New racism, "clash of civilizations," and Russia

Russian Nationalism and the National Reassertion of Russia

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 125-144

  Shnirelman, Victor ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875274989     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203879726     Document Type: Chapter

References (106)

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5. For a critical analysis of the civilizational approach, see V. A. Shnirelman, The Myth of the Khazars and Intellectual Antisemitism in Russia, 1970s-1990s, Jerusalem: Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University, 2002;
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20. Gumilev, Etnogenez i biosfera zemli, pp. 252-253, 272.
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22. Gumilev, Etnogenez i biosfera zemli, pp. 406-409.
23. Gumilev, Drevniia Rus i Velikaia Step', pp. 254-245.
24. For a history of this evidently anti-Semitic rhetoric, see A. Bein, " 'Der jüdische Parasit.' Bemerkungen zur Semantik der Judenfrage," Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 13, 1965, 121-149.
25. O. Platonov, Russkaia tsivilizatsiia, Moscow: Kul'turno-proizvodstvennyi tsentr "Rus'," 1992;
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27. N. E. Troitskaia, Russkaia tsivilizatsiia mezhdu Vostokom, Zapadom i Yugom, Moscow: AKIRN, 1995.For a discussion of the "civilization project" in Russia
28. see V. A. Shnirelman, "SMI, 'etnicheskaia prestupnost' i migrantofobia," inVerkhovsky (ed.), Iazyk vrazhdy protiv obshchestva, Moskow: SOVA, 2007.
29. S. Zemlianoi, "Ne navredi. K diskussiiam o zakonoproektakh Gosudarstvennoi Dumy po 'russkomu voprosu'," Nezavisimaia gazeta, 8 September 2001, 7.
30. E. S. Troitsky, "Natsional'nyi interes skvoz' prizmu istoriosofii," in E. S. Troitsky et al. (eds.), Natsional'nye interesy russkogo naroda i demograficheskaia situatsiia v Rossii, Moscow: Shtrikhkon, 1997, pp. 13-14, 84-86.
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33. A. M. Sudavsky, Rus' - narod, zemlia, derzhava, Moscow: Obshchestvennaia pol'za, 1993, pp. 5-17;
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35. F. N. Razorenov, "Istoriko-psikhologicheskie, obshchinnye osnovy russkikh natsional'nykh interesov," in Ye. S. Troitsky et al. (eds.), Natsional'nye interesy russkogo naroda i demograficheskaia situatsiia v Rossii, Moscow: Strikhkon, 1997.
36. V. A. Shnirelman and G. A. Komarova, "Majority as a Minority: The Russian Ethnonationalism and Its Ideology in the 1970-1990s," in H.-R. Wicker (ed.), Rethinking Nationalism and Ethnicity: The Struggle for Meaning and Order in Europe, Oxford: Berg, 1997, pp. 211-224;
37. V. A. Shnirelman, Intellektual'nye labirinty. Ocherki ideologii v sovremennoi Rossii, Moscow: Academia, 2004;
38. V. A. Shnirelman, "Russian Response: Archaeology, Russian Nationalism and Arctic Homeland," in P. L. Kohl, M. Kozelsky, and N. Ben-Yahuda (eds.), Selective Remembrance: Archaeology in the Construction, Commemoration, and Consecration of National Pasts, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007, pp. 31-70.
39. "Kontseptsiia istoricheskogo obrazovaniia v obshcheobrazovatel'nykh uchrezhdeniiakh Rossiiskoi Federatsii (proekt)," Prepodavanie istorii v shkole, 4, 2000, 2-8.
40. "Obsuzhdenie kontseptsii istoricheskogo obrazovaniia v obshcheobrazovatel'nykh uchrezhdeniiakh Rossiiskoi Federatsii," Prepodavanie istorii v shkole, 4, 2000, 41-43.
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42. V. A. Shnirelman, "Rossiiskaia shkola i natsional'naia ideia," Neprikosnovennyi zapas, 6, 2006, 238-246.
43. V. A. Shnirelman, "Tsivilizatsionnyi podkhod, uchebniki istorii i 'novyi rasizm'," in V. Voronkov, O. Karpenko, and A. Osipov (eds.), Rasizm v iazyke sotsial'nykh nauk, St. Petersburg: Aleteia, 2002;
44. V. A. Shnirelman, Intellektual'nye labirinty, pp. 324-333.
45. N. Elias, The Civilizing Process, vol. 1, The History of Manners, New York: Pantheon, 1982, pp. 1-34.
46. I. N. Ionov, Rossiiskaia tsivilizatsiia IX - nachalo XX vv. Uchebnik po istorii dlia 10-11 klassov, Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 1995, pp. 67ff., 84, 89;
47. V. I. Bystrenko, Istoriia Rossii X-XIX vv. Kurs lektsii, Novosibirsk: NGAEiU, 1996;
48. A. A. Radugin, Istoriia Rossii (Rossiia v mirovoi tsivilizatsii). Uchebnoe posobie, Moscow: Tsentr, 1997, pp. 19-20, 50-51;
49. A. T. Stepanishchev et al., Istoriia Rossii, 1997, p. 23;
50. M. V. Ruban, Istoriia Rossii i mirovye tsivilizatsii, Moscow: Rossiiskoe pedagogicheskoe agentstvo, 1997;
51. A. Yu. Polunov, "Istoriia Rossii: tsivilizatsionnyi podkhod," Prepodavanie istorii v shkole, 2, 1998, 40-49;
52. Aiatskov et al., Istoriia Rossii, p. 24.
53. Stepanishchev et al., Istoriia Rossii, pp. 4ff.;
54. Aiatskov et al., Istoriia Rossii, p. 18.
55. Aiatskov et al., Istoriia Rossii, p. 18.
56. See also Tot et al., Istoriia Rossii IX-XX vekov, p. 7.
57. Radugin, Istoriia Rossii, pp. 20
58. Ionov, Rossiiskaia tsivilizatsiia, p. 67ff.
59. Aiatskov et al., Istoriia Rossii, p. 24.
60. This reminds us of the similar late-Soviet debates on the national status of various ethnic groups. See V. Tishkov, Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union, London: Sage, 1997, p. 230.
61. Radugin, Istoriia Rossii, pp. 50-52, 56-57, 73ff.;
62. M. V. Ruban, Istoriia Rossii i mirovye tsivilizatsii, Moscow: Rossiiskoe pedagogicheskoe agentstvo, 1997, pp. 13, 15.
63. Ruban, Istoriia Rossii i mirovye tsivilizatsii, p. 6.
64. Bystrenko, Istoriia Rossii X-XIX vv., p. 5;
65. T. V. Chernikova, Istoriia Rossii IX-XVI veka. 6oi klass. Uchebnik dlia obshcheobrazovatel'nykh uchebnykh zavedenii, Moscow: Drofa, 2000, p. 5;
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67. V. S. Porokhnia (ed.), Rossiia v mirovoi istorii, Moscow: Logos, 2003, p. 28. To be sure, this reminds us of the famous phrase of the French colonial educationalists: "Our ancestors were the Gauls."
68. A. Phoenix, "Dealing with Difference: the Recursive and the New," Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21, 1998, 868-869.
69. E. W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Pantheon Books, 1978, p. 98.
70. See also L. Abu-Lughod, "Writing Against Culture," in R. G. Fox (ed.), Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present, Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1991, pp. 143-144;
71. A. Appadurai, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996, p. 12.
72. R. Ferguson, Representing 'Race': Ideology, Identity and the Media, London: Arnold, 1998, pp. 72-73.
73. S. P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
74. P. Watson, T. Marshall, and B. Drogin, "How Osama bin Laden Created the First 'Terrorism International'," The Japan Times, 21 September 2001, 17.
75. Y. Suthichai, "Seminal 'Clash of Civilizations' Revisited," Daily Yomiuri, 21 September 2001, 9.
76. J. Sheler, "Of Faith, Fear, and Fanatics," Daily Yomiuri, 21 September 2001, 13(A).
77. The Japan Times, 20 September 2001, 6. S. Sangwon, "Radical Muslims Not Necessarily a Fraternity," The Japan Times, 21 September 2001, 19.
78. For a verdict of the Afghan clerics, see "Extracts from Verdict by Afghan Clerics," Daily Yomiuri, 21 September 2001, 6.
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80. L. Abu-Lughod, "Writing Against Culture," p. 146.
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85. Solomos and Back, Racism and Society, pp. 100, 210-211.
86. D. D. Laitin, Identity in Formation: The Russian-Speaking Populations in the Near Abroad, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998, pp. 69, 308.
87. D. S. Carlisle, "Uzbekistan and the Uzbeks," Problems of Communism, 40, 5, 1991, 38.
88. Laitin, Identity in Formation, p. 86.
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90. Solomos and Back, Racism and Society, p. 207.
91. L. Baier, "Farwell to Regionalism," Telos, 90, winter 1991-1992, 82-88.
92. V. Shnirelman, Who Gets the Past? Competition for Ancestors among Non-Russian Intellectuals in Russia, Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996;
93. V. Shnirelman, The Value of the Past: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia, Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 2001; "The Myths of Descent: The Views of the Remote Past, and School Textbooks in Contemporary Russia," Public Archaeology, 3, 2003, 33-51;
94. Byt' alanami. Intellektualy i politika na Severnom Kavkaze v 20-om veke, Moscow: NLO, 2006.
95. For persistency of this rule, see M. Omi and H. Winant, Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s, New York: Routledge, 1994, pp. 53-54.
96. D. Hollinger, Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism, New York: Basic Books, 1995, pp. 23-33.
97. C. C. Mukhopadhyay and Y. T. Moses, "Reestablishing 'Race' in Anthropological Discourse," American Anthropologist, 99, 1997, 527.
98. T. Shanin, "Ethnicity in the Soviet Union: Analytical Perception and Political Strategy,"Comparative Studies in Society and History, 31, 1989, 412.
99. S. M. Shirokogoroff, "La théorie de l'ethnos et sa place dans le système des sciences anthropologiques," L'Ethnographie, 32, 1936, 86-90. True, Shirokogorov noted that an ethnos has never been entirely formed because of highly dynamic ethnic relationships and a continuing recombination of its components.
100. L. Greenfeld, "Soviet Sociology and Sociology in the Soviet Union," Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 1988, 119, n. 8;
101. F. J. Gil-White, "How Thick Is Blood? The Plot Thickens...: If Ethnic Actors Are Primordialists, What Remains of the Circumstantialist/Primordialist Controversy?" Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22, 1999, 802.
102. T. Allen and J. Eade, "Understanding Ethnicity," in Allen and Eade (eds.), Divided Europeans, p. 19.
103. M. Barker, The New Racism: Conservatives and the Ideology of the Tribe, Frederick, MD: Aletheia Books, 1981;
104. E. Balibar, "Es gibt keinen Staat in Europa: Racism and Politics in Europe Today," New Left Review, 186, 1991, 5-19.
105. V. A. Shnirelman, "Tsivilizatsionnyi podkhod kak natsional'naia ideia," in V. A. Tishkov and V. A. Shnirelman (eds.), Natsionalizm v mirovoi istorii, Moscow: Nauka, 2007, pp. 82-104.
106. The Austrian anthropologist Andre Gingrich calls this attitude "economic chauvinism" (A. Gingrich, "Nation, Status and Gender in Trouble? Exploring Some Contexts and Characteristics of Neo-nationalism in Western Europe," in A. Gingrich and M. Banks (eds.), Neo-nationalism in Europe and Beyond, New York: Berghahn Books, 2006, pp. 37, 44).