Rhododendron tomentosum (Ledum palustre). A review of traditional use based on current research

Fitoterapia

Volumn 85, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 130-143

  Dampc, Anna ^a   Luczkiewicz, Maria ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF GDANSK   (Poland)

Author keywords

Chemical composition; Ethnomedicine; Ledum palustre; Pharmacological activity; Rhododendron tomentosum; Toxicology

Indexed keywords

ANTITUSSIVE AGENT; CATECHIN; CHLOROGENIC ACID; COSMETIC; COUMARIC ACID; CYCLOCOLORENONE; DIURETIC AGENT; ESSENTIAL OIL; GALACTOSIDE; HYPERIN; LEDOL; LEPALOL; LIMONENE; MYRCENE; PALUSTROL; PARA COUMARIC ACID; PARA CYMENE; PIROXICAM; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT; QUERCETIN; RHODODENDRON TOMENTOSUM EXTRACT; SABINENE; SPIROFLOR SRL GEL; SRL GEL; TANNIN; TERPINEOL; TRIFLORA GEL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; URSOLIC ACID;

ALLOPATHY; ANALGESIC ACTIVITY; ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; APPLICATION SITE IRRITATION; ASIA; BOTANY; BURNING SENSATION; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHINESE MEDICINE; DIURETIC ACTIVITY; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ECOLOGY; ENDURANCE; EUROPE; EXOCYTOSIS; GAMMA RADIATION; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; GENOTOXICITY; GLUCOSE ABSORPTION; HOMEOPATHY; HUMAN; IN VIVO STUDY; INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY; KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS; LEDUM PALUSTRE; LOW BACK PAIN; MEMORY; NONHUMAN; NORTH AMERICA; ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION PROTECTION; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; RHODODENDRON; RHODODENDRON TOMENTOSUM; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SKIN REDNESS; TAXONOMY; TOXICOLOGY; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE; TREATMENT DURATION;

ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; ECOSYSTEM; HUMANS; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT EXTRACTS; PLANTS, MEDICINAL; RHODODENDRON;

EID: 84874750179     PISSN: 0367326X     EISSN: 18736971     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.01.013     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. T. Gretšušnikova, K. Järvan, A. Orav, and M. Koel Comparative analysis of the composition of the essential oil from the shoots, leaves and stems the wild Ledum palustre L. from Estonia Procedia Chem 2 2010 168 173
2. M.C. Egigu, M.A. Ibrahim, A. Yahya, and J.K. Holopainen Cordeauxia edulis and Rhododendron tomentosum extracts disturb orientation and feeding behavior of Hylobius abietis and Phyllodecta laticollis Entomol Exp Appl 138 2011 162 174
3. C. Jin, W. Strembiski, Y. Kulchytska, R.G. Micetich, and M. Danesstalab Flavonoid glycosides from Ledum palustre L. subsp. decumbens (Ait.) Hulton DARU J Pharm Sci 7 1999
4. I.R. Moraczewski, B. Sudnik-Wójcikowska, K.A. Nowak, B. Dubielecka, L. Rutkowski, and H. Galera Flora ojczysta, Cortex Nova 2004 [computer program]
5. R. Sõukand, R. Kalle, and I. Svanberg Uninvited guests: traditional insect repellents in Estonia used against the clothes moth Tineola bisselliella, human flea Pulex irritons and bedbug Cimex lectularius J Insect Sci 10 2010
6. P. Black, A. Saleem, A. Dunford, J. Guerrero-Analco, B. Walshe-Roussel, and P. Haddad Seasonal variation of phenolic constituents and medicinal activities of Northern Labrador tea, Rhododendron tomentosum ssp. subarcticum, an Inuit and cree First Nations traditional medicine Planta Med 77 2011 1655 1662
7. M. Tejesvi, M. Kajula, S. Mattila, and A. Pirttilä Bioactivity and genetic diversity of endophytic fungi in Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja Fungal Divers 47 2011 97 107
8. X. Ma, and Z. Mao A summary on the exploitation and utilization of source plant Ledum palustre L. J Northeast For Univ 6 2003
9. R. Butkienė, and D. Mockutė The variability of the essential oil composition of wild Ledum palustre L. shoots during vegetation period J Essent Oil Res 23 2011 9 13
10. D.-M. Kim, and B.-W. Nam Extracts and essential oil of Ledum palustre L. leaves and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities J Food Sci Nutr 11 2006 100 104
11. D. Harbilas, L.C. Martineau, C.S. Harris, D.C. Adeyiwola-Spoor, A. Saleem, and J. Lambert Evaluation of the antidiabetic potential of selected medicinal plant extracts from the Canadian boreal forest used to treat symptoms of diabetes: part II Can J Physiol Pharmacol 87 2009 479 492
12. K.A. Kron, and W.S. Judd Phylogenetic relationships within the Rhodoreae (Ericaceae) with specific comments on the placement of Ledum Syst Bot 15 1990 57 68
13. H. Harmaja Taxonomic notes on Rhododendron subsection Ledum (Ledum, Ericaceae), with a key to its species Ann Bot Fenn 28 1991 171 173
14. L.-M. Gao, D.-Z. Li, C.-Q. Zhang, and J.-B. Jang Infrageneric and sectional relationships in the genus Rhododendron (Ericaceae) inferred from ITS sequence data Acta Bot Sin 44 2002 1351 1356
15. Y. Kurashige, J.-I. Etoh, T. Handa, K. Takayanagi, and T. Yukawa Sectional relationships in the genus Rhododendron (Ericaceae): evidence from mat K and trn K intron sequences Plant Syst Evol 228 2001 1 14
16. N.A. Vislobokov Floral morphogenesis in choripetalous and sympetalous members of Ericaceae s.l. (Ericales) Mosc Univ Biol Sci Bull 66 2011 51 52
17. Integrated Taxonomic Information System Rhododendron tomentosum (Harmaja) http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search-topic=TSN&search- value=894434 2010
18. K. Theqvist Taxonomy of species in Rhododendron subsection Ledum http://www.rhodogarden.com/cross/ledum-taxonomy.html 2011
19. C.L. Gucker Ledum palustre Fire Effects Information System 2005 [ http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/ledpal/all.html ]
20. M. Snowarski Ledum palustre L., bagno zwyczajne Atlas of vascular plants of Poland 2002 [ www.atlas-roslin.pl ]
21. A. Ożarowski, A. Rumińska, K. Suchorska, and Z. Wȩglarz Leksykon roślin leczniczych 1990 Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne Warszawa 46 47
22. Flora of China www.eFloras.org
23. E.F. Karlin, and L.C. Bliss Germination ecology of Ledum groenlandicum and Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens Arct Alp Res 15 1983 397 404
24. K. Lantai, and B. Kihlman The chromosome numbers of Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens and of some related taxa Hereditas 122 1995 181 184
25. J. Bruso Species in our midst: Rhododendron tomentosum In: American Rhododendron Society Massachusetts Chapter Website 2012 [ http://www.rosebay. org/chapterweb/spectom.htm ]
26. J. Mowszowicz Flora wiosenna 1987 Wydawnictwo Szkolne i Pedagogiczne Warszawa
27. Z. Podbielkowski Geografia roślin 1991 Wydawnictwo Szkolne i Pedagogiczne Warszawa
28. M. Pensa, H. Karu, A. Luud, and K. Kund Within-species correlations in leaf traits of three boreal plant species along a latitudinal gradient Plant Ecol 208 2010 155 166
29. Plants for a future http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName= Ledum+palustre
30. E. Kuźniewski, and J. Augustyn-Puziewicz Przyroda apteka̧ 1999 Wydawnictwo Dolnośla̧skie Wrocław
31. W. Ejankowski Demographic variation of dwarf birch (Betula nana) in communities dominated by Ledum palustre and Vaccinium uliginosum Biologia 65 2010 248 253
32. D. Kocianova - Mackova Population structure of Ledum palustre in Klin peat bog in NW Slovakia Biologia 54 1999 61 65
33. S.J. Himanen, J.D. Blande, T. Klemola, J. Pulkkinen, J. Heijari, and J.K. Holopainen Birch (Betula spp.) leaves adsorb and re-release volatiles specific to neighbouring plants - a mechanism for associational herbivore resistance? New Phytol 186 2010 722 732
34. S.J. Himanen, J.D. Blande, and J.K. Holopainen Plant-emitted semi-volatiles shape the infochemical environment and herbivore resistance of heterospecific neighbors Plant Signal Behav 5 2010 1234 1236
35. R. Karban Neighbors affect resistance to herbivory - a new mechanism New Phytol 186 2010 564 566
36. E. Castells, J. Peñuelas, and D.W. Valentine Influence of the phenolic compound bearing species Ledum palustre on soil N cycling in a boreal hardwood forest Plant Soil 251 2003 155 166
37. M. Kajula, M.V. Tejesvi, S. Kolehmainen, A. Makinen, J. Hokkanen, and S. Mattila The siderophore ferricrocin produced by specific foliar endophytic fungi in vitro Fungal Biol 114 2010 248 254
38. M. Malawska, and A. Ekonomiuk The use of wetlands for the monitoring of non-point source air pollution Pol J Environ Stud 17 2008 57 70
39. M. Malawska, I. Bojakowska, and B. Wiłkomirski Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in peat and plants from selected peat-bogs in the north-east of Poland J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 165 2002 686 691
40. Z. Xiu, X. Zhu, D. Zhang, J. Yin, D. Wang, and L. An A new way for chemical degradation of plastic by natural volatile constituents of Ledum palustre Chin Sci Bull 48 2003 1718 1721
41. V.S. Kabanov, and R.I. Evstratova A gas-chromatographic method of determining ledol in the essential oil, leaves, and herbage of Ledum palustre Chem Nat Compd 14 1978 608 611
42. A. Judzentiene, J. Budiene, A. Misiunas, and R. Butkiene Variation in essential oil composition of Rhododendron tomentosum gathered in limited population (in Eastern Lithuania) Chemija 23 2012 131 135
43. T.V. Bukreeva, A.L. Shavarda, and M.A. Morozov Aromadendrenes viridiflorol and leddiol (artifact) in Ledum palustre (Ericaceae) from North-Western Russia Rastit Resur 46 2010 105 117
44. V.Z. Pletnev, I.N. Tsygannik, Yu.D. Fonarev, I.Yu. Mikhailova, and A.I. Miroshnikov Molecular structure of ledol revealed by x-ray analysis Bioorg Khim 19 1993 366 372
45. M.A.C. Kaplan, H.R.L. Pugialli, D. Lopes, and H.E. Gottlieb The stereochemistry of ledol from Renealmia chrysotrycha: an NMR study Phytochemistry 55 2000 749 753
46. N.P. Kir'yalov Sesquiterpene alcohol, palustrol, from the essential oil of Ledum palustre Zh Obshch Khim 20 1950 738 743
47. L. Dolejs, V. Herout, and F. Sorm Structure of palustre Chem Ind 1960 267 268
48. R. Butkienė, V. Šakočiūtė, D. Latvėnaitė, and D. Mockutė Composition of young and aged shoot essential oils of the wild Ledum palustre L. Chemija 19 2008 19 24
49. N.I. Belousova, V.A. Khan, and T.P. Berezovskaya Intraspecies chemical variability of the essential oil of Ledum palustre Chem Nat Compd 26 1990 398 405
50. N.P. Kir'yalov Principal components of the essential oil of Ledum palustre Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 61 1948 305 308
51. N.P. Kir'yalov Structure of ledol Zh Obshch Khim 19 1949 2123 2129
52. N.S. Mikhailova, O.A. Konovalova, P.I. Zakharov, and K.S. Rybalko Isolation of cyclocolorenone from the essential oil of Ledum palustre Chem Nat Compd 14 1978 173 175
53. M.V. Klokova, V.A. Khan, Zh.V. Dubovenko, V.A. Pentegova, T.P. Berezovskaya, and E.A. Serykh Terpenoids of the essential oil of Ledum palustre Chem Nat Compd 19 1983 278 281
54. N.S. Mikhailova, K.S. Rybalko, and V.I. Sheichenko A study of the chemical composition of the essential oil of Ledum palustre Chem Nat Compd 15 1979 278 282
55. T.M. Ylipahkala, and J.E. Jalonen Isolation of very volatile compounds from the leaves of Ledum palustre using the purge & trap technique Chromatographia 34 1992 159 162
56. A. Judzentiene, R. Butkiene, J. Budiene, F. Tomi, and J. Casanova Composition of seed essential oils of Rhododendron tomentosum Nat Prod Commun 7 2012 227 230
57. M. von Schantz, and R. Hiltunen Composition of essential oils from Ledum palustre including the geographic races, L. groenlandicum and decumbens Sci Pharm 39 1971 137 146
58. BioPath.Explore. Biochemical pathways http://www.molecular-networks.com/ biopath3/biopath/autocomplete 2001-2012
59. PubChem http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 2004-2012
60. N.A. Polyakov, and A.A. Efremov The analysis of biochemical properties of Ledum palustre L. essential oil for rational use Biotechnol Biodegrad Water Foodst 2009 111 118
61. A.L. Shavarda, V.A. Khanin, N.A. Medvedeva, T.Y. Danchul, and L.V. Shagova Characteristics of volatile terpenoid composition of shoots of Ledum palustre L. (Leningrad region) Rastit Resur 40 2004 87 95
62. D.H. Tattje, and R. Bos Composition of essential oil of Ledum palustre Planta Med 41 1981 303 307
63. Y. Wang, and M. Zhao Study on the volatile constituents of Ledum palustre L. in the Da Xing'an Mountains Sepu 21 2003 631
64. N.A. Polyakov, D.G. Slashchinin, and A.A. Efremov Some features of chemical composition of wild rosemary (Ledum palustre L.) essential oil N.G. Bazarnova, V.I. Markin, Materialy Vserossiiskoi Konferentsii - 3rd 2007 Russian Federation Barnaul 124 128
65. R.I. Evstratova, V.S. Kabanov, I.L. Krylova, and L.I. Prokosheva Content of essential oil and of ledol in leaves of marsh rosemary (Ledum palustre L.) during different phases of vegetation Pharm Chem J 12 1978 1468 1473
66. N.S. Mikhailova, and K.S. Rybalko Chemical constitution of Ledum palustre Chem Nat Compd 16 1980 131 135
67. E. Chosson, A. Chaboud, A.J. Chulia, and J. Raynaud Dihydroflavonol glycosides from Rhododendron ferrugineum Phytochemistry 49 1998 1431 1433
68. G. Zapesochnaya, and T. Pangarova Flavonoids of Ledum palustre L. Dokl Bolg Akad Nauk 33 1980 933 936
69. M.S. Korotaeva, M.V. Belousov, and N.S. Fursa Flavonoid and hydroxycinnamic acid contents in aerial parts of Ledum palustre L. (Ericaceae) Rastit Resur 44 2008 66 75
70. M.A. Dubois, M. Wierer, and H. Wagner Palustroside, a coumarin glucoside ester from Ledum palustre Phytochemistry 29 1990 3369 3371
71. M.V. Klokova, E.A. Serykh, and T.P. Berezovskaya Ledum genus coumarins Khim Prirodnykh Soedin 4 1982 517
72. A.A. Alyakin, O.Y. Veretnova, A.A. Efremov, and S.V. Kachin Extractive and mineral substances of the grass of Ledum palustre L. native to the Krasnoyarsk Region N.G. Bazarnova, V. Markin, Vserossiiska Konferentsia - 2nd 2005 Russian Federation Barnaul 494 504
73. H. Tunón, C. Olavsdotter, and L. Bohlin Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of some Swedish medicinal plants. Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis and PAF-induced exocytosis J Ethnopharmacol 48 1995 61 76
74. M. Zhang, J.-J. Zhao, W.-B. Wu, Y. Zhao, X.-L. Zhu, and W.-J. Qu Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts from Ledum palustre L. in mice Nat Prod Res Dev 22 2010 326 329
75. N.A. Spiridonov, D.A. Konovalov, and V.V. Arkhipov Cytotoxicity of some Russian ethnomedicinal plants and plant compounds Phytother Res 19 2005 428 432
76. E.A. Goun, V.M. Petrichenko, S.U. Solodnikov, T.V. Suhinina, M.A. Kline, and G. Cunningham Anticancer and antithrombin activity of Russian plants J Ethnopharmacol 81 2002 337 342
77. H.-J. Liu, J.-M. Sun, and L.-L. Jia Experimental study of extract from Ledum inhibiting the growth of tumor-bearing mice H22 Zhongguo Laonianxue Zazhi 31 2011 3743 3744
78. J. Lu, S. Guan, and J. Liu Acute and genetic toxicity of ursolic acid extract from Ledum palustre L. Shipin Kexue 30 2009 250 252
79. S. Guan, J. Lu, and J.-B. Liu Protective effects of ursolic acid extract from Ledum palustre against genetic damage on mice Aibian, Jibian, Tubian 21 2009 68 69
80. D. Xuming, Q. Wenhui, S. Xue, G. Na, L. Jingbo, and G. Shuang In vivo genotoxicity evaluation of crude extract from Ledum palustre and protective effects on cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity in mice Lat Am J Pharm 30 2011 112 118
81. A.A. Narimanov, S.N. Miakisheva, and S.M. Kuznetsova The radioprotective effect of extracts of Archangelica officinalis Hoffm. and Ledum palustre L. on mice Radiobiologiia 31 1991 391 393
82. A.A. Narimanov Protective efficacy of a mixture of extracts for Archangelica officinalis and Ledum palustre against fractionated gamma-irradiation of mice Radiobiologiya 33 1993 280 284
83. A.A. Narimanov The reproductive capacity of male mice protected against the superlethal action of gamma radiation by the administration of a mixture of Archangelica officinalis and Ledum palustre extracts Radiobiologiia 32 1992 271 275
84. R. Arora, D. Gupta, R. Chawla, R. Sagar, A. Sharma, and R. Kumar Radioprotection by plant products: present status and future prospects Phytother Res 19 2005 1 22
85. N.I. Belousova, S.E. Dmitruk, and V.A. Khan Essential oils in Ledum L.: antifungal properties Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zh 23 1989 317 319
86. G.I. Fokina, T.V. Frolova, V.M. Roikhel, and V.V. Pogodina Experimental phytotherapy of tick-borne encephalitis Vopr Virusol 36 1991 18 21
87. A. Kuusik, M. Harak, K. Hiiesaar, L. Metspalu, and U. Tartes Studies on insect growth regulating (IGR) and toxic effects of Ledum palustre extracts on Tenebrio molitor pupae (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) using calorimetric recordings Thermochim Acta 251 1995 247 253
88. S. Ignatowicz, and B. Wesołowska Repellency of powdered plant material of the Indian neem tree, the Labrador tea, and the sweet-flag, to some stored product pests Pol Pismo Entomol 65 1996 61 67
89. D.-I. Kim, J.-D. Park, S.-G. Kim, H. Kuk, M.-S. Jang, and S.-S. Kim Screening of some crude plant extracts for their acaricidal and insecticidal efficacies J Asia Pac Entomol 8 2005 93 100
90. T.G. Jaenson, K. Palsson, and A.K. Borg-Karlson Evaluation of extracts and oils of mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) repellent plants from Sweden and Guinea-Bissau J Med Entomol 43 2006 113 119
91. T.G. Jaenson, K. Palsson, and A.K. Borg-Karlson Evaluation of extracts and oils of tick-repellent plants from Sweden Med Vet Entomol 19 2005 345 352
92. L.A. Nistor Baldea, L.C. Martineau, A. Benhaddou-Andaloussi, J.T. Arnason, É. Lévy, and P.S. Haddad Inhibition of intestinal glucose absorption by anti-diabetic medicinal plants derived from the James Bay Cree traditional pharmacopeia J Ethnopharmacol 132 2010 473 482
93. O. Kwon, P. Eck, S. Chen, C.P. Corpe, J.H. Lee, and M. Kruhlak Inhibition of the intestinal glucose transporter GLUT2 by flavonoids FASEB J 21 2007 366 377
94. T.W. Tam, R. Liu, J.T. Arnason, A. Krantis, W.A. Staines, and P.S. Haddad Actions of ethnobotanically selected Cree anti-diabetic plants on human cytochrome P450 isoforms and flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 J Ethnopharmacol 126 2009 119 126
95. T.W. Tam, R. Liu, J.T. Arnason, A. Krantis, W.A. Staines, and P.S. Haddad Cree antidiabetic plant extracts display mechanism-based inactivation of CYP3A4 Can J Physiol Pharmacol 89 2011 13 23
96. M.H. Fraser, A. Cuerrier, P.S. Haddad, J.T. Arnason, P.L. Owen, and T. Johns Medicinal plants of Cree communities (Quebec, Canada): antioxidant activity of plants used to treat type 2 diabetes symptoms Can J Physiol Pharmacol 85 2007 1200 1214
97. M.A. Ryzhikova, D.M. Gabitova, and V.O. Ryzhikova Herbal preparation of Ledum palustre - perspective remedy for medical treatment of bronchitis and bronchial asthma pathology Bashkirskii Khimicheskii Zh 13 2006 47 49
98. T. Lekowicz-Mosiej Bagno zwyczajne http://www.poradnia.pl/bagno- zwyczajne.html 2010
99. T. Alm, and M. Iversen Norway's Rosmarin (Rhododendron tomentosum) in past and present tradition M. Pardo-de-Santayana, A. Pieroni, R.K. Puri, Ethnobotany in the New Europe: people, health and wild plant resources 2010 Berghahn Books 263 270
100. M. Tulp, and L. Bohlin Unconventional natural sources for future drug discovery Drug Discov Today 9 2004 450 458
101. Medical handbook on-line http://lekmed.ru/lekarstva/lekarstvennye- rasteniya/bagylnik-bolotnyi.html
102. E. Wawrzyniak Leczenie ziołami. Kompendium fitoterapii 1992 Instytut Wydawniczy Zwia̧zków Zawodowych Warszawa
103. K. Kluk Dykcyonarz roślinny 1808 Drukarnia Xiȩży Piarów Warszawa
104. M.J. Kawałko Historie ziołowe 1986 Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza Lublin 143
105. Henderson RK. History of Labrador tea, The Herb Companion, 1997, http://www.helium.com/items/1781527-history-of-labrador-tea.
106. B. Cornish, J. Staniforth, K. Monson, and L. Frost Labrador Tea Information, Alberta Plant Watch 2012 http://plantwatch.naturealberta.ca/plant- information/labrador-tea
107. H. Hamel History of Labrador tea http://www.helium.com/items/1781527- history-of-labrador-tea 2010
108. J.C. Frye Herbal and homeopathic medicine: understanding the difference Semin Integr Med 1 2003 158 166
109. R.A. van Haselen, and P.A. Fisher A randomized controlled trial comparing topical piroxicam gel with a homeopathic gel in osteoarthritis of the knee Rheumatology 39 2000 714 719
110. C. Stam, M.S. Bonnet, and R.A. van Haselen The efficacy and safety of a homeopathic gel in the treatment of acute low back pain: a multi-centre, randomised, double-blind comparative clinical trial Br Homeopath J 90 2001 21 28
111. V. de Silva, A. El-Metwally, E. Ernst, G. Lewith, and G.J. Macfarlane Evidence for the efficacy of complementary and alternative medicines in the management of osteoarthritis: a systematic review Rheumatology 50 2011 911 920
112. S.P. Stanos Topical agents for the management of musculoskeletal pain J Pain Symptom Manage 33 2007 342 355
113. J.J. Gagnier Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with herbal, vitamin, mineral, and homeopathic supplements Spine J 8 2008 70 79
114. P. Fisher, and D.L. Scott A randomized controlled trial of homeopathy in rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatology 40 2001 1052 1055
115. S. Brien, L. Lachance, P. Prescott, C. McDermott, and G. Lewith Homeopathy has clinical benefits in rheumatoid arthritis patients that are attributable to the consultation process but not the homeopathic remedy: a randomized controlled clinical trial Rheumatology 50 2011 1070 1082
116. Martindale: the complete drug reference http://www.medicinescomplete.com/ mc/martindale/current/search.htm?q=ledum%20palustre&n=10&s=1&ss=text
117. T. Kundu, A. Shaikh, A. Kutty, A. Nalvade, S. Kulkarni, and R. Kulkarni Homeopathic medicines substantially reduce the need for clotting factor concentrates in haemophilia patients: results of a blinded placebo controlled cross over trial Homeopathy 101 2011 38 43
118. K. Davison, and R. Marinelli Ethnobotany: plant-derived medical therapy P.S. Auerbach, Wilderness medicine 6th ed. 2011 Elsevier 1320
119. N. Hill, C. Stam, and R.A. van Haselen The efficacy of Prrrikweg gel in the treatment of insect bites: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial Pharm World Sci 18 1996 35 41
120. N. Hill, C. Stam, S. Tuinder, and R.A. van Haselen A placebo controlled clinical trial investigating the efficacy of a homeopathic after-bite gel in reducing mosquito bite induced erythema Eur J Clin Pharmacol 49 1995 103 108
121. J.R. Stibbe Homeopathy in dermatology Clin Dermatol 17 1999 65 68
122. B.S. Modjtahedi, S.P. Modjtahedi, A.M. Mansury, and H.I. Maibach Mosquito bite therapy: evidenced-based Exog Derm 3 2004 332 338
123. Drugs-about.com, drugs-about.com.
124. M.-A. Faure Care of the singing voice Int Congr Ser 1240 2003 1229 1234
125. Encyclopedia of medicinal plants on-line http://lek-rast.ru/rastenija- 194.htm 2012
126. Recipe.Ru - Pharmaceutical Information Site http://www.recipe.ru/docs/ls/ index.php?action=descr-drug-table&mode=pharmaction&mode-param= 108&drugid=6769
127. Ma B. Antitussive and antiasthmatic soft capsule and its preparation method, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing, 2009, CN 101474245 A 20090708.
128. Zhou Y. Composition of Ledum palustre oil dripping pill for treating chronic bronchitis and its preparation method, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing, 2007, CN 1969934 A 20070530.
129. Gao S. Functional cigarette traditional chinese medicines favoring health of respiratory system, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing, 2011, CN 102018284 A 20110420.
130. Yan Q. Chinese medicine for drug addiction treatment and the preparation method, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing, 2010, CN 101703647 A 20100512.
131. Prodeco Pharma http://www.prodecopharma.com/prodotti/linea-intro.php? idCS=48
132. T. Kiss, D. Cadar, and M. Spînu Tick prevention at a crossroad: new and renewed solutions Vet Parasitol 187 2012 357 366
133. Cosmetic Analysis Establishment Ledum palustre extract http://www.cosmeticanalysis.com/cosmetic-ingredients/ledum-palustre-extract.html
134. Liu J, Jiang W. Method for preparing antibacterial and skin-care hand-cleaning liquid from Ledum palustre on Changbai moutain, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing, 2011, CN 102138883.
135. Liu J, Tao X, Jiang W, Zhang Y. Method for preparing hand cream containing eggshell membrane hydrolysate and water distillate of Ledum palustre leaves, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing, 2011, CN 102068402 A 20110525.
136. Zelenkin VM, Zelenkina NI, Petrykin DP. Yellow turpentine solution with herbal extract showing bracing, tonic and rejuvenating action, Russ., 2011, RU 2416419 C1 20110420.
137. Sakanyan EI, Semenova LS, Blinova KF, Moldaver BL, Balzhirov BG, Lesiovskaya EE. A bath agent containing water-soluble extract of medicinal plants and its preparation method, Russ., 1997, RU 2089210 C1 19970910.
138. Lee GT, Yoo YG, Lee GS, Lee SJ, Lee GG. Cosmetic composition containing Ledum palustre extract as effective component for preventing skin wrinkle, Repub. Korean Kongkae Taeho Kongbo, 2008, KR 2008046794 A 20080528.
139. Lee GT, Lee JN, Lee SJ, Choi JE, Lee KK. Safe cosmetic composition comprising the extract of ledum palustre having improved skin-whitening, Coreana Cosmetics, 2008, A61K 08/97 A61Q 19/02.
140. Cosmetochem International Ltd., Ledum / Marsh Tea Herbasol® Extract PG, Article No. 212110.01.2, 2005.
141. S. Plesner Jensen, and C.P. Doncaster Lethal toxins in non-preferred foods: how plant chemical defences can drive microtine cycles J Theor Biol 199 1999 63 85
142. N.I. Belousova, V. Khan, and.V. Tkachëv Khimicheskiy Sostav Efirnogo Masla Bagul'nikov Khim Rastit Syr'ya 3 1999 5 38
143. MP Biomedicals LLC Karta Charakterystyki Niebezpiecznej Substancji Chemicznej www.mpbio.com 2006
144. J.K. Aronson Meyler's Side Effects of Herbal Medicines 2009 Elsevier 118
145. B. Borkowski, J. Lutomski, E. Skrzydlewska, and B. Zygmunt Rośliny lecznicze w fitoterapii 1994 Instytut Roślin i Przetworów Zielarskich Poznań
146. G.G. Habermehl Secondary and tertiary metabolites as plant toxins Toxicon 36 1998 1707 1719
147. M.V. Belousov Farmakognosticheskaya kharakteristika i biologicheskaya aktivnost' predstaviteley semeystva vereskovyye (Ericaceae) flory Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka 2004 Kafedra Khimii i Farmakognozii s Kursom Botaniki Sibirskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta Tomsk
148. E. Ernst Herbal medicinal products during pregnancy: are they safe? Int J Obstet Gynaecol 109 2002 227 235
149. H. Suzuki Chemical and pharmacological investigation on the active constituents of Ledum palustre occurring in Chosen Folia Pharmacol Jpn 9 1930 297 309
150. O.Yu. Veretnova, N. Polyakov, and. Yefremov Priroda ekstraktivnykh veshchestv bagul'nika bolotnego, proizrastayushchego v Krasnoyarskom kraye Khim Rastit Syr'ya 2 2007 67 72
151. M.V. Klokova, and V.S. Kabanov Ledol level in plants of the genus Ledum Khim Prirodnykh Soedin 5 1981 666 667
152. M.V. Kozlova Nectar of Ledum palustre as a possible source of the toxicity of honey Vopr Pitan 16 1957 80