U.; Edmonds, L.H., Jr.; Colman, R.W. Selective kallikrein inhibitors alter human neutrophil elastase release during extracorporeal circulation. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 1995, 26, H1352-H1357.
23. Simon, P.; Ang, K.S.; Cam, G. Enhanced platelet aggregation and membrane biocompatibility: Possible influence on thrombosis and embolism in haemodialysis patients. Nephron 1987, 45, 172-173.
24. Hakim, R.M.; Schafer, A. Hemodialysis-associated platelet activation and thrombocytopenia. Am. J. Med. 1985, 78, 575-580.
25. Jordan, S.W.; Chaikof, E.L. Novel thromboresistant materials. J. Vasc. Surg. 2007, 45, A104-A115.
26. Merrill, E.W.; Salzman, E.W. Polyethylene oxide as a biomaterial. ASAIO J. 1983, 6, 1.
27. George, P.A.; Donose, B.C.; Cooper-White, J.J. Self-assembling polystyrene-blockpoly(ethylene oxide) copolymer surface coatings: resistance to protein and cell adhesion. Biomaterials 2009, 30, 2449-2456.
28. Debski, R.; Borovetz, H.; Haubold, A.; Hardesty, R. Polytetrafluoroethylene grafts coated with Ulti carbon. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs 1982, 28, 456-458.
29. Prunotto, M.; Isaia, C.; Gatti, M.A.; Monari, E.; Pasquino, E.; Galloni, M. Nitinol Carbofilm coated stents for peripheral applications: study in the porcine model. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2005, 16, 1231-1238.
30. Sick, P.B.; Gelbrich, G.; Kalnins, U.; Erglis, A.; Bonan, R.; Aengevaeren, W.; Elsner, D.; Lauer, B.; Woinke, M.; Brosteanu, O.; Schuler, G. Comparison of early and late results of a carbofilmcoated stent versus a pure high-grade stainless steel stent (the carbostent-trial). Am. J. Cardiol. 2004, 93, 1351-1356.
31. Bartorelli, A.L.; Trabattoni, D.; Montorsi, P.; Fabbiocchi, F.; Galli, S.; Ravagnani, P.; Grancini, L.; Cozzi, S.; Loaldi, A. Aspirin alone antiplatelet regimen after intracoronary placement of the Carbostent (TM): The ANTARES study. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2002, 55, 150-156.
32. Sick, P.B.; Brosteanu, O.; Ulrich, M.; Thiele, H.; Niebauer, J.; Busch, I.; Schuler, G. Prospective randomized comparison of early and late results of a carbonized stent versus a high-grade stainless steel stent of identical design: The Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism (PREVENT) trial. Am. Heart J. 2005, 149, 681-688.
33. Kim, Y.H.; Lee, C.W.; Hong, M.K.; Park, S.W.; Tahk, S.J.; Yang, J.Y.; Saito, S.; Santoso, T.; Quan, L.; Ge, J.; Weissman, N.J.; Lansky, A.J.; Mintz, G.S.; Park, S.J. Randomized comparison of carbon ion-implanted stent versus bare metal stent in coronary artery disease: The Asian Pacific Multicenter Arthos Stent Study (PASS) trial. Am. Heart J. 2005, 149, 336-341.
34. Kornowski, R. A critical appraisal of the Janus carbostent. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. 2009, 73, 249-250.
35. Arabi, H.; Mirzadeh, H.; Ahmadi, S.H.; Amanpour, S.; Rabbani, S.; Abdi, A. In vitro and in vivo hemocompatibility evaluation of graphite coated polyester vascular grafts. Int. J. Artif. Organs 2004, 27, 691-698.
36. Tegoulia, V.A.; Rao, W.S.; Kalambur, A.T.; Rabolt, J.R.; Cooper, S.L. Surface properties, fibrinogen adsorption, and cellular interactions of a novel phosphorylcholine-containing selfassembled monolayer on gold. Langmuir 2001, 17, 4396-4404.
37. Lu, J.R.; Murphy, E.F.; Su, T.J.; Lewis, A.L.; Stratford, P.W.; Satija, S.K. Reduced protein adsorption on the surface of a chemically grafted phospholipid monolayer. Langmuir 2001, 17, 3382-3389.
38. Glasmastar, K.; Larsson, C.; Hook, F.; Kasemo, B. Protein adsorption on supported phospholipid bilayers. J. Colloid. Interface Sci. 2002, 246, 40-47.
39. Andersson, A.S.; Glasmastar, K.; Sutherland, D.; Lidberg, U.; Kasemo, B. Cell adhesion on supported lipid bilayers. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2003, 64A, 622-629.
40. Jordan, S.W.; Faucher, K.M.; Caves, J.M.; Apkarian, R.P.; Rele, S.S.; Sun, X.L.; Hanson, S.R.; Chaikof, E.L. Fabrication of a phospholipid membrane-mimetic film on the luminal surface of an ePTFE vascular graft. Biomaterials 2006, 27, 3473-3481.
41. Barnes, M.J.; Macintyre, D.E. Platelet-reactivity of isolated constituents of the blood-vessel wall. Haemostasis 1979, 8, 158-170.
42. Jordan, S.W.; Haller, C.A.; Sallach, R.E.; Apkarian, R.P.; Hanson, S.R.; Chaikof, E.L. The effect of a recombinant elastin-mimetic coating of an ePTFE prosthesis on acute thrombogenicity in a baboon arteriovenous shunt. Biomaterials 2007, 28, 1191-1197.
43. Defife, K.M.; Hagen, K.M.; Clapper, D.L.; Anderson, J.M. Photochemically immobilized polymer coatings: Effects on protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and leukocyte activation. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 1999, 10, 1063-1074.
44. Sperling, C.; Schweiss, R.B.; Streller, U.; Werner, C. In vitro hemocompatibility of selfassembled monolayers displaying various functional groups. Biomaterials 2005, 26, 6547-6557.
45. Laredo, J.; Xue, L.; Husak, V.A.; Ellinger, J.; Greisler, H.P. Silyl-heparin adsorption improves the in vivo thromboresistance of carbon-coated polytetrafluoroethylene vascular grafts. Am. J. Surg. 2003, 186, 556-560.
46. Luong-Van, E.; Grondahl, L.; Chua, K.N.; Leong, K.W.; Nurcombe, V.; Cool, S.M. Controlled release of heparin from poly(epsilon-caprolactone) electrospun fibers. Biomaterials 2006, 27, 2042-2050.
47. Larm, O.; Larsson, R.; Olsson, P. A new non-thrombogenic surface prepared by selective covalent binding of heparin via a modified reducing terminal residue. Biomater. Med. Devices Artif. Organs 1983, 11, 161-173.
48. Pasche, B.; Elgue, G.; Olsson, P.; Riesenfeld, J.; Rasmuson, A. Binding of antithrombin to immobilized heparin under varying flow conditions. Artif. Organs 1991, 15, 481-491.
49. Elgue, G.; Blomback, M.; Olsson, P.; Riesenfeld, J. On the mechanism of coagulation inhibition on surfaces with end-point immobilized heparin. Thromb. Haemost. 1993, 70, 289-293.
50. Edmunds, L.H.; Colman, R.W. Thrombin during cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2006, 82, 2315-2322.
51. Kishida, A.; Ueno, Y.; Maruyama, I.; Akashi, M. Immobilization of human thrombomodulin on biomaterials: Evaluation of the activity of immobilized human thrombomodulin. Biomaterials 1994, 15, 1170-1174.
52. Vasilets, V.N.; Hermel, G.; König, U.; Werner, C.; Müller, M.; Simon, F.; Grundke, K.; Ikada, Y.; Jacobasch, H.J. Microwave CO2 plasma-initiated vapour phase graft polymerization of acrylic acid onto polytetrafluoroethylene for immobilization of human thrombomodulin. Biomaterials 1997, 18, 1139-1145.
53. Yeh, H.Y.; Lin, J.C. Bioactivity and platelet adhesion study of a human thrombomodulinimmobilized nitinol surface. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2009, 20, 807-819.
54. Kidane, A.G.; Salacinski, H.; Tiwari, A.; Bruckdorfer, K.R.; Seifalian, A.M. Anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents: their clinical and device application(s) together with usages to engineer surfaces. Biomacromolecules 2004, 5, 798-813.
55. De Mel, A.; Jell, G.; Stevens, M.M.; Seifalian, A.M. Biofunctionalization of biomaterials for accelerated in situ endothelialization: a review. Biomacromolecules 2008, 9, 2969-2679.
56. Knight, R.L.; Wilcox, H.E.; Korossis, S.A; Fisher, J.; Ingham, E. The use of acellular matrices for the tissue engineering of cardiac valves. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. H 2008, 222, 129-143.
57. Bunting, S.; Moncada, S.; Vane, J.R. Antithrombotic properties of vascular endothelium. Lancet 1977, 2, 1075-1076.
58. McGuigan, A.; Sefton, M. The influence of biomaterials on endothelial cell thrombogenicity. Biomaterials 2007, 28, 2547-2571.
59. Seifalian, A.M.; Tiwari, A.; Rashid, S.T.; Salacinski, H.; Hamilton, G. Impregnation of the the polymeric graft with adhesives molecules, typically oligopeptides or glycoprotein improves retention. Artif. Organs 2002, 26, 209-210.
60. Meinhart, J.G.; Deutsch, M.; Fischlein, T.; Howanietz, N.; Froschl, A.; Zilla, P. Clinical autologous in vitro endothelialization of 153 infrainguinal ePTFE grafts. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2001, 71, S327-S331.
61. Thomas, A.C.; Campbell, G.R.; Campbell, J.H. Advances in vascular tissue engineering. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2003, 12, 271-276.
62. Thebaud, N.B.; Pierron, D.; Bareille, R.; Le Visage, C.; Letourneur, D.; Bordenave, L. Human endothelial progenitor cell attachment to polysaccharide-based hydrogels: a pre-requisite for vascular tissue engineering. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2007, 18, 339-345.
63. Alobaid, N.; Salacinski, H.J.; Sales, K.M.; Hamilton, G.; Seifalian, A.M. Single stage cell seeding of small diameter prosthetic cardiovascular grafts. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 2005, 33, 209-226.
64. Wu, Y.F.; Zhang, J.; Gu. Y.Q.; Li, J.X.; Wang, L.C.; Wang, Z.G. Reendothelialization of tubular scaffolds by sedimentary and rotative forces: a first step toward tissue-engineered venous graft. Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med. 2008, 9, 238-247.
65. Teebken, O.E.; Puschmann, C.; Breitenbach, I.; Rohde, B.; Burgwitz, K.; Haverich, A. Preclinical development of tissue-engineered vein valves and venous substitutes using reendothelialised human vein matrix. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2009, 37, 92-102.
66. Perea, H.; Aigner, J.; Hopfner, U.; Wintermantel, E. Direct magnetic tubular cell seeding: a novel approach for vascular tissue engineering. Cells Tissues Organs 2006, 183, 156-165.
67. Gulbins, H.; Pritisinac, A.; Petzold, R.; Goldemund, A.; Doser, M.; Dauner, M.; Meiser, B.; Reichart, B.; Daebritz, S. A low-flow adaptation phase improves shear-stress resistance of artificially seeded endothelial cells. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2005, 53, 96-102.
68. Schopka, S.; Schmid, F.X.; Hirt, S.; Birnbaum, D.E.; Schmid, C.; Lehle, K. Recellularization of biological heart valves with human vascular cells: in vitro hemocompatibility assessment. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2009, 88, 130-138.
69. Lehle, K.; Stock, M.; Schmid, T.; Schopka, S.; Straub, R.H.; Schmid, C. Cell-type specific evaluation of biocompatibility of commercially available polyurethanes. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2009, 90, 312-318.
70. Lehle, K.; Buttstaedt, J.; Birnbaum, D.E. Expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines in vitro by endothelial cells seeded on various polymer surfaces coated with titaniumcarboxonitride. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2003, 65, 393-401.
71. Lichtenberg, A.; Tudorache, I.; Cebotari, S.; Suprunov, M.; Tudorache, G.; Goerler, H.; Park, J.K.; Hilfiker-Kleiner, D.; Ringes-Lichtenberg, S.; Karck, M.; Brandes, G.; Hilfiker, A.; Haverich, A. Preclinical testing of tissue-engineered heart valves re-endothelialized under stimulated physiological conditions. Circulation 2006, 114, I559-I564.
72. Lee, D.J.; Steen, J.; Jordan, J.E.; Kincaid, E.H.; Kon, N.D.; Atala, A.; Berry, J.; Yoo, J.J. Endothelialization of heart valve matrix using a computer.assisted pulsatile bioreactor. Tissue Eng. A 2009, 15, 807-814.
73. Herring, M.; Dilley, R.; Jersild, R.J.; Boxer, L.; Gardner, A.; Glover, J. Seeding arterial prostheses with vascular endothelium. The nature of lining. Ann. Surg. 1979, 190, 84-94.
74. Graham, L.; Burkel, W.; Ford, J.; Vinter, D.; Kahn, R.; Stanley, J. Immediate seeding of enzymatically derived endothelium in Dacron vascular grafts. Early experimental studies with autologous canine cells. Arch Surg 1980, 115, 1289-1294.
75. Deutsch, M.; Meinhart, J.; Zilla, P.; Howanietz, N.; Gorlitzer, M.; Froeschl, A.; Stuempflen, A.; Bezuidenhout, D.; Grabenwoeger, M. Long-term experience in autologous in vitro endothelialization of infrainguinal ePTFE grafts. J. Vasc. Surg. 2009, 49, 352-362.
76. Zilla, P.; Bezuidenhout, D. Human, P. Prosthetic vascular grafts: Wrong models, wrong questions and no healing. Biomaterials 2007, 28, 5009-5027.
77. Alobaid, N.; Salacinski, H.J.; Sales, K.M.; Hamilton, G.; Seifalian, A.M. Single stage cell seeding of small diameter prosthetic cardiovascular grafts. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 2005, 33, 209-226.
78. Garcia-Honduvilla, N.; Dominguez, B.; Pascual, G.; Escudero, C.; Minguela, F.; Bellon, J.M.; Bujan, J. Viability of engineered vessels as arterial substitutes. Ann. Vasc. Surg. 2008, 22, 255-265.
79. Mirenski, T.L.; Nelson, G.N.; Brennan, M.P.; Roh, J.D.; Hibino, N.; Yi, T.; Shinoka, T.; Breuer, C.K. Tissue-engineered arterial grafts: long.term results after implantation in a small animal model. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2009, 44, 1127-1132.
80. Shinoka, T.; Breuer, C. Tissue-engineered blood vessels in pediatric cardiac surgery. Yale J. Biol. Med. 2008, 1, 161-166.
81. Melero-Martin, J.M.; Khan, Z.A.; Picard, A.; Wu, X.; Paruchuri, S.; Bischoff, J. In vivo vasculogenic potential of human blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells. Blood 2007, 109, 4761-4768.
82. Urbich, C.; Dimmeler, S. Endothelial progenitor cells: Characterization and role in vascular biology. Circ. Res. 2004, 95, 343-353.
83. Jevon, M.; Dorling, A.; Hornick, P.I. Progenitor cells and vascular disease. Cell Prolif. 2008, 41, 146-164.
84. Krenning, G.; Moonen, J.R.; van Luyn, M.J.; Harmsen, M.C. Generating new blood flow: integrating developmental biology and tissue engineering. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2008, 18, 312-323.
85. Rothmans, J.I; Heyligers, J.M.M; Stroes, E.S.G; Pasterkamo, G. Endothelial progenitor cellseeded grafts: Rash and risky. Can. J. Cardiol. 2006, 22, 929-932.
86. Rosso, F.; Giordano, A.; Barbarisi, M.; Barbarisi, A. From cell-ECM interactions to tissue engineering. J. Cell Physiol. 2004, 199, 174-180.
87. Alobaid, N.; Salacinski, H.J.; Sales, K.M.; Ramesh, B.; Kannan, R.Y.; Hamilton, G.; Seifalian, A.M. Nanocomposite containing bioactive peptides promote endothelialization by circulating progenitor cells: an in vitro evaluation. Eur. J. Vasc. EndoVasc. Surg. 2006, 32, 76-83.
88. Hsu, S.H.; Chu, W.P.; Lin, Y.S.; Chiang, Y.L.; Chen, D.C.; Tsai, C.L. The effect of an RGDcontaining fusion protein CBD-RGD in promoting cellular adhesion. J. Biotechnol. 2004, 111, 143-154.
89. Tang, C.; Kligman, F.; Larsen, C.C.; Kottke-Marchant, K.; Marchant, R.E. Platelet and endothelial adhesion on fluorosurfactant polymers designed for vascular graft modification. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2009, 88, 348-358.
90. Massia, S.P.; Hubbell, J.A. An RGD spacing of 440 nm is sufficient for integrin alpha V beta 3-mediated fibroblast spreading and 140 nm for focal contact and stress fiber formation. J. Cell Biol. 1991, 114, 1089-1100.
91. Koo, L.Y.; Irvine, D.J.; Mayes, A.M.; Lauffenburger, D.A.; Griffith, L.G.J. Fibronectin matrix assembly regulates alpha5beta1-mediated cell cohesion. Cell Sci. 2002, 115, 1423-1433.
92. Patel, S.; Tsang, J.; Harbers, G.M.; Healy, K.E.; Li, S. Regulation of endothelial cell function by GRGDSP peptide grafted on interpenetrating polymers. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2007, 83, 423-433.
93. Schense, J.C.; Hubbell, J.A. Three-dimensional migration of neurites is mediated by adhesion site density and affinity. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 6813-6818.
94. Koivunen, E.; Wang, B.C.; Ruoslahti, E. Phage libraries displaying cyclic peptides with different ring sizes: ligand specificities of the RGD-directed integrins. Bio-Technology 1995, 13, 265-270.
95. Pierschbacher, M.D.; Ruoslahti, E. Influence of stereochemistry of the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp-Xaa on binding specificity in cell adhesion. J. Biol. Chem. 1987, 262, 17294-17298.
96. Xiao, Y.; Truskey, G.A. Effect of receptor-ligand affinity on the strength of endothelial cell adhesion. Biophys. J. 1996, 71, 2869-2884.
97. Cheng, S.; Craig, W.S.; Mullen, D.; Tschopp, J.F.; Dixon, D.; Pierschbacher, M.D. Design and synthesis of novel cyclic RGD-containing peptides as highly potent and selective integrin alpha IIb beta 3 antagonists. J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 1-8.
98. Avci-Adali, M.; Paul, A.; Ziemer, G.; Wendel, H.P. New strategies for in vivo tissue engineering by mimicry of homing factors for self-endothelialization of blood contacting materials. Biomaterials 2008, 29, 3936-3945.
99. Kutryk, M.J.; Kuliszewski, M.A. In vivo endothelial progenitor cell seeding for the accelerated endothelialisation of endovascular devices. Am. J. Cardiol. 2003, 92, 94L-95L.
100. Rossi, M.L.; Zavalloni, D.; Gasparini, G.L.; Mango, R.; Belli, G.; Presbitero, P. The first report of late stent thrombosis leading to acute myocardial infarction in patient receiving the new endothelial progenitor cell capture stent. Int. J. Cardiol. 2009, in press.
101. Wendel, H.P.; Avci-Adali, M.; Ziemer, G. Endothelial progenitor cell capture stents - hype or hope? Int. J. Cardiol. 2009, in press.
102. Markway, B.D.; McCarty, O.J.; Marzec, U.M.; Courtman, D.W.; Hanson, S.R.; Hinds, M.T. Capture of flowing endothelial cells using surface-immobilized anti-kinase insert domain receptor antibody. Tissue Eng. C Methods 2008, 14, 97-105.
103. Consigny, P.M.; Silverberg, D.A.; Vitali, N.J. Use of endothelial cells containing superparamagnetic microspheres to improve endothelial cell delivery to arterial surfaces after angioplasty. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 1999, 10, 155-163.
104. Pislaru, S.V.; Harbuzariu, A.; Agarwal, G.; Witt, T.; Gulati, R.; Sandhu, N.P.; Mueske, C.; Kalra, M.; Simari, R.D.; Sandhu, G.S. Magnetic forces enable rapid endothelialization of synthetic vascular grafts. Circulation 2006, 114, I314-I318.
105. Guo, K.T.; Schafer, R.; Paul, A.; Gerber, A.; Ziemer, G.; Wendel, H.P. A new technique for the isolation and surface immobilization of mesenchymal stem cells from whole bone marrow using high-specific DNA aptamers. Stem Cells 2006, 24, 2220-2231.
106. Hoffmann, J.; Paul, A.; Harwardt, M.; Groll, J.; Reeswinkel, T.; Klee, D.; Moeller, M.; Fischer, H.; Walker, T.; Greiner, T.; Ziemer, G.; Wendel, H.P. Immobilized DNA aptamers used as potent attractors for porcine endothelial precursor cells. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2008, 84, 614-621.