The Public Stigma of Mental Illness: What Do We Think; What Do We Know; What Can We Prove?

Journal of Health and Social Behavior

Volumn 54, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 1-21

  Pescosolido, Bernice A ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

discrimination; General S.S.rvey; mental illness; sociology of mental health; stigma

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875048574     PISSN: 00221465     EISSN: 21506000     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022146512471197     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Alexander Laurel A.,Link Bruce G.The Impact of Contact on Stigmatizing Attitudes towards People with Mental Illness.Journal of Mental Health. 2003;12 (3): 271-89.
2. Allport Gordon E.The Nature of Prejudice. Garden City, NY: Doubleday; 1954:.
3. Angermeyer Matthias C.,Daeumer R.,Matschinger Herbert.Benefits and Risks of Psychotropic Medication in the Eyes of the General Public: Results of a Survey in the Federal Republic of Germany.Pharmacopsychiatry. 1993;26 (4): 114-20.
4. Angermeyer Matthias C.,Matschinger Herbert.Causal Beliefs and Attitudes to People with Schizophrenia.British Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;186 (4): 331-34.
5. Bailey S. R.An Exploration of Critical Care Nurses' and Doctors' Attitudes towards Psychiatric Patients.Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1998;15 (3): 8-14.
6. Collins Randall.Is 1980s Sociology in the Doldrums?.American Journal of Sociology. 1986;91 (6): 1336-55.
7. Corrigan Patrick W.,Penn David L.Lessons from Social Psychology on Discrediting Psychiatric Stigma.American Psychologist. 1999;54 (9): 765-75.
8. Couture Shannon,Penn David L.Interpersonal Contact and the Stigma of Mental Illness: A Review of the Literature.Journal of Mental Health. 2003;12 (3): 291-305.
9. Crisp Arthur H.,Gelder Michael G.,Rix Susannah,Meltzer Howard I.,Rowlands Olwen J.Stigmatization of People with Mental Illness.British Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;177 (1): 4-7.
10. Crispell Raymond S.The Bearing of Nervous and Mental Diseases on the Conservation of Marriage and the Family.Social Forces. 1939;18 (1): 71-76.
11. Croghan Thomas W.,Tomlin Molly,Pescosolido Bernice A.,Martin Jack K.,Lubell Keri M.,Swindle Ralph.Americans' Knowledge and Attitudes towards and Their Willingness to Use Psychiatric Medications.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2003;191 (3): 166-74.
12. Cumming Elaine,Cumming JohnClosed Ranks: An Experiment in Mental Health Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1957:.
13. Dovidio John F.,Glick Peter,Rudman LaurieOn the Nature of Prejudice: Fifty Years After Allport. New York: Wiley-Blackwell; 2005:.
14. Ellison Christopher G.,Vaaler Margaret L.,Flannelly Kevin J.,Weaver Andrew J.The Clergy as a Source of Mental Health Assistance: What Americans Believe.Review of Religious Research. 2006;48 (2): 190-211.
15. Estroff Sue E.Making It Crazy: An Ethnography of Psychiatric Clients in an American Community. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1981:.
16. Evans-Lacko Sara,Brohan Elaine,Mojtabai Ramin,Thornicroft Graham.Association between Public Views of Mental Illness and Self-stigma among Individuals with Mental Illness in 14 European Countries.Psychological Medicine. 2012;42 (8): 1741-52.
17. Fabrega Horatio.The Culture and History of Psychiatric Stigma in Early Modern and Modern Western Societies: A Review of Recent Literature.Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1991;32 (2): 97-119.
18. Goffman ErvingThe Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor; 1959:.
19. Goffman ErvingAsylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. Garden City, NY: Anchor; 1961:.
20. Goffman ErvingStigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1963:.
21. Gove Walter R.The Career of the Mentally Ill: An Integration of Psychiatric, Labeling/Social Construction, and Lay Perspectives.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2004;45 (4): 357-75.
22. Gurin Gerald,Veroff Joseph,Feld SheilaAmericans View Their Mental Health. New York: Basic Books; 1960:.
23. Hinshaw Stephen P.The Mark of Shame: Stigma of Mental Illness and an Agenda for Change. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press; 2006:.
24. Jordan F. W.Receiving Houses for Incipient Mental Disorder.British Medical Journal. 1909;2 (2536): 351.
25. Jorm Anthony F.,Korten Alisa E.,Jacomb Patricia A.,Christensen Helen,Rodgers Bryan,Politt Penelope.Mental Health Literacy: A Survey of the Public's Ability to Recognize Mental Disorders and Beliefs about Treatment.Medical Journal of Australia. 1997;166 (4): 182-86.
26. Katz Irwin.Gordon Allport's 'The Nature of Prejudice.Political Psychology. 1991;12 (1): 125-57.
27. Kobau Rosemarie,DiIorio Colleen,Chapman Daniel,Delvecchio Paolo.Attitudes about Mental Illness and its Treatment: Validation of a Generic Scale for Public Health Surveillance of Mental Illness Associated Stigma.Community Mental Health Journal. 2010;46 (2): 164-76.
28. Kohn Melvin L.,Williams Robin M.Situational Patterning in Intergroup Relations.American Sociological Review. 1956;21 (2): 164-74.
29. Kolodziej Monika E.,Johnson Blair T.Interpersonal Contact and Acceptance of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders: A Research Synthesis.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1996;64 (4): 1387-96.
30. Kulka Richard A.,Veroff Joseph,Douvan Elizabeth.Social Class and the Use of Professional Help for Personal Problems: 1957 and 1976.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1979;20 (1): 2-17.
31. Lee Barrett A.,Farrell Chad R.,Link Bruce G.Revisiting the Contact Hypothesis: The Case of Public Exposure to Homelessness.American Sociological Review. 2004;69 (1): 40-63.
32. Link Bruce G.,Castille Dorothy M.,Stuber Jennifer.Stigma and Coercion in the Context of Outpatient Treatment for People with Mental Illnesses.Social Science & Medicine. 2008;67 (3): 409-19.
33. Link Bruce G.,Cullen Francis T.,Struening Elmer L.,Shrout Patrick E.,Dohrenwend Bruce P.A Modified Labeling Theory Approach to Mental Disorders: An Empirical Assessment.American Sociological Review. 1989;54 (3): 400-23.
34. Link Bruce G.,Phelan Jo C.A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health. Horwitz A. V.Scheid T. L., ed. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 1999:139-50.
35. Link Bruce G.,Phelan Jo C.Conceptualizing Stigma.Annual Review of Sociology. 2001;27:363-85.
36. Link Bruce G.,Struening Elmer L.,Rahav Michael,Phelan Jo C.,Nuttbrick Larry.On Stigma and Its Consequences: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study of Men with Dual Diagnoses of Mental Illness and Substance Abuse.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1997;38 (2): 177-90.
37. Markowitz Fred E.The Effects of Stigma on the Psychological Well-Being and Life Satisfaction of Persons with Mental Illness.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1998;39 (4): 335-47.
38. Martin Jack K.,Pescosolido Bernice A.,Olafsdottir Sigrun,McLeod Jane D.The Construction of Fear: Modeling Americans' Preferences for Social Distance from Children and Adolescents with Mental Health Problems.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2007;48 (1): 50-67.
39. Martin Jack K.,Pescosolido Bernice A.,Tuch Steven.Of Fear and Loathing: The Role of Disturbing Behavior, Labels and Causal Attributions in Shaping Public Attitudes toward Persons with Mental Illness.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2000;41 (2): 208-33.
40. McDaid, David 2008. "Countering the Stigmatisation and Discrimination of People with Mental Health Problems in Europe." London: European Commission
41. McLeod Jane D.,Fettes Danielle L.,Jensen Peter S.,Pescosolido Bernice A.,Martin Jack K.Public Knowledge, Beliefs, and Treatment Preferences Concerning Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.Psychiatric Services. 2007;58 (5): 626-31.
42. Michels Kathleen M.,Hofman Karen J.,Keusch Gerald T.,Hrynkow Sharon H.Stigma and Global Health: Looking Forward.The Lancet. 2006;367 (9509): 538-39.
43. Mirowsky John,Ross Catherine E.Psychiatric Diagnosis as Reified Measurement.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1989;30 (1): 11-25.
44. Mojtabai Ramin.Mental Illness Stigma and Willingness to Seek Mental Health Care in the European Union.Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2010;45 (7): 705-12.
45. Myrdal GunnarAn American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. New York: Harper; 1944:.
46. Nunnally Jim C.Popular Conceptions of Mental Health. New York: Holt, Rhinehart, & Winston; 1961:.
47. Olafsdottir SigrunThe Sage Handbook of Mental Health and Illness. Pilgrim D.Rogers A.Pescosolido B. A., ed. London: Sage Ltd; 2011:239-60.
48. Olafsdottir Sigrun,Pescosolido Bernice A.Drawing the Line: The Cultural Cartography of Utilization Recommendations for Mental Health Problems.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2009;50 (2): 228-44.
49. Olafsdottir Sigrun,Pescosolido Bernice A.Constructing Illness: How the Public in Eight Western Nations Respond to a Clinical Description of 'Schizophrenia.Social Science & Medicine. 2011;73 (6): 929-38.
50. Payton Andrew R.,Thoits Peggy A.Medicalization, Direct-to-Consumer Advertising, and Mental Illness Stigma.Society and Mental Health. 2011;1 (1): 55-70.
51. Perry Brea L.,Pescosolido Bernice A.The Sage Handbook of Mental Health and Illness. Pilgrim D.Rogers A.Pescosolido B. A., ed. London: Sage Ltd; 2011:202-17.
52. Perry Brea L.,Pescosolido Bernice A.,Martin Jack K.,McLeod Jane D.,Jensen Peter S.Comparison of Public Attributions, Attitudes, and Stigma in Regard to Depression among Children and Adults.Psychiatric Services. 2007;58 (5): 632-35.
53. Pescosolido Bernice A.Culture, Children, and Mental Health Treatment: Special Section on the National Stigma Study-Children.Psychiatric Services. 2007;58 (5): 611-12.
54. Pescosolido Bernice A.,Boyer Carol A.,Lubell Keri M.Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health. Aneshensel C. S.Phelan J. C., ed. New York: Plenum; 1999:441-60.
55. Pescosolido Bernice A.,Fettes Danielle L.,Martin Jack K.,Monahan John,McLeod Jane D.Perceived Dangerousness of Children with Mental Health Problems and Support for Coerced Treatment.Psychiatric Services. 2007;58 (5): 1-7.
56. Pescosolido Bernice A.,Jensen Peter,Martin Jack K.,Perry Brea L.,Olafsdottir Sigrun,Fettes Danielle L.Public Knowledge and Assessment of Child Mental Health Problems: Findings from the National Stigma Study-Children.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2008;47 (3): 339-49.
57. Pescosolido Bernice A.,Martin Jack K.Mental Health, Social Mirror. Avison W. R.McLeod J. D.Pescosolido B. A., ed. New York: Springer; 2007:307-28.
58. Pescosolido Bernice A.,Martin Jack K.,Lang Annie,Olafsdottir Sigrun.Rethinking Theoretical Approaches to Stigma: A Framework Integrating Normative Influences on Stigma (FINIS).Social Science & Medicine. 2008;67 (3): 431-40.
59. Pescosolido Bernice A.,Martin Jack K.,Long J. Scott,Medina Tait,Phelan Jo C.,Link Bruce G.'A Disease Like Any Other?' A Decade of Change in Public Reactions to Schizophrenia, Depression and Alcohol Dependence.American Journal of Psychiatry. 2010;167 (11): 1321-30.
60. Pescosolido Bernice A.,McLeod Jane D.,Avison William R.Mental Health, Social Mirror. Avison W. R.McLeod J. D.Pescosolido B. A., ed. New York: Springer; 2007:3-32.
61. Pescosolido Bernice A.,Monahan John,Link Bruce G.,Stueve Ann,Kikuzawa Saeko.The Public's View of the Competence, Dangerousness, and Need for Legal Coercion of Persons with Mental Health Problems.American Journal of Public Health. 1999;89 (9): 1339-45.
62. Pescosolido Bernice A.,Olafsdottir Sigrun.The Cultural Turn in Sociology: Can It Help Us Resolve an Age-Old Problem in Understanding Decision-Making for Health Care?. Sociological Forum. 2010;25 (4): 655-76.
63. Pescosolido Bernice A.,Olafsdottir Sigrun,Martin Jack K.,Long J. ScottUnderstanding the Stigma of Mental Illness: Theory and Interventions. Arboleda-Florez J.Sartorius N., ed. London: Wiley Ltd; 2008:19-35.
64. Pescosolido Bernice A.,Perry Brea L.,Martin Jack K.,McLeod Jane D.,Jensen Peter S.Stigmatizing Attitudes and Beliefs about Treatment and Psychiatric Medications for Children with Mental Illness.Psychiatric Services. 2007;58 (5): 613-18.
65. Pescosolido Bernice A.,Wright Eric R.,Alegria Margarita,Vera Mildred.Social Networks and Patterns of Use among the Poor with Mental Health Problems in Puerto Rico.Medical Care. 1998;36 (7): 1057-72.
66. Pettigrew Thomas F.,Tropp Linda R.Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination: Social Psychological Perspectives. Oskamp S., ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2000:93-114.
67. Phelan Jo C.Geneticization of Deviant Behavior and Consequences for Stigma: The Case of Mental Illness.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2005;46 (4): 307-22.
68. Phelan Jo C.,Link Bruce G.,Stueve Ann,Pescosolido Bernice A.Public Conceptions of Mental Illness in 1950 and 1996: What Is Mental Illness and Is It to Be Feared?.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2000;41 (2): 188-207.
69. Phelan Jo C.,Yang Lawrence Hsin,Cruz-Rojas Rosangely.Effects of Attributing Serious Mental Illnesses to Genetic Causes on Orientations to Treatment.Psychiatric Services. 2006;57 (3): 382-87.
70. Piatt Elizabeth E.,Munetz Mark R.,Ritter Christian.An Examination of Premature Mortality among Decedents with Serious Mental Illness and Those in the General Population.Psychiatric Services. 2010;61 (7): 663-68.
71. Pilgrim David,Rogers AnneThe Sage Handbook of Mental Health and Illness. Pilgrim D.Rogers A.Pescosolido B. A., ed. London: Sage Ltd; 2011:261-84.
72. Achieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2003:.
73. Rosenfield Sarah.Labeling Mental Illness: The Effects of Received Services and Perceived Stigma on Life Satisfaction.American Sociological Review. 1997;62 (4): 660-72.
74. Sartorius Norman.Fighting Schizophrenia and Its Stigma. A New World Psychiatric Association Educational Programme.British Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;170 (4): 297.
75. Scambler GrahamThe Sage Handbook of Mental Health and Illness. Pilgrim D.Rogers A.Pescosolido B. A., ed. London: Sage Ltd; 2011:218-38.
76. Scheff Thomas J.Being Mentally Ill: A Sociological Theory. Chicago: Aldine; 1966:.
77. Schnittker Jason.Gender and Reactions to Psychological Problems: An Examination of Social Tolerance and Perceived Dangerousness.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2000;41 (2): 224-40.
78. Schnittker Jason.Misgivings of Medicine? African Americans' Skepticism of Psychiatric Medication.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2003;44 (4): 506-25.
79. Schnittker Jason.An Uncertain Revolution: Why the Rise of a Genetic Model of Mental Illness Has Not Increased Tolerance.Social Science & Medicine. 2008;67 (9): 1370-81.
80. Schnittker Jason,Freese Jeremy,Powell Brian.Nature, Nurture, Neither, Nor: Black-White Differences in Beliefs about the Causes and Appropriate Treatment of Mental Illness.Social Forces. 2000;78 (3): 1101-30.
81. Schnittker Jason,Pescosolido Bernice A.,Croghan Thomas W.Are African Americans Really Less Willing to Use Health Care?.Social Problems. 2005;52 (2): 255-71.
82. Schomerus G.,Schwahn C.,Holzinger A.,Corrigan P. W.,Grabe H. J.,Carta M. G.,Angermeyer M. C.Evolution of Public Attitudes about Mental Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia. 2012;125 (6): 440-52.
83. Silton Nava R.,Flannelly Kevin J.,Milstein Glen,Vaaler Margaret L.Stigma in America: Has Anything Changed? Impact of Perceptions of Mental Illness and Dangerousness on the Desire for Social Distance: 1996 and 2006.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2011;199 (6): 361-66.
84. Star Shirley A.National Association for Mental Health. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center Library; 1955:.
85. Stouffer Samuel A.,Suchman Edward A.,DeVinney Leland C.,Star Shirley A.,Williams Robin M.Studies in Social Psychology in World War II: The American Soldier. Vol. 1, Adjustment During Army Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1949:.
86. Stuart Heather.Fighting the Stigma Caused by Mental Disorders: Past Perspectives, Present Activities, and Future Directions.World Psychiatry. 2008;7 (3): 185-88.
87. Stuart Heather,Arboleda-Florez Julio.Community Attitudes toward Persons with Schizophrenia.Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;46 (3): 245-52.
88. Swindle Ralph,Heller Ken,Pescosolido Bernice A.,Kikuzawa Saeko.Responses to 'Nervous Breakdowns' in America over a 40-Year Period: Mental Health Policy Implications.American Psychologist. 2000;55 (7): 740-49.
89. Thoits Peggy A.Self-Labeling Processes in Mental Illness: The Role of Emotional Deviance.American Journal of Sociology. 1985;91 (2): 221-49.
90. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 1999:.
91. Veroff Joseph,Douvan Elizabeth,Kulka Richard A.The Inner American: A Self-Portrait from 1957 to 1976. New York: Basic Books; 1981:.
92. Wang Philip S.,Lane Michael,Olfson Mark,Pincus Harold A.,Wells Kenneth B.,Kessler Ronald C.Twelve-Month Use of Mental Health Services in the U.S.: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005;62 (6): 629-40.
93. Watson Amy C.,Corrigan Patrick W.,Angell Beth.What Motivates Public Support for Legally Mandated Mental Health Treatment?.Social Work Research. 2005;29 (2): 87-94.
94. Weinstein Raymond M.Labeling Theory and the Attitude of Mental Patients: A Review.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1983;24 (1): 70-84.
95. Williams Robin M.The Reduction of Intergroup Tensions. New York: Social Science Research Council; 1947:.
96. Williams Robin M.Social Change and Social Conflict: Race Relations in the United States, 1944-1965.Sociological Inquiry. 1965;35 (1): 8-25.
97. Woodward Julian L.Changing Ideas on Mental Illness and Its Treatment.American Sociological Review. 1951;16 (4): 443-54.