Design and analysis of a social botnet

Computer Networks

Volumn 57, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 556-578

  Boshmaf, Yazan ^a   Muslukhov, Ildar ^a   Beznosov, Konstantin ^a   Ripeanu, Matei ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Automated social engineering; Botnets; Online privacy; Online social networks; Social network security; Socialbots

Indexed keywords

BOTNETS; ON-LINE SOCIAL NETWORKS; ONLINE PRIVACY; SOCIAL ENGINEERING; SOCIAL NETWORK SECURITIES; SOCIALBOTS;

COMMERCE; NETWORK SECURITY; ONLINE SYSTEMS; PROFITABILITY; SOCIAL NETWORKING (ONLINE);

BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH;

EID: 84875215273     PISSN: 13891286     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.comnet.2012.06.006     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Facebook, Facebook Statistics, March 2011. < http://www.facebook.com/ press >.
2. Twitter, Twitter Numbers, March 2011. < http://blog.twitter.com/2011/ 03/numbers.html >.
3. A.M. Kaplan, and M. Haenlein Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media Business Horizons 53 1 2010 59 68
4. G. Livingston, Social Media: The New Battleground for Politics, September 2010. < http://mashable.com/2010/09/23/congress-battle-social-media/ >.
5. J.A. Vargas, Obama Raised Half a Billion Online, November 2008. < http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2008/11/obama-raised-half-a-billion-on.html >.
6. F. Salem, and R. Mourtada Civil movements: the impact of Facebook and Twitter The Arab Social Media Report 1 2 2011
7. C. Taylor, Why Not Call it a Facebook Revolution? February 2011. < http://edition.cnn.com/2011/TECH/social.media/02/24/facebook.revolution/ >.
8. D. Boyd, Social Media is Here to Stay. Now What? Microsoft Research Tech Fest, February 2009.
9. Y. Boshmaf, I. Muslukhov, K. Beznosov, and M. Ripeanu The socialbot network: when bots socialize for fame and money Proceedings of the 27th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, ACSAC '11 2011 ACM New York, NY, USA 93 102
10. Y. Boshmaf, I. Muslukhov, K. Beznosov, and M. Ripeanu Key challenges in defending against malicious socialbots Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Conference on Large-scale Exploits and Emergent Threats, LEET'12 2012 USENIX Association Berkeley, CA, USA
11. T. Fong, I. Nourbakhsh, and K. Dautenhahn A survey of socially interactive robots Robotics and Autonomous Systems 42 2003 143 166
12. Z. Coburn, G. Marra, Realboy: Believable Twitter Bots, April 2011. < http://ca.olin.edu/2008/realboy >.
13. T. Hwang, I. Pearce, and M. Nanis Socialbots: voices from the fronts Interactions 19 2 2012 38 45 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2090150.2090161. < http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2090150.2090161 >
14. H. Yu Sybil defenses via social networks: a tutorial and survey SIGACT News 42 2011 80 101
15. Q. Cao, M. Sirivianos, X. Yang, T. Pregueiro, Aiding the detection of fake accounts in large scale social online services, in: Proc. NSDI, 2012.
16. E. Morozov, Swine Flu: Twitter's Power to Misinform, April 2009. < http://neteffect.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/04/25/swine-flu-twitters-power-to- misinform >.
17. K. Thomas, C. Grier, V. Paxson, Adapting Social Spam Infrastructure for Political Censorship.
18. J. Nolan, and M. Levesque Hacking human: data-archaeology and surveillance in social networks SIGGROUP Bulletin 25 2 2005 33 37
19. J. Bollen, H. Mao, and X. Zeng Twitter mood predicts the stock market Journal of Computational Science 2 1 2011 1 8
20. J. Bates, Sniffing Out Socialbots: The Combustive Potential of Social Media-based Algorithms, December 2011. < http://www.businessinsider.com/ sniffing-out-socialbots-the-combustive-potential-of-social-media-based- algorithms-2011-12 >.
21. J. Ratkiewicz, M. Conover, M. Meiss, B. Gonçalves, S. Patil, A. Flammini, and F. Menczer Truthy: mapping the spread of astroturf in microblog streams Proceedings of the 20th International Conference Companion on World Wide Web, WWW '11 2011 ACM New York, NY, USA 249 252
22. G. Yan, G. Chen, S. Eidenbenz, and N. Li Malware propagation in online social networks: nature, dynamics, and defense implications Proceedings of the 6th ACM Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security, ASIACCS '11 2011 ACM New York, NY, USA 196 206
23. J. Baltazar, J. Costoya, and R. Flores The real face of Koobface: the largest web 2.0 botnet explained Trend Micro Research July 2009
24. T.N. Jagatic, N.A. Johnson, M. Jakobsson, and F. Menczer Social phishing Communications of the ACM 50 10 2007 94 100 (Pubitemid 47505005)
25. S. Patil, Social Network Attacks Surge, June 2011. < http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/social-network-attacks-surge >.
26. Jet Bots, 2011. < http://allbots.info >.
27. A. Pitsillidis, K. Levchenko, C. Kreibich, C. Kanich, G.M. Voelker, V. Paxson, N. Weaver, S. Savage, Botnet judo: fighting spam with itself, in: NDSS, 2010.
28. C. Grier, K. Thomas, V. Paxson, and M. Zhang @spam: The underground on 140 characters or less Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS '10 2010 ACM New York, NY, USA 27 37 < http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1866307.1866311 >
29. G. Stringhini, C. Kruegel, and G. Vigna Detecting spammers on social networks Proceedings of the 26th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, ACSAC '10 2010 ACM New York, NY, USA 1 9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/ 1920261.1920263. < http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1920261.1920263 >
30. Z. Yang, C. Wilson, X. Wang, T. Gao, B.Y. Zhao, Y. Dai, Uncovering social network sybils in the wild, in: Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement Conference (IMC '11), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2011, pp. 259-268. < http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2068816.2068841 >, < http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2068816.2068841 >.
31. T. Stein, E. Chen, and K. Mangla Facebook immune system Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Social Network Systems, SNS '11 2011 ACM New York, NY, USA 8:1 8:8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1989656.1989664. < http://doi.acm.org/10. 1145/1989656.1989664 >
32. C. Wagner, S. Mitter, C. Körner, M. Strohmaier, When Social Bots Attack: Modeling Susceptibility of Users in Online Social Networks, WWW'12 Workshops: Making Sense of Microposts (# MSM2012), 2012, p. 2.
33. N. Shrivastava, A. Majumder, R. Rastogi, Mining (social) network graphs to detect random link attacks, in: IEEE 24th International Conference on Data Engineering, 2008. ICDE 2008, 2008, pp. 486-495, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICDE. 2008.4497457.
34. B. Viswanath, A. Post, K.P. Gummadi, and A. Mislove An analysis of social network-based Sybil defenses Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2010 Conference on SIGCOMM, SIGCOMM '10 2010 ACM New York, NY, USA 363 374
35. S. Fortunato Co mmunity detection in graphs Physics Reports 486 3-5 2010 75 174 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2009.11.002. < http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157309002841 >
36. A. Rapoport Spread of information through a population with socio-structural bias: I. Assumption of transitivity Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 15 1953 523 533 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476440. < http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476440 >
37. M. Nanis, I. Pearce, T. Hwang, Pacific Social Architecting Corporation: Field Test Report, November 2011. < http://pacsocial.com/ >.
38. M. Mowbray, The Twittering machine, in: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies, ASIACCS '11, 2010, pp. 299-304.
39. J.R. Douceur The Sybil attack IPTPS '01: Revised Papers from the First International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems 2002 Springer-Verlag London, UK 251 260
40. F. Nagle, and L. Singh Can friends be trusted? Exploring privacy in online social networks Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Advances in Social Network Analysis and Mining 2009 IEEE Computer Society Washington, DC, USA 312 315 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ASONAM.2009.61. < http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1602240.1602706 >
41. R. Potharaju, B. Carbunar, and C. Nita-Rotaru ifriendu: Leveraging 3-cliques to enhance infiltration attacks in online social networks Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS '10 2010 ACM New York, NY, USA 723 725 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1866307.1866410. < http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1866307.1866410 >
42. D. Irani, M. Balduzzi, D. Balzarotti, E. Kirda, and C. Pu Reverse social engineering attacks in online social networks Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment 2011 55 74
43. L. Bilge, T. Strufe, D. Balzarotti, and E. Kirda All your contacts are belong to us: automated identity theft attacks on social networks WWW '09: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on World Wide Web 2009 ACM New York, NY, USA 551 560 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1526709.1526784
44. R.J. Anderson Security Engineering: A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems second ed. 2008 Wiley Publishing
45. G. Brown, T. Howe, M. Ihbe, A. Prakash, and K. Borders Social networks and context-aware spam CSCW '08: Proceedings of the ACM 2008 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work 2008 ACM New York, NY, USA 403 412 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1460563.1460628
46. M. Huber, S. Kowalski, M. Nohlberg, and S. Tjoa Towards automating social engineering using social networking sites IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering 3 2009 117 124 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ CSE.2009.205
47. C. Herley, The plight of the targeted attacker in a world of scale, in: The 9th Workshop on the Economics of Information Security (WEIS 2010), 2010.
48. The Web Ecology Project, The 2011 Socialbots Competition, January 2011. < http://www.webecologyproject.org/category/competition/ >.
49. Y. Liu, K.P. Gummadi, B. Krishnamurthy, and A. Mislove Analyzing Facebook privacy settings: user expectations vs. reality Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement Conference, IMC '11 2011 ACM New York, NY, USA 61 70 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2068816.2068823. < http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2068816.2068823 >
50. L. von Ahn, M. Blum, N.J. Hopper, J. Langford, Captcha: using hard AI problems for security, in: EUROCRYPT, 2003, pp. 294-311.
51. M. Egele, L. Bilge, E. Kirda, and C. Kruegel Captcha smuggling: hijacking web browsing sessions to create captcha farms SAC '10: Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing 2010 ACM New York, NY, USA 1865 1870 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1774088.1774483
52. C. Hernandez-Castro, and A. Ribagorda Remotely telling humans and computers apart: An unsolved problem J. Camenisch, D. Kesdogan, iNetSection 2009? Open Research Problems in Network Security IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology vol. 309 2009 Springer Boston 9 26 < http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05437-2-2 >
53. H. Yeend, Breaking CAPTCHA Without OCR, November 2005. < http://www.puremango.co.uk/2005/11/breaking-captcha-115/ >.
54. M. Motoyama, K. Levchenko, C. Kanich, D. McCoy, G.M. Voelker, and S. Savage Re: CAPTCHAs: understanding captcha-solving services in an economic context Proceedings of the 19th USENIX Conference on Security, USENIX Security'10 2010 USENIX Association Berkeley, CA, USA 28 < http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1929820.1929858 >
55. F. Devil, Facebook Devil: Facebook Profile Creator, January 2011. < http://www.facebookdevil.com/ >.
56. M. Broersma, idefense: 1.5 million Facebook Accounts for Sale, April 2010. < http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/security-threats/2010/04/23/idefense-15- million-facebook-accounts-for-sale-40088751/ >.
57. M. Motoyama, D. McCoy, K. Levchenko, S. Savage, G.M. Voelker, Dir ty jobs: the role of freelance labor in web service abuse, in: Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Security Symposium, 2011. < http://www.usenix.org/events/Section 11/tech/full-papers/Motoyama.pdf >.
58. N. FitzGerald, New Facebook Worm-Don't Click da' Button Baby!, November 2009. < http://fitzgerald.blog.avg.com/2009/11/ >.
59. A. Mislove, M. Marcon, K.P. Gummadi, P. Druschel, and B. Bhattacharjee Measurement and analysis of online social networks IMC '07: Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement 2007 ACM New York, NY, USA 29 42 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1298306.1298311
60. Facebook, Facebook Graph API, November 2011. < https://developers. facebook.com/docs/reference/api/ >.
61. M. Huber, M. Mulazzani, E. Weippl, Who on earth is Mr. Cypher? Automated friend injection attacks on social networking sites, in: Proceedings of the IFIP International Information Security Conference 2010: Security & Privacy-Silver Linings in the Cloud, 2010.
62. J. Weizenbaum Eliza-a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine Communications of the ACM 9 1966 36 45 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/365153.365168. < http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/365153. 365168 >
63. T. Lauinger, V. Pankakoski, D. Balzarotti, and E. Kirda Honeybot, your man in the middle for automated social engineering Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX Conference on Large-scale Exploits and Emergent Threats: Botnets, Spyware, Worms, and More 2010 USENIX Association 11
64. S.T. Tong, B. Van Der Heide, L. Langwell, and J.B. Walther Too much of a good thing? The relationship between number of friends and interpersonal impressions on Facebook Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13 3 2008 531 549 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.00409.x. < http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.00409.x >
65. J. Leskovec, and E. Horvitz Planetary-scale views on a large instant-messaging network Proceeding of the 17th International Conference on World Wide Web 2008 ACM New York, NY, USA 915 924 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/ 1367497.1367620. < http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1367497.1367620 >
66. E. Kartaltepe, J. Morales, S. Xu, and R. Sandhu Social network-based botnet command-and-control: emerging threats and countermeasures Applied Cryptography and Network Security 2010 Springer 511 528
67. S. Nagaraja, A. Houmansadr, P. Agarwal, V. Kumar, P. Piyawongwisal, N. Borisov, Stegobot: A covert social network botnet, in: Proceedings of the Information Hiding Conference, 2011.
68. C. Lampe, N. Ellison, and C. Steinfield A face(book) in the crowd: social searching vs. social browsing Proceedings of the 2006 20th Anniversary Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW '06 2006 ACM New York, NY, USA 167 170 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1180875.1180901. < http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1180875.1180901 > (Pubitemid 47112404)
69. N.B. Ellison, C. Steinfield, and C. Lampe The benefits of Facebook "friends:" social capital and college students' use of online social network sites Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12 4 2007 1143 1168 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x. < http://dx.doi.org/10. 1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x >
70. C. Lampe, N.B. Ellison, and C. Steinfield Changes in use and perception of Facebook Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW '08 2008 ACM New York, NY, USA 721 730 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1460563.1460675. < http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/ 1460563.1460675 >
71. N. Bos, K. Karahalios, M. Musgrove-Chávez, E.S. Poole, J.C. Thomas, and S. Yardi Research ethics in the Facebook era: privacy, anonymity, and oversight CHI EA '09: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009 ACM New York, NY, USA 2767 2770 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1520340.1520402
72. Facebook, Facebook Security, July 2011. < http://www.facebook.com/ security >.
73. BBC News, Socialbots Used by Researchers to "steal" Facebook Data, November 2011. < http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15553192 >.
74. DSLReports, Trojan Horse, and Virus FAQ, July 2011. < http://www.broadbandreports.com/faq/trojans/1.0-Trojan-horses >.
75. C.P. Robert, and G. Casella Monte Carlo Statistical Methods (Springer Texts in Statistics) 2005 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Secaucus, NJ, USA
76. M. Gjoka, M. Kurant, C.T. Butts, A. Markopoulou, Walking in Facebook: a case study of unbiased sampling of osns, in: Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM '10, San Diego, CA, 2010.
77. D. Lowd, and C. Meek Adversarial learning Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery in Data Mining, KDD '05 2005 ACM New York, NY, USA 641 647 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1081870.1081950. < http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1081870.1081950 > (Pubitemid 43218333)
78. J.B. Grizzard, V. Sharma, C. Nunnery, B.B. Kang, and D. Dagon Peer-to-peer botnets: overview and case study Proceedings of the First Conference on First Workshop on Hot Topics in Understanding Botnets 2007 USENIX Association Berkeley, CA, USA 1 < http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1323128. 1323129 >
79. R. Gross, A. Acquisti, and H.J. Heinz III Information revelation and privacy in online social networks WPES '05: Proceedings of the 2005 ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society 2005 ACM New York, NY, USA 71 80 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1102199.1102214 (Pubitemid 44447420)
80. R.P. McAfee Introduction to economic analysis Flat World Knowledge 2006
81. C. Herley, D. Florêncio, Nobody Sells Gold for the Price of Silver: Dishonesty, Uncertainty and the Underground Economy, 2009.
82. S. Corporation, Symantec Report on the Underground Economy, November 2008.
83. G. Hardin The tragedy of the commons Science 162 1968 1243 1248 < http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/162/3859/1243.pdf >
84. G.A. Akerlof The market for "lemons": quality uncertainty and the market mechanism The Quarterly Journal of Economics 84 3 1970 488 500
85. C. Kanich, N. Weavery, D. McCoy, T. Halvorson, C. Kreibichy, K. Levchenko, V. Paxson, G.M. Voelker, and S. Savage Show me the money: characterizing spam-advertised revenue Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on Security, SEC'11 2011 USENIX Association Berkeley, CA, USA 15 < http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2028067.2028082 >
86. D. Horowitz, and S.D. Kamvar The anatomy of a large-scale social search engine Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web, WWW '10 2010 ACM New York, NY, USA 431 440 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1772690. 1772735. < http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1772690.1772735 >
87. F. Walter, S. Battiston, and F. Schweitzer A model of a trust-based recommendation system on a social network Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 16 2008 57 74 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10458-007-9021-x. < http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10458-007-9021-x >
88. D.N. Tran, F. Chiang, and J. Li Friendstore: cooperative online backup using trusted nodes Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Social Network Systems, SocialNets '08 2008 ACM New York, NY, USA 37 42 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/ 1435497.1435504. < http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1435497.1435504 >
89. F. Schreiber, S. Martínez, L. Vigil, Sybil, 1981.
90. A. Jøsang, J. Golbeck, Challenges for Robust of Trust and Reputation Systems, September 2009.
91. G. Urdaneta, G. Pierre, and M. van Steen A survey of DHT security techniques ACM Computing Surveys 43 2 2011 < http://www.globule.org/publi/ SDST-acmcs2009.html >
92. J. Newsome, E. Shi, D. Song, A. Perrig, The Sybil attack in sensor networks: analysis defenses, in: Third International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, 2004. IPSN 2004, 2004, pp. 259-268. < http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IPSN.2004.1307346 >.
93. H. Yu, M. Kaminsky, P.B. Gibbons, and A. Flaxman Sybilguard: defending against Sybil attacks via social networks SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 36 2006 267 278 (Pubitemid 44623733)
94. H. Yu, P.B. Gibbons, M. Kaminsky, and F. Xiao Sybillimit: a near-optimal social network defense against Sybil attacks Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy 2008 IEEE Computer Society Washington, DC, USA 3 17 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SP.2008.13. < http://portal.acm.org/citation. cfm?id=1397759.1398053 >
95. G. Danezis, P. Mittal, SybilInfer: detecting Sybil nodes using social networks, in: NDSS, 2009.
96. N. Tran, B. Min, J. Li, and L. Subramanian Sybil-resilient online content voting Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, NSDI'09 2009 USENIX Association Berkeley, CA, USA 15 28
97. N. Tran, J. Li, L. Subramanian, S. Chow, Optimal Sybil-resilient node admission control, in: INFOCOM, 2011 Proceedings IEEE, 2011, pp. 3218-3226.
98. I. Stoica, R. Morris, D. Liben-Nowell, D.R. Karger, M.F. Kaashoek, F. Dabek, and H. Balakrishnan Chord: a scalable peer-to-peer lookup protocol for internet applications IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON) 11 1 2003 17 32 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2002.808407
99. P. Maymounkov, and D. Maziéres Kademlia: A peer-to-peer information system based on the xor metric Revised Papers from the First International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems, IPTPS'01 2002 Springer-Verlag London, UK 53 65
100. OpenID Foundation, Promotes, Protects and Nurtures the OpenID Community and Technologies, 2009. < http://openid.net/foundation/ >.
101. S. Yardi, N. Feamster, and A. Bruckman Photo-based authentication using social networks Proceedings of the first Workshop on Online Social Networks 2008 ACM 55 60
102. H. Kim, J. Tang, R. Anderson, Social authentication: harder than it looks, in: Proceedings of the 2012 Cryptography and Data Security Conference, 2012.
103. M. Mondal, B. Viswanath, A. Clement, P. Druschel, K.P. Gummadi, A. Mislove, and A. Post Limiting large-scale crawls of social networking sites Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2011 Conference on SIGCOMM, SIGCOMM '11 2011 ACM New York, NY, USA 398 399 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2018436.2018487. < http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2018436.2018487 >
104. C.M. Zhang, and V. Paxson Detecting and analyzing automated activity on Twitter Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Passive and Active Measurement, PAM'11 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg 102 111 < http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1987510.1987521 >
105. D. Thibeau, Open Trust Frameworks for Open Government: Enabling Citizen Involvement Through Open Identity Technologies, August 2011. < http://openid.net/government/ >.
106. E. Maler, and D. Reed The venn of identity: Options and issues in federated identity management IEEE Security and Privacy 6 2008 16 23 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2008.50 (Pubitemid 351506252)
107. S.-T. Sun, Y. Boshmaf, K. Hawkey, K. Beznosov, A billion keys, but few locks: the crisis of web single sign-on, in: Proceedings of the New Security Paradigms Workshop (NSPW), 2010, pp. 61-72, http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1900546. 1900556. < http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1900546.1900556 >.
108. J. Berson ZoneAlarm: creating usable security products for consumers L.F. Cranor, S. Garfinkel, Security and Usability: Designing Secure Systems that People Can Use 2005 O'Reilly Media, Inc. 563 575 (Chapter 27)
109. S.L. Feld The focused organization of social ties The American Journal of Sociology 86 5 1981 1015 1035 < http://www.jstor.org/stable/2778746 >
110. C. Wilson, B. Boe, A. Sala, K.P. Puttaswamy, and B.Y. Zhao User interactions in social networks and their implications Proceedings of the 4th ACM European Conference on Computer Systems, EuroSys '09 2009 ACM New York, NY, USA 205 218 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1519065.1519089. < http://doi.acm.org/ 10.1145/1519065.1519089 >