Liquid crystal phase transitions in suspensions of mineral colloids: New life fromold roots

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

Volumn 371, Issue 1988, 2013, Pages

  Lekkerkerker, H N W ^a   Vroege, G J ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Colloids; Liquid crystals; Nanoscience

Indexed keywords

COLLOIDS; LIQUID CRYSTALS; MINERALS; NANOSCIENCE;

COLLOIDAL LIQUIDS; COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS; LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASE; LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASIS; MINERAL COLLOIDS; MINERAL PARTICLES;

SUSPENSIONS (FLUIDS);

EID: 84874755774     PISSN: 1364503X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0263     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Sonin AS. 1998 Inorganic lyotropic liquid crystals. J. Mater. Chem. 8, 2557-2574. (doi:10.1039/a802666a)
2. Gabriel JCP, Davidson P. 2000 New trends in colloidal liquid crystals based on mineral moieties. Adv. Mater. 12, 9-20. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521- 4095(200001)12: 1<9::AIDADMA9> 3.0.CO;2-6)
3. Davidson P, Gabriel JCP. 2005 Mineral liquid crystals. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 9, 377-383. (doi:10.1016/j.cocis.2004.12.001)
4. Cui Y, Pizzey CL, van Duijneveldt JS. 2013 Modifying the structure and flow behaviour of aqueous montmorillonite suspensions with surfactant. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 371, 20120262. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2012.0262)
5. Jolivet J-P. 2000 Metal oxide chemistry and synthesis: from solution to solid state. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
6. Friedel MG. 1922 Les états mésomorphes de la matière [The mesomorphic states of matter]. Ann. Phys. 18, 273-474.
7. Zocher H. 1925 Über freiwillige Strukturbildung in Solen; Eine neue Art anisotrop flüssiger Medien [Spontaneous structure formation in sols: a new kind of anisotropic liquid media]. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 147, 91-110. (doi:10.1002/zaac.19251470111)
8. Zocher H. 1921 Über Sole mit nicht-kugeligen Teilchen [On sols of non-spherical particles]. Z. Phys. Chem. 98, 293-337.
9. Zocher H, Jacobsohn K. 1927 Über freiwillige Strukturbildung im Vanadinpentoxydsol [Spontaneous structure formation in vanadium pentoxide sols]. Kolloid Z. 41, 220-222. (doi:10.1007/BF01451342)
10. Perrin J. 1913 Les atomes. Paris, France: Alcan.
11. English transl. Perrin J. 1916 Atoms. London, UK: Constable & Co.
12. Böhm J. 1925 Über Aluminium- und Eisenhydroxyde I. [On aluminium and iron hydroxides I]. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 149, 203-216. (doi:10.1002/zaac.19251490114)
13. Zocher H, Heller W. 1930 Schillerschichten als Reaktionsprodukte der langsamen Eisenchlorid-Hydrolyse [Iridescent layers produced by slow hydrolysis of iron chloride]. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 186, 75-96. (doi:10.1002/zaac. 19291860106)
14. Coper K, Freundlich H. 1937 The formation of tactoids in iron oxide sols. Trans. Faraday Soc. 33, 348-350. (doi:10.1039/tf9373300348)
15. Bawden FC, PirieNW, Bernal JD, Fankuchen I. 1936 Liquid crystalline substances fromvirusinfected plants. Nature 138, 1051-1052. (doi:10.1038/ 1381051a0)
16. Dogic Z, Fraden S. 2006 Ordered phases of filamentous viruses. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 11, 47-55. (doi:10.1016/j.cocis.2005.10.004)
17. Dogic Z, Fraden S. 2007 Phase behavior of rod-like viruses and virus-spheremixtures. In Soft matter, volume 2: complex colloidal suspensions (eds G Gompper,MSchick), pp. 1-86.Weinheim, Germany:Wiley-VCH.
18. Langmuir IR. 1938 The role of attractive and repulsive forces in the formation of tactoids, thixotropic gels, protein crystals and coacervates. J. Chem. Phys. 6, 873-896. (doi:10.1063/1.1750183)
19. Onsager L. 1942 Anisotropic solutions of colloids. Phys. Rev. 62, 558. (doi:10.1103/PhysRev.62.558)
20. Onsager L. 1949 The effects of shape on the interaction of colloidal particles. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 51, 627-659. (doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1949. tb27296.x)
21. Oster G. 1950 Two-phase formation in solutions of tobacco mosaic virus and the problem of long-range forces. J. Gen. Physiol. 33, 445-473. (doi:10.1085/jgp.33.5.445)
22. Lapointe J, Marvin DA. 1973 Filamentous bacterial viruses. VIII. Liquid crystals of fd. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 19, 269-278. (doi:10.1080/ 15421407308084657)
23. Zocher H, Török C. 1960 Neuere Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Taktosole. I. Ein neues Taktosol Aluminiumhydroxyd [Newer contributions to the knowledge of tactosols. I. A new tactosol aluminium hydroxide]. Kolloid Z. 170, 140-144. (doi:10.1007/BF01525173)
24. Bugosh J. 1961 Colloidal alumina: the chemistry and morphology of colloidal boehmite. J. Phys. Chem. 65, 1789-1793. (doi:10.1021/j100827a024)
25. LuckW, KlierM,Wesslau H. 1963 Kristallisation übermolekularer Bausteine [Crystallization of supermolecular building blocks]. Naturwissenschaften 50, 485-494. (doi:10.1007/BF00624359)
26. Williams RC, Smith KM. 1957 A crystallizable insect virus. Nature 179, 119-120. (doi:10.1038/179119a0)
27. Zocher H, Török C. 1967 Crystals of higher order and their relation to other superphases. Acta Cryst. 22, 751-755. (doi:10.1107/ S0365110X67001495)
28. Wood WW, Jacobson JD. 1957 Preliminary results fromarecalculation of the Monte Carlo equation of state of hard spheres. J. Chem. Phys. 27, 1207. (doi:10.1063/1.1743956)
29. Alder BJ, Wainwright TE. 1957 Phase transition forahard sphere system. J. Chem. Phys. 27, 1208. (doi:10.1063/1.1743957)
30. Kirkwood JG. 1939 Molecular distribution in liquids. J. Chem. Phys. 7, 919-925. (doi:10.1063/1.1750344)
31. Wadati M, Toda M. 1972 An evidence for the existence of Kirkwood-Alder transition. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 32, 1147. (doi:10.1143/JPSJ.32.1147)
32. Hachisu S, Kobayashi Y, Kose A. 1973 Phase separation in monodisperse latexes. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 42, 342-348. (doi:10.1016/0021-9797(73)90298- 1)
33. Vrij A, Nieuwenhuis EA, Fijnaut HM, Agterof WGM. 1978 Application of modern concepts in liquid state theory to concentrated particle dispersions. Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 65, 101-113. (doi:10.1039/dc9786500101)
34. Ottewill RH. 1985 Dispersed systems: recent developments. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 89, 517-525. (doi:10.1002/bbpc.19850890512)
35. Vroege GJ, Lekkerkerker HNW. 1992 Phase transitions in lyotropic colloidal and polymer liquid crystals. Rep. Prog. Phys. 55, 1241-1309. (doi:10.1088/0034-4885/55/8/003)
36. Vroege GJ, Lekkerkerker HNW. 1993 Theory of the isotropic-nematic-nematic phase separation forasolution of bidisperse rodlike particles. J. Phys. Chem. 97, 3601-3605. (doi:10.1021/j100116a026)
37. Buining PA, Lekkerkerker HNW. 1993 Isotropic-nematic phase separation ofadispersion of organophilic boehmite rods. J. Phys. Chem. 97, 11 510-11 516. (doi:10.1021/j100146a027)
38. Zhang ZX, Van Duijneveldt JS. 2006 Isotropic-nematic phase transition of nonaqueous suspensions of natural clay rods. J. Chem. Phys. 124, 154910. (doi:10.1063/1.2185642)
39. Maeda Y, Hachisu S. 1983 Schiller layers in β-ferric oxyhydroxide sol as an order-disorder phase separating system. Colloids Surf. 6, 1-16. (doi:10.1016/0166-6622(83)80001-8)
40. Frenkel D, Lekkerkerker HNW, Stroobants A. 1988 Thermodynamic stability ofasmectic phase inasystem of hard rods. Nature 332, 822-823. (doi:10.1038/332822a0)
41. McGrother SC, Williamson DC, Jackson G. 1996 A re-examination of the phase diagram of hard spherocylinders. J. Chem. Phys. 104, 6755-6771. (doi:10.1063/1.471343)
42. Bolhuis PG, Frenkel D. 1997 Tracing the phase boundaries of hard spherocylinders. J. Chem. Phys. 106, 666-687. (doi:10.1063/1.473404)
43. Buining PA, Pathmamanoharan C, Jansen JBH, Lekkerkerker HNW. 1991 Preparation of colloidal boehmite needles by hydrothermal treatment of aluminum alkoxide precursors. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 74, 1303-1307. (doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916. 1991.tb04102.x)
44. Maeda Y, Hachisu S. 1983 Structure of Schiller layers in β-FeOOH sols: observation by scanning electron microscope. Colloids Surf. 7, 357-360. (doi:10.1016/0166-6622(83)80062-6)
45. Maeda H, Maeda Y. 1996 Atomic force microscopy studies for investigating the smectic structures of colloidal crystals of β-FeOOH. Langmuir 12, 1446-1452. (doi:10.1021/la950495j)
46. Maeda H,Maeda Y. 2002 An atomic force microscopy study of surface structures of colloidal β-FEOOH particles forming smectic layers. Nano Lett. 2, 1073-1077. (doi:10.1021/nl020211x)
47. Maeda H, Maeda Y. 2004 Measurement of density distributions for colloidal β-FeOOH rods in suspensions exhibiting phase separation: the role of long-range forces in smectic ordering. J. Chem. Phys. 121, 12 655-12 665. (doi:10.1063/1.1807820)
48. Maeda H, Maeda Y. 2003 Liquid crystal formation in suspensions of hard rodlike colloidal particles: direct observation of particle arrangement and self-ordering behavior. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 018303. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett. 90.018303)
49. Kuijk A, van Blaaderen A, Imhof A. 2011 Synthesis of monodisperse, rodlike silica colloids with tunable aspect ratio. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 2346-2349. (doi:10.1021/ja109524h)
50. Kuijk A. 2012 Fluorescent colloidal silica rods. PhD thesis, Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands.
51. Bihannic I,Michot LJ, Lartiges BS, Vantelon D, Labille J, Thomas F, Susini J, SaloméM, Fayard B. 2001 First direct visualization of orientedmesostructures in clay gels by synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy. Langmuir 17, 4144-4147. (doi:10.1021/la0101494)
52. Veerman JAC, Frenkel D. 1992 Phase behavior of disklike hard-core mesogens. Phys. Rev. A 45, 5632-5648. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.45.5632)
53. Duncan PD, DennisonM,Masters AJ,Wilson MR. 2009 Theory and computer simulation for the cubatic phase of cut spheres. Phys. Rev. E 79, 031702. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.79.031702)
54. Duncan PD, Masters AJ, Wilson MR. 2011 Thermodynamic stability of the cubatic phase of hard cut spheres evaluated by expanded ensemble simulations. Phys. Rev. E 84, 011702. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.84.011702)
55. Marechal M, Patti A, Dennison M, Dijkstra M. 2012 Frustration of the isotropic-columnar phase transition of colloidal hard platelets byatransient cubatic phase. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 206101. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108. 206101)
56. Qazi SJS, Karlsson G, Rennie AR. 2010 Dispersions of plate-like colloidal particles: cubatic order? J. Colloid Interface Sci. 348, 80-84. (doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2010.04.033)
57. Wierenga AM, Lenstra TAJ, Philipse AP. 1998 Aqueous dispersions of colloidal gibbsite platelets: synthesis, characterisation and intrinsic viscosity measurements. Colloids Surf. A 134, 359-371. (doi:10.1016/S0927- 7757(97)00224-0)
58. van der Kooij FM, Lekkerkerker HNW. 1998 Formation of nematic liquid crystals in suspensions of hard colloidal platelets. J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 7829-7832. (doi:10.1021/jp981534d)
59. van der Kooij FM, Kassapidou K, Lekkerkerker HNW. 2000 Liquid crystal phase transitions in suspensions of polydisperse plate-like particles. Nature 406, 868-871. (doi:10.1038/35022535)
60. van der Beek D, Lekkerkerker HNW. 2004 Liquid crystalline phases of charged colloidal platelets. Langmuir 20, 8582-8586. (doi:10.1021/la049455i)
61. Mourad MCD, Byelov DV, Petukhov AV, LekkerkerkerHNW. 2008 Structure of the repulsive gel/glass in suspensions of charged colloidal platelets. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 20, 494201. (doi:10.1088/0953-8984/20/49/494201)
62. Mourad MCD, Byelov DV, Petukhov AV, de Winter DAM, Verkleij AJ, Lekkerkerker HNW. 2009 Sol-gel transitions and liquid crystal phase transitions in concentrated aqueous suspensions of colloidal gibbsite platelets. J. Phys. Chem. B 113, 11 604-11 613. (doi:10.1021/jp903783b)
63. Kleshchanok D, Holmqvist P, Meijer JM, Lekkerkerker HNW. 2012 Lyotropic smectic B phase formed in suspensions of charged colloidal platelets. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 5985-5990. (doi:10.1021/ja300527w)
64. Morales-Anda L, Wensink HH, Galindo A, Gil-Villegas A. 2012 Anomalous columnar order of charged colloidal platelets. J. Chem. Phys. 136, 034901. (doi:10.1063/1.3673877)
65. Brown ABD, Clarke SM, Rennie AR. 1998 Ordered phase of platelike particles in concentrated dispersions. Langmuir 14, 3129-3132. (doi:10.1021/la971294d)
66. Brown ABD, Ferrero C, Narayanan T, Rennie AR. 1999 Phase separation and structure inaconcentrated colloidal dispersion of uniform plates. Eur. Phys. J. B 11, 481-489. (doi:10.1007/s100510050959)
67. Vaccari A. 1998 Preparation and catalytic properties of cationic and anionic clays. Catal. Today 41, 53-71. (doi:10.1016/S0920-5861(98)00038-8)
68. Hickey L, Kloprogge JT, Frost RL. 2000 The effects of various hydrothermal treatments on magnesium-aluminium hydrotalcites. J. Mater. Sci. 35, 4347-4355. (doi:10.1023/A: 1004800822319)
69. Lagaly G, Mecking O, Penner D. 2001 Colloidal magnesium aluminum hydroxide and heterocoagulation withaclay mineral. I. Properties of colloidal magnesium aluminum hydroxide. Colloid Polym. Sci. 279, 1090-1096. (doi:10.1007/s003960100525)
70. Liu S, Zhang J, Wang N, Liu W, Zhang C, Sun D. 2003 Liquid-crystalline phases of colloidal dispersions of layered double hydroxides. Chem.Mater. 15, 3240-3241. (doi:10.1021/cm034201o)
71. Wang N, Liu S, Zhang J, Wu Z, Chen J, Sun D. 2005 Lamellar phase in colloidal suspensions of positively charged LDH platelets. Soft Matter 1, 428-430. (doi:10.1039/b512262g)
72. Freiser MJ. 1970 Ordered states ofanematic liquid. Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 1041-1044. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.24.1041)
73. Yu LJ, Saupe A. 1980 Observation ofabiaxial nematic phase in potassium laurate-1-decanol-water mixtures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 1000-1003. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett. 45.1000)
74. Camp PJ, AllenMP. 1997 Phase diagram of the hard biaxial ellipsoid fluid. J. Chem. Phys. 106, 6681-6688. (doi:10.1063/1.473665)
75. Taylor MP, Herzfeld J. 1991 Nematic and smectic order inafluid of biaxial hard particles. Phys. Rev. A 44, 3742-3751. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.44.3742)
76. Vanakaras AG, Bates MA, Photinos DJ. 2003 Theory and simulation of biaxial nematic and orthogonal smectic phases formed by mixtures of board-like molecules. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 5, 3700-3706. (doi:10.1039/b306271f)
77. Davidson P. 2010 Vanadium pentoxide gels: from 'chimie douce' to 'matière molle'. C. R. Chimie 13, 142-153. (doi:10.1016/j.crci.2009.04. 002)
78. van den Pol E, Petukhov AV, Thies-Weesie DME, Byelov DV, Vroege GJ. 2009 Experimental realization of biaxial liquid crystal phases in colloidal dispersions of boardlike particles. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 258301. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.258301)
79. van den Pol E, Thies-Weesie DME, Petukhov AV, Byelov DV, Vroege GJ. 2010 Uniaxial and biaxial liquid crystal phases in colloidal dispersions of boardlike particles. Liq. Cryst. 37, 651-661. (doi:10.1080/02678291003798164)
80. Lemaire BJ, Davidson P, Ferré J, Jamet JP, Panine P, Dozov I, Jolivet JP. 2002 Outstanding magnetic properties of nematic suspensions of goethite (α-FeOOH) nanorods. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 125507. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.125507)
81. Vroege GJ, Thies-Weesie DME, Petukhov AV, Lemaire BJ, Davidson P. 2006 Smectic liquidcrystalline order in suspensions of highly polydisperse goethite nanorods. Adv. Mater. 18, 2565-2568. (doi:10.1002/adma.200601112)
82. van den Pol E, Thies-Weesie DME, Petukhov AV, Vroege GJ, Kvashnina K. 2008 Influence of polydispersity on the phase behavior of colloidal goethite. J. Chem. Phys. 129, 164715. (doi:10.1063/1.2999405)
83. Belli S, Patti A, Dijkstra M, van Roij R. 2011 Polydispersity stabilizes biaxial nematic liquid crystals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 148303. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.148303)
84. Sharma V, Park K, Srinivasarao M. 2009 Colloidal dispersion of gold nanorods: historical background, optical properties, seed-mediated synthesis, shape separation and selfassembly. Mater. Sci. Eng. R 65, 1-38. (doi:10.1016/j.mser.2009.02.002)
85. de Mello Donegá C. 2011 Synthesis and properties of colloidal heteronanocrystals. Chem. Soc. Rev. 40, 1512-1546. (doi:10.1039/c0cs00055h)
86. Liu K, Zhaoza N, Kumacheva E. 2011 Self-assembly of inorganic nanorods. Chem. Soc. Rev. 40, 656-671. (doi:10.1039/c0cs00133c)
87. Khokhlov AR, Semenov AN. 1982 Influence of external field on the liquid-crystalline ordering in solutions of stiff-chain macromolecules. Macromolecules 15, 1272-1277. (doi:10.1021/ma00233a012)
88. Tang J, Fraden S. 1993 Magnetic-field-induced isotropic-nematic phase transition inacolloidal suspension. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 3509-3512. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.71. 3509)
89. van der Beek D, Davidson P, Wensink HH, Vroege GJ, Lekkerkerker HNW. 2008 Influence ofamagnetic field on the nematic phase of hard colloidal platelets. Phys. Rev. E 77, 031708. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.77.031708)
90. Lemaire BJ, Davidson P, Ferré J, Jamet JP, Petermann D, Panine P, Dozov I, Stoenescu D, Jolivet JP. 2005 The complex phase behavior of suspensions of goethite (α-FeOOH) nanorods inamagnetic field. Faraday Discuss. 128, 271-283. (doi:10.1039/b403074e)
91. Lemaire BJ, Davidson P, Panine P, Jolivet JP. 2004 Magnetic-field-induced nematic-columnar phase transition in aqueous suspensions of goethite (α-FeOOH) nanorods. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 267801. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett. 93.267801)
92. van den Pol E, Lupascu A, Diaconeasa MA, Petukhov AV, Byelov DV, Vroege GJ. 2010 Onsager revisited: magnetic field induced nematic-nematic phase separation in dispersions of goethite nanorods. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1, 2174-2178. (doi:10.1021/jz100707f)
93. Jana NR, Gearheart L, Murphy CJ. 2001 Wet chemical synthesis of high aspect ratio cylindrical gold nanorods. J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 4065-4067. (doi:10.1021/jp0107964)
94. Jana NR, Gearheart L, Obare SO, Johnson CJ, Edler KJ, Mann S, Murphy CJ. 2002 Liquid crystalline assemblies of ordered gold nanorods. J. Mater. Chem. 12, 2909-2912. (doi:10.1039/b205225c)
95. Nikoobakht B, Wang ZL, El-Sayed MA. 2000 Self-assembly of gold nanorods. J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 8635-8640. (doi:10.1021/jp001287p)
96. Caseri W. 2000 Nanocomposites of polymers and metals or semiconductors: historical background and optical properties. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 21, 705-722. (doi:10.1002/1521-3927(20000701)21: 11<705::AID-MARC705>3.0.CO;2- 3)
97. Hu J, Li LS, Yang W, Manna L, Wang L, Alivisatos AP. 2001 Linearly polarized emission from colloidal semiconductor quantum rods. Science 292, 2060-2063. (doi:10.1126/science.1060810)
98. Carbone L et al. 2007 Synthesis and micrometer-scale assembly of colloidal CdSe/CdS nanorods prepared byaseeded growth approach. Nano Lett. 7, 2942-2950. (doi:10.1021/nl0717661)
99. Peng X, Manna L, Yang W, Wickham J, Scher E, Kadavanich A, Alivisatos AP. 2000 Shape control of CdSe nanocrystals. Nature 404, 59-61. (doi:10.1038/35003535)
100. Li L, Walda J, Manna L, Alivisatos AP. 2002 Semiconductor nanorod liquid crystals. Nano Lett. 2, 557-560. (doi:10.1021/nl0255146)
101. Li LS, Marjanska M, Park GH, Pines A, Alivisatos AP. 2004 Isotropic-liquid crystalline phase diagram of a CdSe nanorod solution. J. Chem. Phys. 120, 1149-1152. (doi:10.1063/1.1640331)
102. Li LS, Alivisatos AP. 2003 Semiconductor nanorod liquid crystals and their assembly onasubstrate. Adv. Mater. 15, 408-411. (doi:10.1002/adma. 200390093)
103. Talapin DV, Shevchenko EV, Murray CB, Kornowski A, Förster S, Weller H. 2004 CdSe and CdSe/CdS nanorod solids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 12 984-12 988. (doi:10.1021/ja046727v)
104. Baranov D et al. 2010 Assembly of colloidal semiconductor nanorods in solution by depletion attraction. Nano Lett. 10, 743-749. (doi:10.1021/ nl903946n)
105. Asakura S, Oosawa F. 1954 On interaction between two bodies immersed inasolution of macromolecules. J. Chem. Phys. 22, 1255-1256. (doi:10.1063/1.1740347)
106. Lekkerkerker HNW, Tuinier R. 2011 Colloids and the depletion interaction. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
107. Dessombz A, Chiche D, Davidson P, Panine P, Chanéac C, Jolivet JP. 2007 Design of liquidcrystalline aqueous suspensions of rutile nanorods: evidence of anisotropic photocatalytic properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 5904-5909. (doi:10.1021/ja0684491)