Can family relationships explain the race paradox in mental health?

Journal of Marriage and Family

Volumn 75, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 470-485

  Mouzon, Dawne M ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Blacks; Depression; Family; Mental health; Race; Social support

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875261796     PISSN: 00222445     EISSN: 17413737     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12006     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Ajrouch, K. J., Antonucci, T. C., & Janevic, M. R. (2001). Social networks among Blacks and Whites: The interaction between race and age. Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56B, S112-S118. doi:10.1093/geronb/56.2.S112
2. Allison, P. (1999). Multiple regression: A primer. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. Aschenbrenner, J. (1983). Lifelines: Black families in Chicago. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
5. Barnes, L. L., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Bienias, J. L., & Evans, D. A. (2004). A longitudinal study of Black-White differences in social resources. Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 59B, S146-S153. doi:10.1093/geronb/59.3.S146
6. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
7. Bertera, E. M. (2005). Mental health in U.S. adults: The role of positive social support and social negativity in personal relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 33-48. doi:10.1177/0265407505049320
8. Bratter, J. L., & Eschbach, K. (2005). Race/ethnic differences in nonspecific psychological distress: Evidence from the National Health Interview Survey. Social Science Quarterly, 86, 620-644. doi:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00321.x
9. Breslau, J., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Kendler, K. S., Su, M., Williams, D., & Kessler, R. C. (2006). Specifying race-ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorder in a USA national sample. Psychological Medicine, 36, 57-68. doi:10.1017/S0033291705006161
10. Breslau, J., Kendler, K. S., Su, M., Gaxiola-Aguilar, S., & Kessler, R. C. (2005). Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States. Psychological Medicine, 35, 317-327. doi:10.1017/S0033291704003514
11. Broman, C. L. (2005). Marital quality in Black and White marriages. Journal of Family Issues, 26, 431-441. doi:10.1177/0192513X04272439
12. Burr, J. A., & Mutchler, J. E. (1999). Race and ethnic variation in norms of filial responsibility among older persons. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 674-687.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Births: Final data for 2006. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
14. Cole, S. R., Kawachi, I., Maller, S. J., & Berkman, L. F. (2000). Test of item-response bias in the CES-D scale: Experience from the New Haven EPESE study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 53, 285-289.
15. Eaton, W. W., & Muntaner, C. (1999). Socioeconomic stratification and mental disorder. In T. L. Scheid & T. N. Brown (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health: Social context, theories, and systems (pp. 226-255). New York: Cambridge University Press.
16. Ellison, C. G. (1990). Family ties, friendships, and subjective well-being among Black Americans. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 298-310.
17. Evenson, R. J., & Simon, R. W. (2005). Clarifying the relationship between parenthood and depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46, 341-358. doi:10.1177/002214650504600403
18. Feagin, J. R. (1968). The kinship ties of Negro urbanites. Social Science Quarterly, 49, 660-665.
19. Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360-1380.
20. Gray, B. A., & Keith, V. M. (2003). The benefits and costs of social support for African American women. In D. Brown & V. Keith (Eds.), In and out of our right minds: The mental health of African American women (pp. 742-775). New York: Columbia University Press.
21. Heeringa, S. G., Wagner, J., Torres, M., Duan, N., Adams, T., & Berglund, P. (2004). Sample designs and sampling methods for the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Studies (CPES). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13, 221-240.
22. House, J. S., Umberson, D., & Landis, K. R. (1988). Structures and processes of social support. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 293-318.
23. Iwata, N. R., Turner, R. J., & Lloyd, D. A. (2002). Race/ethnicity and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling young adults: A differential item functioning analysis. Psychiatry Research, 110, 281-289. doi:10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00102-6
24. Jackson, J. S., & Knight, K. M. (2006). Race and self-regulatory health behaviors: The role of the stress response and the HPA axis in physical and mental health disparities. In K. W. Schaie & L. L. Carstensen (Eds.), Social structures, aging, and self-regulation in the elderly (pp. 189-239). New York: Springer.
25. Jackson, J. S., Knight, K. M., & Rafferty, J. A. (2010). Race and unhealthy behaviors: Chronic stress, the HPA axis, and physical and mental health disparities over the life course. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 933-939. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143446
26. Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. F. (2001). Social ties and mental health. Journal of Urban Health, 78, 458-467. doi:10.1093/jurban/78.3.458
27. Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., & Kendler, S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002
28. Kiecolt, K. J., Hughes, M., & Keith, V. (2008). Race, social relationships and mental health. Personal Relationships, 15, 229-245. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2008.00195.x
29. Liang, J., Krause, N. M., & Bennett, J. M. (2001). Social exchange and well-being: Is giving better than receiving? Psychology and Aging, 16, 511-523. doi:10.1037//0882-7974.16.3.511
30. Lin, N., & Peek, M. J. (1999). Social networks and mental health. In A. V. Horwitz & T. L. Scheid (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health: Social contexts, theories, and systems (pp. 241-258). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
31. Lincoln, K. D. (2000). Social support, negative social interactions, and psychological well-being. Social Service Review, 74, 231-252.
32. Litwin, H. (2001). Social network type and morale in old age. The Gerontologist, 41, 516-524. doi:10.1093/geront/41.4.516
33. MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding, and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1, 173-181.
34. Maton, K. I. (1987). Patterns and psychological correlates of material support within a religious setting: The bidirectional support hypothesis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 185-207. doi:10.1007/BF00919278
35. McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 415-444.
36. Mezuk, B., Rafferty, J. A., Kershaw, K. N., Hudson, D., Abdou, C. M., Lee, H., Eaton, W., & Jackson, J. S. (2010). Reconsidering the role of social disadvantage in physical and mental health: Stressful life events, health behaviors, race, and depression. American Journal of Epidemiology, 172, 1238-1249. doi:10.1093/aje/kwq283
37. Neighbors, H. W. (1997). Husbands, wives, family, and friends: Sources of stress, sources of support. In R. J. Taylor, J. S. Jackson, & L. M. Chatters (Eds.), Family life in Black America (pp. 277-292). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
38. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
39. Rook, K. S. (2001). Emotional health and positive versus negative social exchanges: A daily diary analysis. Applied Developmental Science, 5, 86-97. doi:10.1207/S1532480XADS0502_4
40. Roschelle, A. R. (1997). No more kin: Exploring race, class, and gender in family networks. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
41. Rosenfield, S. & Mouzon, D. (2013). Gender and mental health. In C. S. Aneshensel & J. C. Phelan (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of mental health (2nd ed., pp. 277-296). New York: Springer.
42. Ryff, C. D., Keyes, C. L. M., & Hughes, D. L. (2003). Status inequalities, perceived discrimination, and eudaimonic well-being: Do the challenges of minority life hone purpose and growth? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 275-291.
43. Sarkisian, N., & Gerstel, N. (2004). Kin support among Blacks and Whites: Race and family organization. American Sociological Review, 69, 812-837. doi:10.1177/000312240406900604
44. Schnittker, J. (2005). When mental health becomes health: Age and the shifting meaning of self-evaluations of general health. The Milbank Quarterly, 83, 397-423. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00407.x
45. Schuster, T. L., Kessler, R. C., & Aseltine, R. H., Jr. (1990). Supportive interactions, negative interactions, and depressed mood. Journal of American Community Psychology, 18, 423-438. doi:10.1007/BF00938116
46. Silverstein, M., & Waite, L. J. (1993). Are Blacks more likely than Whites to receive and provide social support in middle age? Yes, no, and maybe so. Journals of Gerontology, 48, S212-S222. doi:10.1093/geronj/48.4.S212
47. Stack, C. B. (1983). All our kin: Strategies for survival in a Black community. New York: Harper & Row.
48. Taylor, R. J. (1986). Receipt of support from family among Black Americans: Demographic and familial differences. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 67-77.
49. Taylor, R. J. (1990). Need for support and family involvement among Black Americans. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 584-590.
50. Taylor, R. J., Chatters, L. M., Hardison, C. B., & Riley, A. (2001). Informal social support networks and subjective well-being among African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 27, 439-463. doi:10.1177/0095798401027004004
51. Taylor, R. J., Chatters, L. M., & Jackson, J. S. (1999). Changes over time in support network involvement among Black Americans. In R. J. Taylor, J. S. Jackson, & L. M. Chatters (Eds.), Family life in Black America (pp. 293-316). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
52. Turner, R. J., & Brown, R. L. (2009). Social support and mental health. In T. L. Scheid & T. N. Brown (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health: Social context, theories, and systems (pp. 200-225). New York: Cambridge University Press.
53. U.S. Census Bureau (2004). Marital status of the population 15 and older by sex, race, and Hispanic origin: 2004 (Detailed Table B12002A-1). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
54. Waite, L. J. (1995). Does marriage matter? Demography, 32, 483-507. doi:10.2307/2061670
55. Wethington, E., & Kessler, R. C. (1986). Perceived support, received support, and adjustment to stressful life events. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27, 78-89.
56. Williams, D. R. (2005). The health of the U.S. racial and ethnic populations. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60B, 53-62. doi:10.1093/geronb/60.Special_Issue_2
57. Williams, D. R., Gonzalez, H. M., Neighbors, H., Nesse, R., Abelson, J. M., Sweetman, J., & Jackson, J. S. (2007). Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and non-Hispanic Whites: Results from the National Survey of American Life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 305-315. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.3.305
58. Williams, D. R., Yu, R., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socioeconomic status, stress, and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 335-351. doi:10.1177/135910539700200305
59. Winship, C., & Radbill, L. (1994). Sampling weights and regression analysis. Sociological Methods & Research, 23, 230-257. doi:10.1177/0049124194023002004
60. Zhang, A. Y., & Snowden, L. R. (1999). Ethnic characteristics of mental disorders in five U.S. communities. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5, 134-146.
61. Zuvekas, S. H., & Fleishman, J. A. (2008). Self-rated mental health and racial/ethnic disparities in mental health service use. Medical Care, 46, 915-992. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e31817919e5