fMRI wada test: Prospects for presurgical mapping of language and memory

Functional Neuroradiology: Principles and Clinical Applications

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 455-484

  McDonald, Brenna C ^a   Kean, Jacob ^b   Saykin, Andrew J ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875253274     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0345-7_25     Document Type: Chapter

References (192)

1. Medina LS, Aguirre E, Bemal B, Altman NR. Functional MR imaging versus Wada test for evaluation of language lateralization: cost analysis. Radiology. 2004;230(1):49-54.
2. Kesavadas C, Thomas B, Sujesh S, et al. Real-time functional MR imaging (fMRI) for presurgical evaluation of paediatric epilepsy. Pediatr Radiol. 2007;37(10):964-74.
3. Wellmer J, Fernandez G, Linke DB, Urbach H, Elger CE, Kurthen M. Unilateral intracarotid amobarbital procedure for language lateralization. Epilepsia. 2005;46(11):1764-72.
4. Loring DW, Meador KJ, Lee GP, King DW. Amobarbital effects and lateralized brain function: The Wada test. New York: SpringerVerlag; 1992.
5. van Emde Boas W, Juhn A. Wada and the Sodium Amytal Test The first (and last?) 50 years. J Hist Neurosci. 1999;8(3):286-92.
6. Gardner WJ. Injection of procaine into the brain to locate speech area in left-handed persons. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1941;46:1035-8.
7. Wada J, Rasmussen T. Intracarotid injection of Sodium Amytal for the lateralization of cerebral speech dominance. J Neurosurg. 1960;17:266-82.
8. Milner B, Branch C, Rasmussen T. Study of short-term memory after intracarotid injection of Sodium Amytal. Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1962;87:224-6.
9. Sperling MR, Saykin AJ, Glosser G, et al. Predictors of outcome after anterior temporal lobectomy: The intracarotid amobarbital test. Neurology. 1994;44(12):2325-30.
10. Binder JR, Swanson SJ, Hammeke TA, et al. Determination of language dominance using functional MRI: a comparison with the Wada test. Neurology. 1996;46(4):978-84.
11. Yetkin FZ, Swanson S, Fischer M, et al. Functional MR of frontal lobe activation: comparison with Wada language results. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19(6):1095-8.
12. Rausch R, Risinger M. Intracarotid sodium amobarbital procedure. In: Boulton AA, Baker GB, Hiscock M, editors. Neuropsychology. Clifton, NJ: The Humana Press; 1990. p. 127-46.
13. Simkins-Bullock J. Beyond speech lateralization: a review of the variability, reliability, and validity of the intracarotid amobarbital procedure and its nonlanguage uses in epilepsy surgery candidates. Neuropsychol Rev. 2000;10(1):41-74.
14. Surgery for epilepsy. NIH Consensus Statement Online. Mar 19-21 1990;8(2):1-20.
15. Assessment: Neuropsychological testing of adults. Considerations for neurologists. Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 1996;47(2):592-599.
16. Rausch R. Role of the neuropsychological evaluation and the intracarotid sodium amobarbital procedure in the surgical treatment for epilepsy. Epilepsy Res Suppl. 1992;5:77-86.
17. Tatum IV WO, Benbadis SR, Vale FL. The neurosurgical treatment of epilepsy. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9(10):1142-7.
18. Carpentier A, Pugh KR, Westerveld M, et al. Functional MRI of language processing: dependence on input modality and temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2001;42(10):1241-54.
19. Devinsky O, Perrine K, Llinas R, Luciano DJ, Dogali M. Anterior temporal language areas in patients with early onset of temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 1993;34(5):727-32.
20. Gaillard WD, Balsamo L, Xu B, et al. Language dominance in partial epilepsy patients identified with an fMRI reading task. Neurology. 2002;59(2):256-65.
21. Gaillard WD, Berl MM, Moore EN, et al. Atypical language in lesional and nonlesional complex partial epilepsy. Neurology. 2007;69(18):1761-71.
22. Mizrahi EM, Kellaway P, Grossman RG, et al. Anterior temporal lobectomy and medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy of childhood. Epilepsia. 1990;31(3):302-12.
23. Rasmussen T, Milner B. The role of early left-brain injury in determining lateralization of cerebral speech functions. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1977;299:355-69.
24. Satz P, Strauss E, Wada J, Orsini DL. Some correlates of intra- and interhemispheric speech organization after left focal brain injury. Neuropsychologia. 1988;26(2):345-50.
25. Springer JA, Binder JR, Hammeke TA, et al. Language dominance in neurologically normal and epilepsy subjects: a functional MRI study. Brain. 1999;122(Pt 11):2033-46.
26. Woods RP, Dodrill CB, Ojemann GA. Brain injury, handedness, and speech lateralization in a series of amobarbital studies. Ann Neurol. 1988;23(5):510-8.
27. Sabbah P, Chassoux F, Leveque C, et al. Functional MR imaging in assessment of language dominance in epileptic patients. Neuroimage. 2003;18(2):460-7.
28. Woermann FG, Jokeit H, Luerding R, et al. Language lateralization by Wada test and fMRI in 100 patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 2003;61(5):699-701.
29. Thivard L, Hombrouck J, du Montcel ST, et al. Productive and perceptive language reorganization in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage. 2005;24(3):841-51.
30. Swanson SJ, Binder JR, Possing ET, et al. fMRI language laterality during a semantic task: Age of onset and side of seizure focus effects. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002;8(2):222.
31. Pujol J, Deus J, Losilla JM, Capdevila A. Cerebral lateralization of language in normal left-handed people studied by functional MRI. Neurology. 1999;52(5):1038-43.
32. Szaflarski JP, Binder JR, Possing ET, McKiernan KA, Ward BD, Hammeke TA. Language lateralization in left-handed and ambidextrous people: fMRI data. Neurology. 2002;59(2):238-44.
33. Knecht S, Drager B, Deppe M, et al. Handedness and hemispheric language dominance in healthy humans. Brain. 2000;123(Pt 12): 2512-8.
34. Knecht S, Deppe M, Drager B, et al. Language lateralization in healthy right-handers. Brain. 2000;123(Pt 1):74-81.
35. Binder JR, Rao SM, Hammeke TA, et al. Lateralized human brain language systems demonstrated by task subtraction functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(6):593-601.
36. Gaillard WD, Hertz-Pannier L, Mott SH, Barnett AS, LeBihan D, Theodore WH. Functional anatomy of cognitive development: fMRI of verbal fluency in children and adults. Neurology. 2000;54(1):180-5.
37. Grandin CB, Gaillard WD, Hunter KE, et al. Comparison of phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks: An fMRI study. Neuroimage. 1998;7:S133.
38. Hertz-Pannier L, Gaillard WD, Mott SH, et al. Noninvasive assessment of language dominance in children and adolescents with functional MRI: a preliminary study. Neurology. 1997;48(4):1003-12.
39. Beauregard M, Chertkow H, Bub D, Murtha S, Dixon R, Evans A. The neural substrate for concrete, abstract, and emotional word lexica: A positron emission tomography study. J Cogn Neurosci. 1997;9(4):441-61.
40. Beeman M. Semantic processing in the right hemisphere may contribute to drawing inferences from discourse. Brain Lang. 1993;44(1):80-120.
41. Beeman M, Friedman RB, Grafman J, Perez E, Diamond S, Lindsay MB. Summation priming and coarse coding in the right hemisphere. J Cogn Neurosci. 1994;6(1):26-45.
42. Fletcher PC, Happe F, Frith U, et al. Other minds in the brain: A functional imaging study of “theory of mind” in story comprehension. Cognition. 1995;57(2):109-28.
43. Gaillard WD, Pugliese M, Grandin CB, et al. Cortical localization of reading in normal children: an fMRI language study. Neurology. 2001;57(1):47-54.
44. Just MA, Carpenter PA, Keller TA, Eddy WF, Thulborn KR. Brain activation modulated by sentence comprehension. Science. 1996;274(5284):114-6.
45. Ross ED, Mesulam MM. Dominant language functions of the right hemisphere? Prosody and emotional gesturing. Arch Neurol. 1979;36(3):144-8.
46. Scoville W, Milner B. Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1957;20:11-21.
47. Loddenkemper T, Morris 3rd HH, Perl 2nd J. Carotid artery dissection after the intracarotid amobarbital test. Neurology. 2002;59(11): 1797-8.
48. Morris P. Practical neuroangiography. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1997.
49. Rausch R, Silfvenius H, Wieser H-G, Dodrill CB, Meador KJ, Jones-Gotman M. Intraarterial amobarbital procedures. In: Engel Jr J, editor. Surgical treatment of the epilepsies. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press, Ltd.; 1993. p. 341-57.
50. Bookheimer S, Schrader LM, Rausch R, Sankar R, Engel Jr J. Reduced anesthetization during the intracarotid amobarbital (Wada) test in patients taking carbonic anhydrase-inhibiting medications. Epilepsia. 2005;46(2):236-43.
51. Saykin AJ, Sussman NM, Gur RC. Neuropsychological methods in temporal lobectomy: Comparison of traditional batteries and specialized procedures. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1987;9(1):33-4.
52. Kimura D. Right temporal damage. Arch Neurol. 1963;8:264-71.
53. Green D, Swets J. Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Krieger; 1974.
54. Gerschlager W, Lalouschek W, Lehrner J, Baumgartner C, Lindinger G, Lang W. Language-related hemispheric asymmetry in healthy subjects and patients with temporal lobe epilepsy as studied by event-related brain potentials and intracarotid amobarbital test. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1998;108(3):274-82.
55. Epstein CM, Woodard JL, Stringer AY, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation does not replicate the Wada test. Neurology. 2000;55(7):1025-7.
56. Jennum P, Friberg L, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Dam M. Speech localization using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology. 1994;44(2):269-73.
57. Pascual-Leone A, Gates JR, Dhuna A. Induction of speech arrest and counting errors with rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology. 1991;41(5):697-702.
58. Bishop DVM, Watt H, Papadatou-Pastou M. An efficient and reliable method for measuring cerebral lateralization during speech with functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Neuropsychologia. 2009;47(2):587-90.
59. Deppe M, Knecht S, Papke K, et al. Assessment of hemispheric language lateralization: a comparison between fMRI and fTCD. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000;20(2):263-8.
60. Haag A, Moeller N, Knake S, et al. Language lateralization in children using functional transcranial Doppler sonography. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52(4):331-6.
61. Knake S, Haag A, Hamer HM, et al. Language lateralization in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: a comparison of functional transcranial Doppler sonography and the Wada test. Neuroimage. 2003;19(3):1228-32.
62. Knecht S, Deppe M, Ebner A, et al. Noninvasive determination of language lateralization by functional transcranial Doppler sonography: a comparison with the Wada test. Stroke. 1998;29(1):82-6.
63. Rihs F, Sturzenegger M, Gutbrod K, Schroth G, Mattle HP. Determination of language dominance: Wada test confirms functional transcranial Doppler sonography. Neurology. 1999;52(8): 1591-6.
64. Kamada K, Sawamura Y, Takeuchi F, et al. Expressive and receptive language areas determined by a non-invasive reliable method using functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(2):296-305.
65. Gallagher A, Theriault M, Maclin E, et al. Near-infrared spectroscopy as an alternative to the Wada test for language mapping in children, adults and special populations. Epileptic Disord. 2007; 9(3):241-55.
66. Gallagher A, Bastien D, Pelletier I, et al. A noninvasive, presurgical expressive and receptive language investigation in a 9-year-old epileptic boy using near-infrared spectroscopy. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;12(2):340-6.
67. Watanabe E, Maki A, Kawaguchi F, et al. Non-invasive assessment of language dominance with near-infrared spectroscopic mapping. Neurosci Lett. 1998;256(1):49-52.
68. Akanuma N, Reed LJ, Marsden PK, et al. Hemisphere-specific episodic memory networks in the human brain: a correlation study between intracarotid amobarbital test and [(18)F]FDG-PET. J Cogn Neurosci. 2009;21(3):605-22.
69. Duncan JD, Moss SD, Bandy DJ, et al. Use of positron emission tomography for presurgical localization of eloquent brain areas in children with seizures. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1997;26(3): 144-56.
70. Hong SB, Roh SY, Kim SE, Seo DW. Correlation of temporal lobe glucose metabolism with the Wada memory test. Epilepsia. 2000;41(12):1554-9.
71. Hunter KE, Blaxton TA, Bookheimer SY, et al. (15)O water positron emission tomography in language localization: A study comparing positron emission tomography visual and computerized region of interest analysis with the Wada test. Ann Neurol. 1999;45(5):662-5.
72. Kaplan AM, Bandy DJ, Manwaring KH, et al. Functional brain mapping using positron emission tomography scanning in preoperative neurosurgical planning for pediatric brain tumors. J Neurosurg. 1999;91(5):797-803.
73. Pardo JV, Fox PT. Preoperative assessment of the cerebral hemispheric dominance for language with CBF PET. Hum Brain Mapp 1993;1:57-68.
74. Tatlidil R, Xiong J, Luther S. Presurgical lateralization of seizure focus and language dominant hemisphere with O-15 water PET imaging. Acta Neurol Scand. 2000;102(2):73-80.
75. Desmond JE, Sum JM, Wagner AD, et al. Functional MRI measurement of language lateralization in Wada-tested patients. Brain. 1995;118(Pt 6):1411-9.
76. Benbadis SR, Binder JR, Swanson SJ, et al. Is speech arrest during wada testing a valid method for determining hemispheric representation of language? Brain Lang. 1998;65(3):441-6.
77. Adcock JE, Wise RG, Oxbury JM, Oxbury SM, Matthews PM. Quantitative fMRI assessment of the differences in lateralization of language-related brain activation in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage. 2003;18(2):423-38.
78. Arora J, Pugh K, Westerveld M, Spencer S, Spencer DD, Todd Constable R. Language lateralization in epilepsy patients: fMRI validated with the Wada procedure. Epilepsia. 2009;50(10): 2225-41.
79. Baciu M, Kahane P, Minotti L, et al. Functional MRI assessment of the hemispheric predominance for language in epileptic patients using a simple rhyme detection task. Epileptic Disord. 2001;3(3):117-24.
80. Baciu MV, Watson JM, Maccotta L, et al. Evaluating functional MRI procedures for assessing hemispheric language dominance in neurosurgical patients. Neuroradiology. 2005;47(11):835-44.
81. Bahn MM, Lin W, Silbergeld DL, et al. Localization of language cortices by functional MR imaging compared with intracarotid amobarbital hemispheric sedation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;169(2):575-9.
82. Benson RR, FitzGerald DB, LeSueur LL, et al. Language dominance determined by whole brain functional MRI in patients with brain lesions. Neurology. 1999;52(4):798-809.
83. Brockway JP. Two functional magnetic resonance imaging f(MRI) tasks that may replace the gold standard, Wada testing, for language lateralization while giving additional localization information. Brain Cogn. 2000;43(1-3):57-9.
84. Chlebus P, Mikl M, Brazdil M, Pazourkova M, Krupa P, Rektor I. fMRI evaluation of hemispheric language dominance using various methods of laterality index calculation. Exp Brain Res. 2007;179(3):365-74.
85. Deblaere K, Boon PA, Vandemaele P, et al. MRI language dominance assessment in epilepsy patients at 1.0 T: region of interest analysis and comparison with intracarotid amytal testing. Neuroradiology. 2004;46(6):413-20.
86. Gao X, Jiang C, Lu C, Shen T. Determination of the dominant language hemisphere by functional MRI in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Chin Med J. 2001;114(7):711-3.
87. Hirsch J, Ruge MI, Kim KH, et al. An integrated functional magnetic resonance imaging procedure for preoperative mapping of cortical areas associated with tactile, motor, language, and visual functions. Neurosurgery. 2000;47(3):711-21.
88. Kamada K, Todo T, Masutani Y, et al. Visualization of the frontotemporal language fibers by tractography combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(1):90-8.
89. Lehericy S, Cohen L, Bazin B, et al. Functional MR evaluation of temporal and frontal language dominance compared with the Wada test. Neurology. 2000;54(8):1625-33.
90. Schlosser MJ, Luby M, Spencer DD, Awad IA, McCarthy G. Comparative localization of auditory comprehension by using functional magnetic resonance imaging and cortical stimulation. J Neurosurg. 1999;91(4):626-35.
91. Suarez RO, Whalen S, Nelson AP, et al. Threshold-independent functional MRI determination of language dominance: a validation study against clinical gold standards. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;16(2):288-97.
92. Szaflarski JP, Holland SK, Jacola LM, Lindsell C, Privitera MD, Szaflarski M. Comprehensive presurgical functional MRI language evaluation in adult patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;12(1):74-83.
93. Benke T, Koylu B, Visani P, et al. Language lateralization in temporal lobe epilepsy: a comparison between fMRI and the Wada Test. Epilepsia. 2006;47(8):1308-19.
94. Gaillard WD, Balsamo L, Xu B, et al. fMRI language task panel improves determination of language dominance. Neurology. 2004;63(8):1403-8.
95. Rutten GJM, Ramsey NF, van Rijen PC, Alpherts WC, van Veelen CWM. fMRI-determined language lateralization in patients with unilateral or mixed language dominance according to the Wada test. Neuroimage. 2002;17(1):447-60.
96. Worthington C, Vincent DJ, Bryant AE, et al. Comparison of functional magnetic resonance imaging for language localization and intracarotid speech Amytal testing in presurgical evaluation for intractable epilepsy: Preliminary results. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1997;69(1-4 Pt 2):197-201.
97. Ramsey NF, Sommer IE, Rutten GJ, Kahn RS. Combined analysis of language tasks in fMRI improves assessment of hemispheric dominance for language functions in individual subjects. Neuroimage. 2001;13(4):719-33.
98. Fitzgerald DB, Cosgrove GR, Ronner S, et al. Location of language in the cortex: A comparison between functional MR imaging and electrocortical stimulation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18(8):1529-39.
99. Biega TJ, Levy LM, Bannout F, Gaillard WD, Potolicchio SJ. Bilateral and independent Broca areas confirmed by Wada test and functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2009;33(4):560-1.
100. Kho KH, Leijten FSS, Rutten G-J, Vermeulen J, Van Rijen P, Ramsey NF. Discrepant findings for Wada test and functional magnetic resonance imaging with regard to language function: use of electrocortical stimulation mapping to confirm results. Case Rep J Neurosurg. 2005;102(1):169-73.
101. Baciu MV, Watson JM, McDermott KB, et al. Functional MRI reveals an interhemispheric dissociation of frontal and temporal language regions in a patient with focal epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4(6):776-80.
102. Kurthen M, Helmstaedter C, Linke DB, Solymosi L, Elger CE, Schramm J. Interhemispheric dissociation of expressive and receptive language functions in patients with complex-partial seizures: An amobarbital study. Brain Lang. 1992;43(4):694-712.
103. Lee D, Swanson SJ, Sabsevitz DS, et al. Functional MRI and Wada studies in patients with interhemispheric dissociation of language functions. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;13(2):350-6.
104. Ries ML, Boop FA, Griebel ML, et al. Functional MRI and Wada determination of language lateralization: a case of crossed dominance. Epilepsia. 2004;45(1):85-9.
105. Staudt M, Grodd W, Niemann G, Wildgruber D, Erb M, KragelohMann I. Early left periventricular brain lesions induce right hemispheric organization of speech. Neurology. 2001;57(1):122-5.
106. Spreer J, Quiske A, Altenmuller DM, et al. Unsuspected atypical hemispheric dominance for language as determined by fMRI. Epilepsia. 2001;42(7):957-9.
107. Wellmer J, Weber B, Weis S, et al. Strongly lateralized activation in language fMRI of atypical dominant patients-implications for presurgical work-up. Epilepsy Res. 2008;80(1):67-76.
108. Medina LS, Bernal B, Ruiz J. Role of functional MR in determining language dominance in epilepsy and nonepilepsy populations: a Bayesian analysis. Radiology. 2007;242(1):94-100.
109. Benson RR, Logan WJ, Cosgrove GR, et al. Functional MRI localization of language in a 9-year-old child. Can J Neurol Sci. 1996;23(3):213-9.
110. Bookheimer SY, Dapretto M, Karmarkar U. Functional MRI in children with epilepsy. Dev Neurosci. 1999;21(3-5):191-9.
111. Gaillard WD, Grandin CB, Xu B. Developmental aspects of pediatric fMRI: Considerations for image acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. Neuroimage. 2001;13(2):239-49.
112. Hertz-Pannier L, Chiron C, Vera P, et al. Functional imaging in the work-up of childhood epilepsy. Childs Nerv Syst. 2001;17(4-5): 223-8.
113. Anderson DP, Harvey AS, Saling MM, et al. FMRI lateralization of expressive language in children with cerebral lesions. Epilepsia. 2006;47(6):998-1008.
114. Baxendale S. The role of functional MRI in the presurgical investigation of temporal lobe epilepsy patients: a clinical perspective and review. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2002;24(5):664-76.
115. Saykin AJ, Stafiniak P, Robinson LJ, et al. Language before and after temporal lobectomy: specificity of acute changes and relation to early risk factors. Epilepsia. 1995;36(11):1071-7.
116. Hermann BP, Wyler AR, Somes G, Clement L. Dysnomia after left anterior temporal lobectomy without functional mapping: frequency and correlates. Neurosurgery. 1994;35(1):52-6.
117. Hermann BP, Perrine K, Chelune GJ, et al. Visual confrontation naming following left anterior temporal lobectomy: a comparison of surgical approaches. Neuropsychology. 1999;13(1):3-9.
118. Stafiniak P, Saykin AJ, Sperling MR, et al. Acute naming deficits following dominant temporal lobectomy: prediction by age at 1st risk for seizures. Neurology. 1990;40(10):1509-12.
119. Sabsevitz DS, Swanson SJ, Hammeke TA, et al. Use of preoperative functional neuroimaging to predict language deficits from epilepsy surgery. Neurology. 2003;60(11):1788-92.
120. Anderson KC, Brown CP, Tallal P. Developmental language disorders: evidence for a basic processing deficit. Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg. 1993;6(1):98-106.
121. Detre JA, Maccotta L, King D, et al. Functional MRI lateralization of memory in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 1998;50(4):926-32.
122. Stem CE, Corkin S, Gonzalez RG, et al. The hippocampal formation participates in novel picture encoding: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996; 93(16):8660-5.
123. Richardson MP, Strange BA, Thompson PJ, Baxendale SA, Duncan JS, Dolan RJ. Pre-operative verbal memory fMRI predicts post-operative memory decline after left temporal lobe resection. Brain. 2004;127(Pt 11):2419-26.
124. Trenerry MR, Jack Jr CR, Ivnik RJ, et al. MRI hippocampal volumes and memory function before and after temporal lobectomy. Neurology. 1993;43(9):1800-5.
125. Hermann BP, Wyler AR, Somes G, Berry 3rd AD, Dohan Jr FC. Pathological status of the mesial temporal lobe predicts memory outcome from left anterior temporal lobectomy. Neurosurgery. 1992;31(4):652-6.
126. Sass KJ, Westerveld M, Buchanan CP, Spencer SS, Kim JH, Spencer DD. Degree of hippocampal neuron loss determines severity of verbal memory decrease after left anteromesiotemporal lobectomy. Epilepsia. 1994;35(6):1179-86.
127. Helmstaedter C, Elger CE. Cognitive consequences of two-thirds anterior temporal lobectomy on verbal memory in 144 patients: a three-month follow-up study. Epilepsia. 1996;37(2):171-80.
128. Jokeit H, Ebner A, Holthausen H, et al. Individual prediction of change in delayed recall of prose passages after left-sided anterior temporal lobectomy. Neurology. 1997;49(2):481-7.
129. Bell BD, Davies KG, Haltiner AM, Walters GL. Intracarotid amo- barbital procedure and prediction of postoperative memory in patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsia. 2000;41(8):992-7.
130. Loring DW, Meador KJ, Lee GP, et al. Wada memory asymmetries predict verbal memory decline after anterior temporal lobectomy. Neurology. 1995;45(7):1329-33.
131. Manno EM, Sperling MR, Ding X, et al. Predictors of outcome after anterior temporal lobectomy: positron emission tomography. Neurology. 1994;44(12):2331-6.
132. Weinand ME, Carter LP. Surface cortical cerebral blood flow monitoring and single photon emission computed tomography: prognostic factors for selecting temporal lobectomy candidates. Seizure. 1994;3(1):55-9.
133. Loring DW, Meador KJ, Lee GP, et al. Wada memory performance predicts seizure outcome following anterior temporal lobectomy. Neurology. 1994;44(12):2322-4.
134. Killgore WD, Glosser G, Casasanto DJ, French JA, Alsop DC, Detre JA. Functional MRI and the Wada test provide complementary information for predicting post-operative seizure control. Seizure. 1999;8(8):450-5.
135. Rabin ML, Narayan VM, Kimberg DY, et al. Functional MRI predicts post-surgical memory following temporal lobectomy. Brain. 2004;127(Pt 10):2286-98.
136. Mechanic-Hamilton D, Korczykowski M, Yushkevich PA, et al. Hippocampal volumetry and functional MRI of memory in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;16(1):128-38.
137. Szaflarski JP, Holland SK, Schmithorst VJ, Dunn RS, Privitera MD. High-resolution functional MRI at 3T in healthy and epilepsy subjects: hippocampal activation with picture encoding task. Epilepsy Behav. 2004;5(2):244-52.
138. Vannest J, Szaflarski JP, Privitera MD, Schefft BK, Holland SK. Medial temporal fMRI activation reflects memory lateralization and memory performance in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;12(3):410-8.
139. Deblaere K, Backes WH, Tieleman A, et al. Lateralized anterior mesiotemporal lobe activation: semirandom functional MR imaging encoding paradigm in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy- initial experience. Radiology. 2005;236(3):996-1003.
140. Jokeit H, Okujava M, Woermann FG. Memory fMRI lateralizes temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2001;57(10):1786-93.
141. Janszky J, Jokeit H, Kontopoulou K, et al. Functional MRI predicts memory performance after right mesiotemporal epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia. 2005;46(2):244-50.
142. Bellgowan PS, Binder JR, Swanson SJ, et al. Side of seizure focus predicts left medial temporal lobe activation during verbal encoding. Neurology. 1998;51(2):479-84.
143. Binder JR, Sabsevitz DS, Swanson SJ, Hammeke TA, Raghavan M, Mueller WM. Use of preoperative functional MRI to predict verbal memory decline after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia. 2008;49(8):1377-94.
144. Dupont S, Van de Moortele PF, Samson S, et al. Episodic memory in left temporal lobe epilepsy: a functional MRI study. Brain. 2000;123(Pt 8):1722-32.
145. Dupont S, Samson Y, Van de Moortele PF, et al. Delayed verbal memory retrieval: a functional MRI study in epileptic patients with structural lesions of the left medial temporal lobe. Neuroimage. 2001;14(5):995-1003.
146. Richardson MP, Strange BA, Duncan JS, Dolan RJ. Preserved verbal memory function in left medial temporal pathology involves reorganisation of function to right medial temporal lobe. Neuroimage. 2003;20 Suppl 1:S112-9.
147. Richardson MP, Strange BA, Dolan RJ. Encoding of emotional memories depends on amygdala and hippocampus and their interactions. Nat Neurosci. 2004;7(3):278-85.
148. Koylü B, Trinka E, Ischebeck A, et al. Neural correlates of verbal semantic memory in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2006;72(2-3):178-91.
149. Koylü B, Walser G, Ischebeck A, Ortler M, Benke T. Functional imaging of semantic memory predicts postoperative episodic memory functions in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res. 2008;1223:73-81.
150. Golby AJ, Poldrack RA, Illes J, Chen D, Desmond JE, Gabrieli JDE. Memory lateralization in medial temporal lobe epilepsy assessed by functional MRI. Epilepsia. 2002;43(8):855-63.
151. Branco DM, Suarez RO, Whalen S, et al. Functional MRI of memory in the hippocampus: Laterality indices may be more meaningful if calculated from whole voxel distributions. Neuroimage. 2006;32(2):592-602.
152. Chelune GJ. Hippocampal adequacy versus functional reserve: predicting memory functions following temporal lobectomy. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 1995;10(5):413-32.
153. McDonald BC, Saykin AJ, Jobst BC, et al. Brain activation patterns in frontal and temporal memory circuitry following temporal lobe resection for intractable epilepsy: An fMRI study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003;15(2):282.
154. Saykin AJ, Weaver JB, Burr RB, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of epilepsy surgery patients: A memory activation study. Epilepsia. 1994;35:86.
155. Swick D, Knight R. Contributions of prefrontal cortex to recognition memory: Electrophysiological and behavioral evidence. Neuropsychology. 1999;13(2):155-70.
156. Martin A. Automatic activation of the medial temporal lobe during encoding: Lateralized influences of meaning and novelty. Hippocampus. 1999;9(1):62-70.
157. McDonald BC, Saykin AJ, West JD, Sullivan JE, 3rd, Detre JA. Medial temporal lobe fMRI activation during episodic memory processing in children. Paper presented at: 37th Annual Meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society 2009; Atlanta, GA.
158. Wellmer J, Weber B, Urbach H, Reul J, Fernandez G, Elger CE. Cerebral lesions can impair fMRI-based language lateralization. Epilepsia. 2009;50(10):2213-24.
159. Liegeois F, Connelly A, Salmond CH, Gadian DG, Vargha- Khadem F, Baldeweg T. A direct test for lateralization of language activation using fMRI: comparison with invasive assessments in children with epilepsy. Neuroimage. 2002;17(4):1861-7.
160. Fernandez G, Specht K, Weis S, et al. Intrasubject reproducibility of presurgical language lateralization and mapping using fMRI. Neurology. 2003;60(6):969-75.
161. Rutten GJM, Ramsey NF, van Rijen PC, Noordmans HJ, van Veelen CWM. Development of a functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol for intraoperative localization of critical temporoparietal language areas. Ann Neurol. 2002;51(3):350-60.
162. Boynton GM, Engel SA, Glover GH, Heeger DJ. Linear systems analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging in human V1. J Neurosci. 1996;16(13):4207-21.
163. Saykin AJ, Gur RC, Sussman NM, O'Connor MJ, Gur RE. Memory deficits before and after temporal lobectomy: Effect of laterality and age of onset. Brain Cogn. 1989;9(2):191-200.
164. Saykin AJ, Robinson LJ, Stafiniak P, et al. Neuropsychological changes after anterior temporal lobectomy: Acute effects on memory, language, and music. In: Bennett TL, editor. The neuropsychology of epilepsy. New York: Plenum Press; 1992.
165. Hermann BP, Seidenberg M, Haltiner A, Wyler AR. Relationship of age at onset, chronologic age, and adequacy of preoperative performance to verbal memory change after anterior temporal lobectomy. Epilepsia. 1995;36(2):137-45.
166. Glosser G, Saykin A, Deutsch G, Sperling M, O'Connor M. Patterns of reorganization of memory functions within and between cerebral hemispheres as assessed by the intracarotid amobarbital test. Neuropsychology. 1995;9(4):449-56.
167. Backes WH, Deblaere K, Vonck K, et al. Language activation distributions revealed by fMRI in post-operative epilepsy patients: differences between left- and right-sided resections. Epilepsy Res. 2005;66(1-3):1-12.
168. Briellmann RS, Mitchell LA, Waites AB, et al. Correlation between language organization and diffusion tensor abnormalities in refractory partial epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2003;44(12):1541-5.
169. Waites AB, Briellmann RS, Saling MM, Abbott DF, Jackson GD. Functional connectivity networks are disrupted in left temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2006;59(2):335-43.
170. Vlooswijk MCG, Jansen JFA, Majoie HJM, et al. Functional connectivity and language impairment in cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy. Neurology. 2010;75(5):395-402.
171. Bettus G, Guedj E, Joyeux F, et al. Decreased basal fMRI functional connectivity in epileptogenic networks and contralateral compensatory mechanisms. Hum Brain Mapp 2009;30(5):1580-91.
172. Liao W, Zhang Z, Pan Z, et al. Altered functional connectivity and small-world in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(1):e8525.
173. Voets NL, Adcock JE, Stacey R, et al. Functional and structural changes in the memory network associated with left temporal lobe epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp 2009;30(12):4070-81.
174. Zhang Z, Lu G, Zhong Y, et al. Impaired perceptual networks in temporal lobe epilepsy revealed by resting fMRI. J Neurol. 2009;256(10):1705-13.
175. Zhang Z, Lu G, Zhong Y, et al. Impaired attention network in temporal lobe epilepsy: a resting FMRI study. Neurosci Lett. 2009;458(3):97-101.
176. Wagner K, Frings L, Halsband U, et al. Hippocampal functional connectivity reflects verbal episodic memory network integrity. Neuroreport. 2007;18(16):1719-23.
177. Frings L, Schulze-Bonhage A, Spreer J, Wagner K. Remote effects of hippocampal damage on default network connectivity in the human brain. J Neurol. 2009;256(12):2021-9.
178. Frings L, Schulze-Bonhage A, Spreer J, Wagner K. Reduced interhemispheric hippocampal BOLD signal coupling related to early epilepsy onset. Seizure. 2009;18(2):153-7.
179. Ketter TA, Kimbrell TA, George MS, et al. Baseline cerebral hypermetabolism associated with carbamazepine response, and hypometabolism with nimodipine response in mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;46(10):1364-74.
180. Matheja P, Weckesser M, Debus O, et al. Drug-induced changes in cerebral glucose consumption in bifrontal epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2000;41(5):588-93.
181. Roberts MA, Manshadi FF, Bushnell DL, Hines ME. Neurobehavioural dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury in childhood: A case report with positive findings on positron emission tomography (PET). Brain Inj. 1995; 9(5):427-36.
182. Theodore WH. Antiepileptic drugs and cerebral glucose metabolism. Epilepsia. 1988;29 Suppl 2:S48-55.
183. Theodore WH. Therapeutics: Pharmacologic. In: Mazziotta JC, Toga AW, Frackowiak RSJ, editors. Brain Mapping: The Disorders. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2000. p. 599-612.
184. Theodore WH, Bromfield E, Onorati L. The effect of carbam- azepine on cerebral glucose metabolism. Ann Neurol. 1989; 25(5):516-20.
185. Kimura D. Sex differences in cerebral organization for speech and praxic functions. Can J Psychol. 1983;37(1):19-35.
186. McGlone J. Sex differences in the cerebral organization of verbal functions in patients with unilateral brain lesions. Brain. 1977;100(4):775-93.
187. Baxter LC, Saykin AJ, Flashman LA, et al. Sex differences in semantic language processing: A functional MRI study. Brain Lang. 2003;84(2):264-72.
188. Bookheimer SY, Zeffiro TA, Blaxton T, et al. A direct comparison of PET activation and electrocortical stimulation mapping for language localization. Neurology. 1997;48(4):1056-65.
189. American Academy of Neurology. AAN Clinical Practice Handbook. St. Paul, MN: American Academy of Neurology; 1995-2003.
190. Bramham J, Morris RG. Pre- and postoperative intracarotid Amytal procedure: An assessment of validity. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4(5):556-63.
191. Deblaere K, Backes WH, Hofman P, et al. Developing a comprehensive presurgical functional MRI protocol for patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy: a pilot study. Neuroradiology. 2002;44(8):667-73.
192. Fernandez G, de Greiff A, von Oertzen J, et al. Language mapping in less than 15 minutes: real-time functional MRI during routine clinical investigation. Neuroimage. 2001;14(3):585-94.