Status and biogeography of the West Indian Manatee

Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2001, Pages 425-474

  Lefebvre, Lynn W ^a   Marmontel, Miriam ^b   Reid, James P ^a   Rathbun, Galen B ^c   Domning, Daryl P ^d  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^b Sociedade Civil Mamirauá   (Brazil)

^c CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (United States)

^d HOWARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875168483     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781420039481     Document Type: Chapter

References (277)

1. Ackerman, B. B., S. D. Wright, R. K. Bonde, D. K. Odell, and D. J. Banowetz. 1995. Trends and patterns in mortality of manatees in Florida, 1974-1991. Pp. 223-258 in O’Shea, T. J., B. B. Ackerman, and H. F. Percival (eds.). Population Biology of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Information and Technology Report 1, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.
2. Allen, G. M. 1942. Extinct and Vanishing Mammals of the Western Hemisphere. American Committee for International Wildlife Protection, Special Publication No. 11. Intelligence Printing, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
3. Allsopp, W. H. L. 1960. The manatee: ecology and use for weed control. Nature 188(4752):762.
4. Allsopp, W. H. L. 1969. Aquatic weed control by manatees - its prospects and problems. Pp. 344-351 in Obeng, L. E. (ed.). Man-Made Lakes. Ghana University Press, Accra.
5. Alvarez, T. 1963. The recent mammals of Tamaulipas, Mexico. University of Kansas Publication Museum of Natural History 14(15):363-473.
6. Amour, K. 1993. Status of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Trinidad and Tobago. Wildlife Section, Forestry Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources. Unpublished report.
7. Auil, N. 1998. Belize manatee recovery plan. UNDP/GEF Coastal Zone Management Project No. BZE/92/G31, United Nations Environmental Program, Caribbean Environment Program, Kingston, Jamaica.
8. Axis-Arroyo, J., B. Morales-Vela, D. Torruco-Gomez, and M. E. Vega-Cendejas. 1998. Variables asociadas con el uso de hábitat del manatí del Caribe (Trichechus manatus), en Quintana Roo, México (Mammalia). Revista de Biologia Tropical 46:791-803.
9. Bangs, O. 1895. The present standing of the Florida manatee, Trichechus latirostris (Harlan) in the Indian River waters. American Naturalist 29:783-787.
10. Banks, N. 1985. Sinopse cronológica dos estudos sobre o peixe-boi, no Brasil. Fifth Northeast Zoology Meeting, Natal, Río Grande do Norte, Brasil. Abstract.
11. Barrett, O. W. 1935. Notes concerning manatees and dugongs. Journal of Mammalogy 16:216-220.
12. Bartram, W. 1791. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida. James and Johnson, Philadelphia. (Republished 1955, Dover Publications, Inc., New York.)
13. Baugh, T. M., J. A. Valade, and B. J. Zoodsma. 1987. Manatee use of Spartina alterniflora in Cumberland Sound. Marine Mammal Science 5(1):88-90.
14. Baughman, J. L. 1946. Some early notices on American manatees and the mode of their capture. Journal of Mammalogy 27:234-239.
15. Beck, C. A. and J. P. Reid. 1995. An automated photo-identification catalog for studies of the life history of the Florida manatee. Pp. 120-134 in O’Shea, T. J., B. B. Ackerman, and H. F. Percival (eds.). Population Biology of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Information and Technology Report 1, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.
16. Beeler, I. E. and T. J. O’Shea. 1988. Distribution and mortality of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) in the southeastern United States: a compilation and review of recent information. Vols. 1 and 2. National Technical Information Service, PB88-207980/AS, Springfield, Virginia.
17. Belitsky, D. W. and C. L. Belitsky. 1980. Distribution and abundance of manatees (Trichechus manatus) in the Dominican Republic. Biological Conservation 17:313-319.
18. Bengtson, J. L. 1981. Ecology of Manatees (Trichechus manatus) in the St. Johns River, Florida. Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
19. Bengtson, J. L. and D. Magor. 1979. A survey of manatees in Belize. Journal of Mammalogy 60:230-232.
20. Bertram, G. C. L. and C. K. R. Bertram. 1963. The status of manatees in the Guianas. Oryx 7:90-93.
21. Bertram, G. C. L. and C. K. R. Bertram. 1964. Manatees in the Guianas. Zoologica (New York Zoological Society) 49:115-120.
22. Bertram, G. C. L. and C. K. R. Bertram. 1973. The modern Sirenia: their distribution and status. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 5:297-338.
23. Best, R. C. 1981. Foods and feeding habits of wild and captive Sirenia. Mammal Review 11:3-29.
24. Best, R. C. and D. M. Teixeira. 1982. Notas sobre a distribuiçao e “status” aparentes dos peixes-bois (Mammalia:Sirenia) nas costas amapaenses brasileiras. Boletim Fundaçao Brasileira para a Conservaçao da Natureza, Río de Janeiro, 17:41-47.
25. Bonde, R. K. 1998. Poachers take more manatees in Port Honduras. Pp. 6-7 in Domning, D. P. (ed.). Sirenews, Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Sirenia Specialist Group, No. 30.
26. Bonde, R. K. and C. Potter. 1995. Manatee butchering sites in Port Honduras. P. 7 in Domning, D. P. (ed.). Sirenews, Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Sirenia Specialist Group, No. 24.
27. Borôbia, M. and L. Lodi. 1992. Recent observations and records of the West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus in northeastern Brazil. Biological Conservation 59:37-43.
28. Bossart, G. D., D. G. Baden, R. Y. Ewing, B. Roberts, and S. D. Wright. 1998. Brevetoxicosis in manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) from the 1996 epizootic: gross, histologic and immunohistochemical features. Toxicologic Pathology 26(2):276-282.
29. Boyle, C. and J. Khan. 1993. National report on the status of the West Indian manatee population in Trinidad and Tobago. Manatee Subcommittee, Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalist Club. Unpublished report.
30. Bradley, R. 1983. The pre-Columbian exploitation of the manatee in Mesoamerica. Papers in Anthropology, University of Oklahoma 24:1-82.
31. Brasier, M. D. 1975. An outline history of seagrass communities. Palaeontology 18:681-702.
32. Buckingham, C. A., L. W. Lefebvre, J. M. Schaefer, and H. I. Kochman. 1999. Manatee response to boating activity in a thermal refuge. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27(2):514-522.
33. Buergelt, C. D., R. K. Bonde, C. A. Beck, and T. J. O’Shea. 1984. Pathologic findings in manatees in Florida. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 185:1331-1334.
34. Busby, D. S. and R. W. Virnstein 1993. Executive summary. Pp. iii-viii in Morris, L. J. and D. A. Tomasko (eds.). Submerged Aquatic Vegetation and Photosynthetically Active Radiation. Special Publication SJ93-SP13, St. Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, Florida.
35. Campbell, H. W. and D. Gicca. 1978. Reseña preliminar del estado actual y distribución del manatí (Trichechus manatus) en México. Anales Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoología 49:257-264.
36. Campbell, H. W. and B. I. Irvine. 1975. Manatee survey in Dominican Republic, Feb.14-25, 1975. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Unpublished report.
37. Carr, A., M. H. Carr, and A. B. Meylan. 1978. The ecology and migrations of sea turtles, 7. The West Caribbean green turtle colony. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 162:1-46.
38. Carr, T. 1994. The manatees and dolphins of the Miskito Coast Protected Area, Nicaragua. Marine Mammal Commission Report PB94-170354. Gainesville, Florida.
39. Centro Nacional de Conservação e Manejo de Sirênios 1997. Reunião de trabalho sobre pesquisa para a conservação do peixe-boi no Brasil, Barra de Mamanguape 6-8 Nov. 1997.
40. Cerrato, C. A. 1993. Estado del manati en Honduras. Report to Unidad de Coordinacion Ambiental, Programa Ambiental del Caribe del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente. Cuidad Universitaria Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 14 pp.
41. Charnock-Wilson, J. 1968. The manatee in British Honduras. Oryx 9:293-294.
42. Charnock-Wilson, J. 1970. Manatees and crocodiles. Oryx 10:236-238.
43. Charnock-Wilson, J., C. K. R. Bertram, and G. C. L. Bertram. 1974. The manatee in Belize. Belize Audubon Society Bulletin 6:1-4.
44. Colmenero-Rolón, L. C. 1984. Nuevos registros del manatí (Trichechus manatus) en el sureste de México. Anales Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoología 54:243-254.
45. Colmenero-Rolón, L. C. 1986. Aspectos de la ecología y comportamiento de una colonia de manatíes (Trichechus manatus) en el municipio de Emilia no Zapata, Tabasco. Anales Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoología 56:589-602.
46. Colmenero-Rolón, L. C. 1991. Propuesta de un plan de recuperacion para la poblacion del manatí Trichechus manatus de México. Anales Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoología 62:203-218.
47. Colmenero-Rolón, L. C. 1998. Manatee recovery committee established. P. 6 in Domning, D. P. (ed.). Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Sirenia Specialist Group, No. 29.
48. Colmenero-Rolón, L. C. and M. E. Hoz-Zavala. 1986. Distribución de los manatíes, situación y su conservación en México. Anales Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Serie Zoología 56:955-1020.
49. Colmenero-Rolón, L. C. and B. E. Zarate. 1990. Distribution, status and conservation of the West Indian manatee in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Biological Conservation 52:27-35.
50. Correa-Viana, M. 1995. El manatí: revisión de su distribución y abundancia actuales. Pp. 139-144 in Delfines y Otros Mamiferos Acuáticos de Venezuela. Academia de Ciencias Fisicas, Matamaticas, y Naturales and Fundacion para el Desarorollo de las Ciencias Fisicas, Matamaticas, y Naturales, Caracas, Venezuela.
51. Craig, B. A., M. A. Newton, R. A. Garrott, J. E. Reynolds III, and J. R. Wilcox. 1997. Analysis of aerial survey data on Florida manatee using Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Biometrics 53:524-541.
52. Crombie, R. I. 1975a. A report on the status and distribution of the manatee, Trichechus manatus, in Jamaica. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Unpublished report. 9 pp.
53. Crombie, R. I. 1975b. Manatee survey of the southeastern tip of the Republica Dominicana. U.S. Fish and Widllife Service. Unpublished Report. 10 pp.
54. Cumbaa, S. L. 1980. Aboriginal use of marine mammals in the southeastern United States. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 17:6-10.
55. Cuní, L. A. 1918. Contribución al estudio de los mamíferos acuaticos observados en las costas de Cuba. Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural “Felipe Poey” 3:83-126.
56. Dampier, W. A. 1699. A New Voyage Round the World. Vol. I, 4th ed. James Knapton, London.
57. Dekker, D. 1974. On the natural history of manatees (Trichechus manatus) from Suriname for the Amsterdam Zoo. Aquatic Mammals 2:1-3.
58. Dekker, D. 1978. Suriname, a last refuge for the manatee. Suralco Magazine 10(3):1-4.
59. Delgado, J. R. 1995. Status of the manatees in Venezuela. Pp. 159-165 in Delfines y Otros Mamiferos Acuáticos de Venezuela. Academia de Ciencias Fisicas, Matamaticas, y Naturales and Fundacion para el Desarorollo de las Ciencias Fisicas, Matamaticas, y Naturales, Caracas, Venezuela.
60. Department of Nature Conservation. 1993. National report of Suriname on the status of the West Indian manatee population in Suriname. Suriname Forest Service and Foundation for Nature Preservation in Suriname, Ministry of Natural Resources. Paramaribo, Suriname.
61. Deutsch, C. J., R. K. Bonde, and J. P. Reid. 1998. Radio-tracking manatees from land and space: tag design, implementation and lessons learned from long-term study. Marine Technology Society Journal 32(1):18-29.
62. Deutsch, C. J., J. P. Reid, R. K. Bonde, D. E. Easton, H. I. Kochman, and T. J. O’Shea. 2000. Seasonal movements, migratory behavior, and site fidelity of West Indian manatees along the Atlantic coast of the United States as determined by radio-telemetry. Work Order No. 163. Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, U.S. Geological Survey and University of Florida. Unpublished report. 1-119 + appendices.
63. Domning, D. P. 1981a. Distribution and status of manatees Trichechus spp. near the mouth of the Amazon River, Brazil. Biological Conservation 19:85-97.
64. Domning, D. P. 1981b. Sea cows and sea grasses. Paleobiology 7:417-420.
65. Domning, D. P. 1982a. Commercial exploitation of manatees Trichechus in Brazil c. 1785-1973. Biological Conservation 22:101-126.
66. Domning, D. P. 1982b. Evolution of manatees: a speculative history. Journal of Paleontology 56:599-619.
67. Domning, D. P. 1989. Alligator Hole River Project. Pp. 6-7 in Domning, D. P. (ed.). Sirenews, Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Sirenia Specialist Group, No. 12.
68. Domning, D. P. 1996. Bibliography and index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology No. 80: iii + 611.
69. Domning, D. P. 1997a. More manatee poaching. Pp. 7-8 in Domning, D. P. (ed.). Sirenews, Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Sirenia Specialist Group, No. 28.
70. Domning, D. P. 1997b. Sirenia. Pp. 383-391 in Kay, R. F., R. H. Madden, R. L. Cifelli, and J. J. Flynn (eds.). Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
71. Domning, D. P. 1998a. Status of captive manatees in the Alligator Hole River. P. 6 in Domning, D. P. (ed.). Sirenews, Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Sirenia Specialist Group, No. 29.
72. Domning, D. P. 1998b. Logging threatens coastal environment. Pp. 6-7 in Domning, D. P. (ed.). Sirenews, Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Sirenia Specialist Group, No. 29.
73. Domning, D. P. and L. C. Hayek. 1986. Interspecific and intraspecific morphological variation in manatees (Sirenia: Trichechus). Marine Mammal Science 2:87-144.
74. Domning, D. P., G. S. Morgan, and C. E. Ray. 1982. North American Eocene sea cows (Mammalia: Sirenia). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 52:1-69
75. Duerden, J. E. 1901. The marine resources of the British West Indies. West Indian Bulletin 2:123-127.
76. Duplaix, N. and H. A. Reichart. 1978. History, status and protection of the Caribbean manatee Trichechus m. manatus in Suriname. Rare Animal Relief Effort and United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Unpublished report. 1-23 + 10 appendices.
77. Eberhardt, L. L. and T. J. O’Shea. 1995. Integration of manatee life-history data and population modeling. Pp. 269-279 in O’Shea, T. J., B. B. Ackerman, and H. F. Percival (eds.). Population Biology of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). National Biological Service, Information and Technology Report 1:1-289.
78. Eberhardt, L. L., R. A. Garrott, and B. L. Becker. 1999. Using trend indices for endangered species. Marine Mammal Science 15(3):766-785.
79. Elizondo, C. L. H. 1993. El manati (Trichechus manatus) en Costa Rica. Base de Datos Conservación. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad-Convenio INBIO-TNC. Unpublished report. Pp. 94-95 + maps.
80. Estrada, A. R. and L. T. Ferrer. 1987. Distribución del manatí antillano, Trichechus manatus (Mammalia:Sirenia), en Cuba. I. Región occidental. Poeyana 354:1-12.
81. Estrada, A. R. and L. T. Ferrer. 1993. Informe sobre el estado del manati antillano en Cuba. Unpublished report prepared for UNEP. 1-4.
82. Evermann, B. W. 1902. General report on the investigations in Porto Rico of the United States Fish Commission Steamer Fish Hawk in 1899. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 20:24-25.
83. Fairbairn, P. W. and A. M. Haynes. 1982. Jamaican surveys of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), sea turtles (Families Cheloniidae and Dermochelydae) and booby terns (Family Laridae). United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Fisheries Report 278:289-295.
84. Ferrer, L. T. and A. R. Estrada. 1988. Primer record de mortalidad del manatí en aguas cubanas. Miscelanea Zoologica 41:1-2.
85. Fewkes, J. W. 1907. The aborigines of Porto Rico and neighboring islands. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology 25:48-50 and 192-193.
86. Fletcher, S. W. and W. W. Fletcher. 1995. Factors affecting changes in seagrass distribution and diversity patterns in the Indian River Lagoon complex between 1940 and 1992. Bulletin of Marine Science 57:49-58.
87. Gallagher, W. B., D. C. Parris, B. S. Grandstaff, and C. DeTample. 1989. Quaternary mammals from the continental shelf off New Jersey. Mosasaur: Journal of the Delaware Valley Paleontological Society 4:101-110.
88. Gallo-Reynoso, J. P. 1983. Notas sobre la distribución del manatí (Trichechus manatus) en las costas de Quintana Roo. Anales Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoología 53:443-448.
89. Garcia-Rodriguez, A. I. 2000. Genetic Studies of the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus). Ph.D. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.
90. Garcia-Rodriguez, A. I., B. W. Bowen, D. P. Domning, A. A. Mignucci-Giannoni, M. Marmontel, R. A. Montoya-Ospina, B. Morales-Vela, M. Rudin, R. K. Bonde, and P. M. McGuire. 1998. Phylogeography of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus): how many populations and how many taxa? Molecular Ecology 7(9):1137-1149.
91. Garrott, R. A., B. B. Ackerman, J. R. Cary, D. M. Heisey, J. E. Reynolds III, P. M. Rose and J. R. Wilcox. 1994. Trends in counts of Florida manatees at winter aggregation sites. Journal of Wildlife Management 58(4):642-654.
92. Gundlach, J. 1877. Contribución a la Mamalogia Cubana. Montiel y Compañía, Habana.
93. Gunter, G. 1942. Further miscellaneous notes on American manatees. Journal of Mammalogy 23:89-90.
94. Gunter, G. 1954. Mammals of the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service 55:543-551.
95. Harlan, R. 1824. On a species of Lamantin resembling the Manatus Senegalensis (Cuvier) inhabiting the coast of East Florida. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 3:390-394.
96. Hartman, D. S. 1972. Manatees. Sierra Club Bulletin 57:20-22.
97. Hartman, D. S. 1974. Distribution, status and conservation of the manatee in the United States. National Technical Information Service Publication PB81-140725, Springfield, Virginia.
98. Hartman, D. S. 1979. Ecology and behavior of the manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Florida. American Society of Mammalogists Special Publication 5:1-153.
99. Hatt, R. T. 1934. A manatee collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition, with observations on the recent manatees. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History 66:533-566.
100. Hislop, G. 1985. Trinidad and Tobago. P. 8 in Domning, D. P. (ed.). Sirenews, Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Sirenia Specialist Group, No. 3.
101. Hulbert, R. C., Jr. and G. S. Morgan. 1989. Stratigraphy, paleoecology and vertebrate fauna of the Leisey Shell Pit Local Fauna, Early Pleistocene (Irvingtonian) of southwestern Florida. Papers in Florida Paleontology No. 2:1-19.
102. Hurst, L. A. 1987. Review of the Status and Distribution of the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Jamaica, with an Evaluation of the Aquatic Vegetation of the Alligator Hole River. M.S. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.
103. Husar, S. L. 1977. The West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife Research Report 7. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
104. Husson, A. M. 1978. The mammals of Suriname. Zoölogische Monographieën van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie No. 2:334-339.
105. IBAMA 1997. Mamíferos aquáticos do Brasil: Plano de ação. Brasília.
106. INDERENA 1993. Informe del estado actual del manati antillano (Trichechus manatus) en Colombia. Division de Fauna Terrestre. Santafé de Bogotá.
107. Irvine, A. B. 1983. Manatee metabolism and its influence on distribution in Florida. Biological Conservation 25:315-334.
108. Irvine, A. B., F. C. Neal, P. T. Cardeilhac, J. A. Popp, F. H. White, and R. L. Jenkins. 1980. Clinical observations on captive and free-ranging West Indian manatees, Trichechus manatus, in Florida. Aquatic Mammals 8:2-10.
109. Irvine, A. B., J. E. Caffin, and H. I. Kochman. 1982. Aerial surveys for manatees and dolphins in western peninsular Florida. Fishery Bulletin 80:621-629.
110. Jackson, J. F. 1975. Preliminary status survey of Trichechus in northeastern Brazil. Unpublished report for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1-6 + map.
111. Janson, T. 1978. Ecology and conservation of the Guatemalan manatee. Marine Mammal Information, Oregon State University:3. Abstract.
112. Janson, T. 1980. Discovering the mermaids. Oryx 5:373-379.
113. Jiménez, J. C. 1982. Letter to editor, San Juan Star Magazine, June 6, 1982.
114. Jiménez-Marrero, N. M., I. Méndez-Matos, R. A. Montoya-Ospina, E. H. Williams, L. Bunkley, and A. A. Mignucci-Giannoni. 1998. Rangos de referencia de immunoglobulina G en individuos de tres poblaciones des manatí (Trichechus manatus). Caribbean Journal of Science 34(3-4):313-315.
115. Jiménez Pérez, I. 1998. Ecology and Conservation of the West Indian Manatee in Northeastern Costa Rica. M.S. thesis in Wildlife Management and Conservation, submitted to Regional Wildlife Management Program for Mesoamerica and the Caribbean, Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.
116. Jiménez Pérez, I. 2000a. Conservation status of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Nicaragua. Unpublished report.
117. Jiménez Pérez, I. 2000b. Los Manatíes del Río San Juan y los Canales de Torteguero: Ecología y Conservación. Asociación Comunidades Ecologistas la Ceiba, Amigos de la Tierra, Costa Rica.
118. Jiménez Pérez, I. and M. A. Cateula. 1998. Estado de conservación del manatí (Trichechus manatus) en la Gran Reserva Biológica Indio Maíz, Nicaragua. Unpublished report.
119. Jong, C. de 1961. Manatee hunters in Guiana in past centuries. Surinaamse Landbouw 9:93-100.
120. Kadel, J. J. and G. W. Patton. 1992. Aerial studies of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) on the west coast of Florida from 1985-1990: a comprehensive six year study. Mote Marine Laboratory Technical Report No. 246:1-17+ appendices.
121. Kenyon, K. W. 1981. Monk seals - Monachus. Pp. 195-220 in Ridgway, S. H. and R. J. Harrison (eds.). Handbook of Marine Mammals, Vol. 2 Seals. Academic Press, London.
122. Kinnaird, M. F. 1985. Aerial census of manatees in northeastern Florida. Biological Conservation 32:59-79.
123. Klein, E. H. 1979. Review of the status of manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Honduras, Central America. Ceiba 23(1):21-28.
124. Koelsch, J. A. 1997. The Seasonal Occurrence and Ecology of Florida Manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in Coastal Waters near Sarasota, FL. Master’s thesis, University of South Florida, Tampa.
125. Landsberg, J. H. and K. A. Steidinger. 1998. A historical review of Gymnodinium breve red tides implicated in mass mortalities of the manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in Florida, USA. Pp. 97-100 in Raguera, B., J. Blanco, M. L. Fernández, and T. Wyatt (eds.). Harmful Algae. Xunta de Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO.
126. Langtimm, C. A., T. J. O’Shea, R. Pradel, and C. A. Beck. 1998. Estimates of annual survival probabilities for adult Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Ecology 79(3):981-997.
127. Layne, J. N. 1965. Observations on marine mammals in Florida waters. Bulletin Florida State Museum 9:131-181.
128. Lazcano-Barrero, M. A. and J. M. Packard. 1989. The occurrence of manatees (Trichechus manatus) in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Marine Mammal Science 5:202-205.
129. LeBouef, B. J., K. W. Kenyon, and B. Villa-Ramirez. 1986. The Caribbean monk seal is extinct. Marine Mammal Science 2(1):70-72.
130. Ledder, D.A. 1986. Food Habits of the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in South Florida. M.S. thesis, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida.
131. Lefebvre, L. W. and R. K. Frohlich. 1986. Movements of radio-tagged manatees in southwest Florida, January 1985-March 1986. United States Fish and Wildlife Service and Florida Department of Natural Resources. Unpublished report: 1-87.
132. Lefebvre, L. W. and H. I. Kochman. 1991. An evaluation of aerial survey replicate count methodology to determine trends in manatee abundance. Wildlife Society Bulletin 19:298-309.
133. Lefebvre, L. W. and T. J. O’Shea. 1995. Florida manatees. Pp. 267-269 in Our Living Resources -Coastal and Marine Ecosystems. National Biological Service, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
134. Lefebvre, L. W., T. J. O’Shea, G. B. Rathbun, and R. C. Best. 1989. Distribution, status and biogeography of the West Indian manatee. Pp. 567-610 in Woods, C. A. (ed.). Biogeography of the West Indies; Past, Present, and Future. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida.
135. Lefebvre, L. W., B. B. Ackerman, K. M. Portier, and K. H. Pollock. 1995. Aerial survey as a technique for estimating manatee population size and trend - problems and prospects. Pp. 63-74 in O’Shea T. J., B. B. Ackerman and H. F. Percival (eds.). Population Biology of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Information and Technology Report 1, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.
136. Lefebvre, L. W., J. P. Reid, W. J. Kenworthy, and J. A. Powell. 2000. Characterizing manatee habitat use and seagrass grazing in Florida and Puerto Rico: implications for conservation and management. Pacific Conservation Biology 5(4):289-298.
137. Lima, R. P. de 1997. Peixe-boi marinho (Trichechus manatus): distribuição, status de conservação e aspectos tradicionais ao longo do litoral nordeste do Brasil. M.Sc. dissertation, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife.
138. Lima, R. P. de, D. Paludo, R. J. Soavinski, K. G. Silva, and E. M. A. Oliveira. 1992. Levantamento da distribuição, ocorrência e status de conservação do peixe-boi marinho (Trichechus manatus manatus, Linnaeus, 1758) no litoral nordeste do Brasil. Peixe-boi - coletânea de trabalhos de consrevação e pesquisa de sirênios no Brasil 1(1):47-72.
139. Lluch-Belda, D. 1965. Algunas notas sobre la biología del manatí. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Biológico-Pesqueras, México 1:405-419.
140. López-Ornat, A. and J. J. Consejo-Dueñas. 1988. Implementación de un programa de conservación de los humedales de Quintana Roo (México): un proceso dinámico de cinco años. Pp. 351-356 in Anónimo (ed.). Ecología y conservación del Delta de los ríos Usumacinta y Grijalva. Memorias, INIREB-TABASCO.
141. Loveland, F. O. 1976. Tapirs and manatees: cosmological categories and social process among Rama Indians of eastern Nicaragua. Pp. 67-82 in Helms, M. W. and F. O. Loveland (eds.). Frontier Adaptations in Lower Central America. Philadelphia Institute for the Study of Human Issues, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
142. MacLaren, J. P. 1967. Manatees as a naturalistic biological mosquito control method. Mosquito News 27(3):387-393.
143. Maheia, W. 1997. Manatee poaching continues in Belize. Pp. 7-8 in Domning, D. P. (ed.). Sirenews, Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Sirenia Specialist Group, No. 27.
144. Marine Mammal Commission. 1988. Preliminary assessment of habitat protection needs for West Indian manatees on the east coast of Florida and Georgia. Marine Mammal Commission, Washington, D.C.
145. Marmontel, M., S. R. Humphrey, and T. J. O’Shea. 1997. Population viability analysis of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), 1976-1991. Conservation Biology 11(2):467-481.
146. Marsh, H., T. J. O’Shea, and R. C. Best. 1986. Research on sirenians. Ambio 15:177-180.
147. Marsh, H., C. A. Beck, and T. Vargo. 1999. Comparisons of the capabilities of dugongs and West Indian manatees to masticate seagrasses. Marine Mammal Science 15(1):250-255.
148. Mataraza, L. K., J. B. Terrell, A. B. Munson, and D. E. Canfield, Jr. 1999. Changes in submersed macrophytes in relation to tidal storm surges. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 37:3-12.
149. McClenaghan, L. R., Jr. and T. J. O’Shea. 1988. Genetic variability in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus). Journal of Mammalogy 69:481-488.
150. McCoy, E. D. and K. L. Heck, Jr. 1976. Biogeography of corals, seagrasses and mangroves: an alternative to the center of origin concept. Systematic Zoology 25(1):201-210.
151. McKillop, H. I. 1985. Prehistoric exploitation of the manatee in the Maya and circum-Caribbean areas. World Archaeology 16(3):337-353.
152. Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A. 1991. Outlook for manatee survival grim unless rapid action is taken. Pp. 7-8 in Sirenews, Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Sirenia Specialist Group, No. 15.
153. Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A. 1998. Marine mammal captivity in the northeastern Caribbean, with notes on the rehabilitation of stranded whales, dolphins and manatees. Caribbean Journal of Science 34(3-4):191-203.
154. Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A. and C. A. Beck. 1998. The diet of the manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Puerto Rico. Marine Mammal Science 14(2):394-397.
155. Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A., C. A. Beck, R. A. Montoya-Ospina, and E. H. Williams. 1999. Parasites and commensals of the West Indian manatee from Puerto Rico. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 66(1):67-69.
156. Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A., R. A. Montoya-Ospina, N. M. Jimenez-Marrero, M. A. Rodriguez-Lopez, E. H. Williams, and R. K. Bonde. 2000. Manatee mortality in Puerto Rico. Environmental Management. 25(2):189-198.
157. Miller, G. S. 1918. Mammals and reptiles collected by Theodoor de Booy in the Virgin Islands. Proceedings U.S. National Museum 54(2244):507-511.
158. Miller, G. S. 1929. Mammals eaten by Indians, owls and Spaniards in the coast region of the Dominican Republic. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection 82(5):1-16.
159. Miller, K. E., B. B. Ackerman, L. W. Lefebvre, and K. B. Clifton. 1998. An evaluation of strip-transect aerial survey methods for monitoring manatee populations in Florida. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26(3):561-570.
160. Mondolfi, E. 1974. Taxonomy, distribution and status of the manatee in Venezuela. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle 97(34):5-23.
161. Mondolfi, E. and C. Müller. 1979. Investigación y conservación del manatí en Venezuela. Vols. 1 (55 pp.) and 2 (88 pp.). Fundación para la Defensa de la Naturaleza. Unpublished report.
162. Montgomery, G. B., N. B. Gale, and W. P. Murdoch, Jr. 1982. Have manatee entered the eastern Pacific Ocean? Mammalia 46:267-258.
163. Montgomery, G. G. 1980. Status of the manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Bocas del Toro Province, Panama. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.
164. Montoya-Ospina, R. A. 1994. Preliminary Blood Chemistry Reference Ranges for Antillean Manatees, Trichechus manatus, from Puerto Rico and Colombia. Master of Science thesis, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
165. Montoya-Ospina, R. A., C. Caicedo-Herrera, S. L. Millán-Sánchez, A. A. Mignucci-Giannoni, and L. W. Lefebvre. In press. Status of the West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus, in Colombia. Biological Conservation.
166. Moore, J. C. 1951. The range of the Florida manatee. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 14:1-19.
167. Moore, J. C. 1956. Observations of manatees in aggregations. American Museum Novitates 1811:1-24.
168. Morales-Vela, B. 2000a. Distribución, movimientos y reproduccion de manatí es radio-marcados en la bahia de Chetumal, México. Chapter in draft Ph.D. thesis: Distribución, abundancia y uso de habitat por el manatí en Quintana Roo y Belize, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
169. Morales-Vela, B. 2000b. Tendencia poblacional de manatíes es y su distribución en la bahia de Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México. Chapter in draft Ph.D. thesis: Distribución, abundancia y uso de habitat por el manatí en Quintana Roo y Belize, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
170. Morales-Vela, B. and L. D. Olivera-Gomez. 1992. De sirenas a manatí es. Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo (CIQRO), Chetumal, México.
171. Morales-Vela, B and L. D. Olivera-Gómez. 1994a. Distribución espacial y estimacion poblacional de los manatí es en las Bahia de Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México. Revista de Investigaciones Cientifica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Ciencias del Mar 2 (No. especial SOMEMMA, 2):27-34.
172. Morales-Vela, B. and L. D. Olivera-Gómez. 1994b. Distribución y abundancia del manatí en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sian Ka’an, Quintana Roo, México: (1992-1994). Sian Ka’an Serie Documentos (2):55-59.
173. Morales-Vela, B. and L. D. Olivera-Gómez. 1996. Manatee rescue in Chiapas. P. 11 in Domning, D. P. (ed.). Sirenews, Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Sirenia Specialist Group, No. 25.
174. Morales-Vela, B, L. D. Olivera-Gómez, and P. Ramirez-Garcia. 1996. Conservacion de los manatíes en la region del Caribe de México y Belize. Informe técnico preparado por El Colegio del la Frontera Sur. ECOSUR Informe Técnico Numero MM01-CONACyT N9301-2017.
175. Morales-Vela, B. and L. D. Olivera-Gómez. 1997. Distribución del manatí (Trichechus manatus) en la costa norte y centro-norte del estado de Quintana Roo, México. Anales Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Serie Zoologia 68:153-164.
176. Morales-Vela, B., D. Olivera-Gómez, J. E. Reynolds III, and G. B. Rathbun. 2000. Distribution and habitat use by manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) in Belize and Chetumal Bay, Mexico. Biological Conservation 95:67-75.
177. Morgan, G. S. and C. A. Woods. 1986. Extinction and the zoogeography of West Indian land mammals. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 28:167-203.
178. Morison, S. E. 1942. Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Colombus. Little, Brown, Boston. 680 pp.
179. Mou Sue, L. L., D. H. Chen, R. K. Bonde, and T. J. O’Shea. 1990. Distribution and status of manatees (Trichechus manatus) in Panama. Marine Mammal Sciences 6(3):234-241.
180. Muizon, C. D. and D. P. Domning. 1985. The first records of fossil sirenians in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Mammalia 46:257-258.
181. Murie, A. 1935. Mammals from Guatemala and British Honduras. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 26:1-30.
182. Murray, J. A. (ed.). 1991. The Islands and the Sea: Five Centuries of Nature Writing from the Caribbean. Oxford University Press, New York.
183. Murray, S. P., S. A. Hsu, H. H. Roberts, E. H. Owens, and R. L. Crout. 1982. Physical processes and sedimentation on a broad, shallow bank. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 14:135-137.
184. Narganes-S., Y. M. 1982. Vertebrate Faunal Remains from Sorce, Vieques. M.S. thesis, University of Georgia, Athens.
185. National Science Research Council of Guyana and National Academy of Sciences, USA. 1973. Some prospects for aquatic weed management in Guyana. Workshop on Aquatic Weed Management and Utilization. Georgetown, Guyana.
186. National Science Research Council of Guyana. 1974. An international centre for manatee research. Georgetown, Guyana.
187. Natural Resources Conservation Authority. 1993. Jamaica - National report on the status of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus). Unpublished report prepared for UNEP. 1-8 + map.
188. Neish, W. D. 1896. The manatee, Manatus australis. Journal of the Institute of Jamaica 2:287-288.
189. Nietschmann, B. 1972. Hunting and fishing focus among the Moskito Indians, eastern Nicaragua. Human Ecology 1:41-67.
190. Nietschmann, B. 1979. Ecological change, inflation and migration in the far western Caribbean. Geographic Review 69:1-24.
191. Odell, D. K. 1979. Distribution and abundance of marine mammals in the waters of the Everglades National Park. National Park Service Biological Series 5:673-678.
192. Odell, D. K., J. E. Reynolds, and G. Waugh. 1978. New records of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) from the Bahama Islands. Biological Conservation 14:289-293.
193. O’Donnell, D. J. 1981. Manatees and Man in Central America. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles.
194. Ojeda C., M. M., J. Porras, H. Gonzalez, and J. Ojasti. 1993. Estado actual del manati antillano Trichechus manatus en Venezuela - informe nacional. Republica de Venezuela, Ministe del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales Renovables (M.A.R.N.R.). Unpublished report prepared for UNEP.
195. Ortega-Argueta, A. 1997. Uso de caletas y cenotes por el manatí del Caribe Trichechus manatus manatus (Linnaeus 1758) y el impacto del turismo en Quintana Roo, México. Tesis profesional, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Veracrusana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
196. Ortiz, R. M., G. A. J. Worthy, and D. S. MacKenzie. 1998. Osmoregulation in wild and captive West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus). Physiological Zoology 71(4):449-457.
197. O’Shea, T. J. 1986. Mast foraging by West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus). Journal of Mammalogy 67:183-185.
198. O’Shea, T. J. and B. B. Ackerman. 1995. Population biology of the Florida manatee: an overview. Pp. 280-288 in O’Shea, T. J., B. B. Ackerman, and H. F. Percival (eds.). Population Biology of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). National Biological Service, Information and Technology Report 1:1-289.
199. O’Shea, T. J. and W. C. Hartley. 1995. Reproduction and early-age survival of manatees at Blue Spring, Upper St. Johns River, Florida. Pp. 157-176 in O’Shea, T. J., B. B. Ackerman, and H. F. Percival (eds.). Population Biology of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). National Biological Service, Information and Technology Report 1:1-289.
200. O’Shea, T. J. and H. I. Kochman. 1990. Florida manatees: distribution, geographically referenced data sets and ecological and behavioral aspects of habitat use. Pp. 11-22 in Reynolds, J. E. III and K. D. Haddad (eds.). Report of the Workshop on Geographic Information Systems as an Aid to Managing Habitat for West Indian manatees in Florida and Georgia. Florida Marine Research Publications 49:1-57.
201. O’Shea, T. J. and C. A. Salisbury. 1991. Belize - a last stronghold for manatees in the Caribbean. Oryx 25:156-164.
202. O’Shea, T. J., C. A. Beck, R. K. Bonde, H. I. Kochman, and D. K. Odell. 1985. An analysis of manatee mortality patterns in Florida, 1976-81. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:1-11.
203. O’Shea, T. J., M. Correa-Viana, M. E. Ludlow, and J. G. Robinson. 1986. Distribution and status of the West Indian manatee in Venezuela. I.U.C.N. Contract Report 9132, Gland, Switzerland.
204. O’Shea, T. J., G. B. Rathbun, R. K. Bonde, C. D. Buergelt, and D. K. Odell. 1991. An epizootic of Florida manatees associated with a dinoflagellate bloom. Marine Mammal Science 7(2):165-179.
205. Ottenwalder, J. A. 1995. Situación del manatí en la República Dominicana. Dominican Business 32:41-44.
206. Ottenwalder, J. A. and Y. Leon. 1999. Resultados del análisis inicial de los surveys (entrevistas) de manatí conducidas en la costa de República Dominicana entre 1994 y 1996. Unpublished report.
207. Packard, J. M. 1981. Abundance, distribution and feeding habits of manatees (Trichechus manatus) wintering between St. Lucie and Palm Beach Inlets, Florida. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Contract Report No. 14-16-004-80-105.
208. Packard, J. M. 1983. Proposed Research/Management Plan for Crystal River manatees. Vol. I. Summary. Technical Report No. 7. Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Florida, Gainesville.
209. Packard, J. M. and P. M. Rose. 1985. Strategies for protection of non-exploited Sirenia populations. Fourth International Thelogical Congress. Abstract.
210. Packard, J. M. and O. F. Wetterqvist. 1986. Evaluation of manatee habitat systems on the northwestern Florida coast. Coastal Zone Management Journal 14:279-310.
211. Paludo, D. 1997. Estudos sobre a ecologia e conservação do peixe-boi marinho Trichechus manatus manatus no nordeste do Brasil. M.Sc. dissertation, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brasil.
212. Phillips, R.C., R. L. Vadas, and N. Ogden. 1982. The marine algae and seagrasses of the Moskito Bank, Nicaragua. Aquatic Botany 13:187-195.
213. Powell, J. A. 1976. Jamaica trip report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Unpublished report.
214. Powell, J. A. 1978. Evidence of carnivory in manatees (Trichechus manatus). Journal of Mammalogy 59:442.
215. Powell, J. A. and D. F. Gicca. 1975. Colombia, South America trip report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Unpublished report.
216. Powell, J. A. and G. B. Rathbun. 1984. Distribution and abundance of manatees along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Northeast Gulf Science 7:1-28.
217. Powell, J. A. and J. C. Waldron. 1981. The manatee population in Blue Spring, Volusia County, Florida. Pp. 41-51 in Brownell, R. L. and K. Ralls (eds.). The West Indian Manatee in Florida. Florida Department of Natural Resources Tallahassee. Unpublished report. 155 pp.
218. Powell, J. A., D. W. Belitsky, and G. B. Rathbun. 1981. Status of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Puerto Rico. Journal of Mammalogy 62:642-646.
219. Price, W. A. 1954. Shorelines and coasts of the Gulf of Mexico. Pp. 39-65 in Galtsoff, P. S. (ed.). Gulf of Mexico - its origin, water and marine life. Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service 89, Vol. 55:1-604.
220. Provancha, J. A. and C. R. Hall. 1991. Observations of associations between seagrass beds and manatees in east central Florida. Florida Scientist 54(2):87-98.
221. Quintana Rizzo, E. 1993. Estimación de la distribución y el tamaño poblacional del manati Trichechus manatus (Trichechidae-Sirenia) en Guatemala. M.Sc. thesis, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmacia, Guatemala. 80 pp.
222. Rathbun, G. B., R. K. Bonde, and D. Clay. 1982. The status of the West Indian manatee on the Atlantic coast north of Florida. Pp. 152-165 in Odom, R. R. and J. W. Guthrie (eds.). Proceedings of the Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Symposium. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Technical Bulletin WL 5.
223. Rathbun, G. B., J. A. Powell, and G. Cruz. 1983a. Status of the West Indian manatee in Honduras. Biological Conservation 26:301-308.
224. Rathbun, G. B., J. A. Powell, and J. P. Reid. 1983b. Movements of manatees (Trichechus manatus) using power plant effluents in southern Florida. Florida Power and Light Co. Contract Report, Cooperative Agreement No. 14-16-0009-82-906.
225. Rathbun, G. B., T. Carr, N. M. Carr, and C. A. Woods. 1985a. The distribution of manatees and sea turtles in Puerto Rico. National Technical Information Service PB86-1518347AS, Springfield, Virginia.
226. Rathbun, G. B., C. A. Woods, and J. A. Ottenwalder. 1985b. The manatee in Haiti. Oryx 19:234-236.
227. Rathbun, G. B., J. P. Reid, and G. Carowan. 1990. Distribution and movement patterns of manatees (Trichechus manatus) in northwestern peninsular Florida. Florida Marine Research Publications (48):1-33.
228. Rathbun, G. B., J. P. Reid, R. K. Bonde, and J. A. Powell. 1995. Reproduction in free-ranging Florida manatees. Pp. 135-156 in O’Shea, T. J., B. B. Ackerman, and H. F. Percival (eds.). Population Biology of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). National Biological Service, Information and Technology Report 1.
229. Ray, C. E. 1960. The manatee in the Lesser Antilles. Journal of Mammology 41:412-413.
230. Reid, J. P. 1996. Chessie the manatee: from Florida to Rhode Island. Argos Newsletter No. 51:13.
231. Reid, J. P. 2000. Florida manatee now resident in the Bahamas. Pp. 7-8 in Domning, D. P. (ed.). Sirenews, Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Sirenia Specialist Group, No. 33.
232. Reid, J. P. and G. B. Rathbun. 1986. 1985 manatee identification catalog update. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Florida Power and Light Co. Unpublished report.
233. Reid, J. P., G. B. Rathbun, and J. R. Wilcox. 1991. Distribution patterns of individually identifiable West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) in Florida. Marine Mammal Science 7:180-190.
234. Reynolds, J. E., III. 1995. Florida manatee population biology: research progress, infrastructure and applications for conservation and management. Pp. 6-12 in O’Shea, T. J., B. B. Ackerman, and H. F. Percival (eds.). Population Biology of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). National Biological Service, Information and Technology Report 1:1-289.
235. Reynolds, J. E., III. 1999. Efforts to conserve manatees. Pp. 267-295 in Twiss, J. R., Jr. and R. R. Reeves (eds.). Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
236. Reynolds, J. E., III. 2000. Distribution and abundance of Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) around selected power plants following winter cold fronts: 1999-2000. Florida Power and Light Company, Order Number: B93135-00139.
237. Reynolds, J. E., III and J. C. Ferguson. 1984. Implications of the presence of manatees (Trichechus manatus) near the Dry Tortugas Islands. Florida Scientist 47:187-189.
238. Reynolds, J. E., III and C. J. Gluckman. 1988. Protection of West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) in Florida. Final Report to the U.S. Marine Mammal Commission. NTIS Report PB88-222922/AS:1-85.
239. Reynolds, J. E., III and J. R. Wilcox. 1994. Observations of Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) around selected power plants in winter. Marine Mammal Science 10(2):163-177.
240. Reynolds, J. E., III, W. A. Szelistowski, and M. A. Leon. 1995. Status and conservation of manatees Trichechus manatus manatus in Costa Rica. Biological Conservation 71:193-196.
241. Rose, P. M. and S. P. McCutcheon. 1980. Manatees (Trichechus manatus): abundance and distribution in and around several Florida power plant effluents. Florida Power and Light Co. Contract 31534-86626.
242. Rosen, D. E. 1975. A vicariance model of Caribbean biogeography. Systematic Zoology 24:431-464.
243. Roth, V. 1953. Notes and observations on animal life in British Guiana. Daily Chronicle, Ltd., Guiana Edition No. 3:69-73. Georgetown, British Guiana.
244. Rouse, I. 1964. Prehistory of the West Indies. Science 144:499-513.
245. Rouse, I. 1986. Migrations in Prehistory. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
246. Ruschi, A. 1965. Lista dos mamíferos do estado do Espírito Santo. Boletim do Museu de Biología No. 24A:29.
247. Schad, R. C., G. Montgomery, and D. Chancellor. 1981. La distribución y frequencia del manatí en el Lago Gatun y en el Canal de Panama. ConCiencia 8:1-4.
248. Schiro, A. J., L. P. May, and D. C. Fertl. 1996. Manatee occurrence in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of the American Cetacean Society 30(1).
249. Schwartz, F. J. 1995. Florida manatees, Trichechus manatus (Sirenia: Trichechidae) in North Carolina 1919-1994. Brimleyana 22:53-60.
250. Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura, Republica Dominicana 1993. El estado del manatí en l Republica Dominicana. Unpublished report to UNEP:1-36 + appendices.
251. Shane, S. H. 1983. Abundance, distribution and movements of manatees (Trichechus manatus) in Brevard County, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 33:1-9.
252. Shane, S. H. 1984. Manatee use of power plant effluents in Brevard County, Florida. Florida Scientist 47:180-187.
253. Shaul, W. and A. Haynes. 1986. Manatees and their struggle to survive. Jamaica Journal 19:29-36.
254. Simpson, G. G. 1932. Fossil Sirenia of Florida and the evolution of the Sirenia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 59:419-503.
255. Sloane, H. 1725. A voyage to the islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, St. Christophers and Jamaica, with the natural history of the herbs and trees, four-footed beasts, fishes, birds, insects, reptiles, &c. of the last of those islands. Vol. 2. Printed by B. M. for the author, London.
256. Smethurst, D. and B. Nietschmann. 1999. The distribution of manatees (Trichechus manatus) in the coastal waterways of Tortuguero, Costa Rica. Biological Conservation 89:267-274.
257. Smith, K. N. 1993. Manatee habitat and human-related threats to seagrass in Florida: a review. Report of the Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida:1-38.
258. Steininger, F. F. 1986. Erste Ergebnisse über Untersuchungen zu Ernährungsstrategien des Arawaken-Siedlungsplatzes Pointe der Caille, NNW Vieux Fort, St. Lucia, West Indies. Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommission Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenshaften 23:37-50.
259. Strong, W. D. 1935. Archaeological investigations in the Bay Islands, Spanish Honduras. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection 92:1-176.
260. Terrell, J. B. and D. E. Canfield, Jr. 1996. Evaluation of the effects of nutrient removal and the “Storm of the Century” on submersed vegetation in Kings Bay - Crystal River, Florida. Journal of Lake and Reservoir Management 12(5):394-403.
261. Thornback, J. and M. Jenkins 1982. Caribbean manatee. Pp. 429-438 in Red Data Book. Vol. 1. Mammalia. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Morges, Switzerland.
262. Toppin-Allahar, C. 1993. The law and the conservation of the manatee. Unpublished report for the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists Club.
263. True, F. W. 1884. The Sirenians or seacows. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Sec. 1, Natural History of Useful Aquatic Animals, Part 1, Art. C, pp. 114-136.
264. Trumbull, S. 1949. Sea cows making comeback. Audubon Magazine 51:337.
265. Vaughan, C. 1983. A report on dense forest habitat for endangered wildlife species in Costa Rica. U.S. Department of Interior Contract No. 14-16-0009-79-055 and National University of Costa Rica Research Project No. 782085. Unpublished report.
266. Viquez, D. 1993. Situación del manati (Trichechus manatus) en la Republica de Panama - Informe Nacional. Ministe de Planificación y Política Económica. Comision Nacional del Medio Ambiente, Panama.
267. Watters, D. R., E. J. Reitz, D. W. Steadman, and G. K. Pregill. 1984. Vertebrates from archaeological sites on Barbuda, West Indies. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 53:383-412.
268. Whitehead, P. J. P. 1977. The former southern distribution of New World manatees (Trichechus spp.). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 9:165-189.
269. Wilson, D. E. 1974. Status report on manatees of Costa Rica. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Unpublished report.
270. Wing, E. S. 1967. Aboriginal fishing in the Windward Islands. Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles:103-107.
271. Wing, E. S. and E. J. Reitz. 1982. Prehistoric fishing communities of the Caribbean. Journal of New World Archaeology 5:13-32.
272. Wing, E. S. and S. Scudder. 1980. Use of animals by the prehistoric inhabitants on St. Kitts, West Indies. Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of the Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles. Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers No. 22:237-245.
273. Wing, E. S., C. Hoffman, and C. Ray. 1968. Vertebrate remains from Indian sites on Antigua, West Indies. Caribbean Journal of Science 8:123-139.
274. Woods, C. A. and J. A. Ottenwalder. 1992. The natural history of southern Haiti. Florida Museum of Natural History. Prepared for USAID/Haiti under contract number 521-0191-A-00-7107:1-211.
275. Wotzkow, C. 1990. Distribution and status of manatees in Cuba. Pp. 5-6 in Domning, D. P. (ed.). Sirenews, Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Sirenia Specialist Group, No. 13.
276. Wright, S. D., B. B. Ackerman, R. K. Bonde, C. A. Beck, and D. J. Banowetz. 1995. Analysis of watercraftrelated mortality of manatees in Florida, 1979-1991. Pp. 259-268 in O’Shea, T. J., B. B. Ackerman, and H. F. Percival (eds.). Population Biology of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Information and Technology Report 1, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. 1-289.
277. Zoodsma, B. J. 1991. Distribution and Behavioral Ecology of Manatees in Southeastern Georgia. M.S. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.