Does trauma linger into Old-Old age? using the holocaust experience as a paradigm

Understanding Well-Being in the Oldest Old

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 81-95

  Shmotkin, Dov ^a   Shrira, Amit ^a   Palgi, Yuval ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874692749     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511920974.007     Document Type: Chapter

References (70)

1. Averill, P.M., & Beck, J. G. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: A conceptual review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14, 133–156.
2. Ayalon, L., & Covinsky, K. E. (2007). Late-life mortality in older Jews exposed to the Nazi regime. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 55, 1380–1386.
3. Bachner, Y. G., Carmel, S., & Sagi, D. (2007). Physical health and psychological resources: A comparison between Holocaust survivors under the Nazi regime and survivors of the Soviet labor camps. Gerontology: Journal of Aging Studies, 34, 63–77 (in Hebrew).
4. Baltes, P. B. (1997). On the incomplete architecture of human ontogeny: Selection, optimization, and compensation as foundation of developmental theory. American Psychologist, 52, 366–380.
5. Barel, E., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Sagi-Schwartz, A., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2010). Surviving the Holocaust: A meta-analysis of the long-term sequelae of a genocide. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 677–698.
6. Bishop, A. J., Martin, P., & Poon, L. W. (2006). Happiness and congruence in older adulthood: A structural model of life satisfaction. Aging and Mental Health, 10, 445–453.
7. Bleich, A., Gelkopf, M., Melamed, Y., & Solomon, Z. (2005). Emotional impact of exposure to terrorism among young-old and old-old Israeli citizens. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 705–712.
8. Brom, D., Durst, N., & Aghassy, G. (2002). The phenomenology of posttraumatic distress in older adult Holocaust survivors. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 8, 189–201.
9. Budson, A. E., Simons, J. S., Sullivan, A. L., Beier, J. S., Solomon, P. R., Scinto, L., et al. (2004).Memory and emotions for the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack in patients with Alzheimer's disease, patients with mild cognitive impairment, and healthy older adults. Neuropsychology, 18, 315–327.
10. Butler, R. N. (1963). The life review: An interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. Psychiatry, 26, 65–76.
11. Butters, N., & Delis, D. C. (1995). Clinical assessment of memory disorders in amnesia and dementia. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 493–523.
12. Byrne-Davis, L. M. T., Bennett, P. D., & Wilcock, G. K. (2006). How are quality of life ratings made? Toward a model of quality of life in people with dementia. Quality of Life Research, 15, 855–865.
13. Cohen, K., & Shmotkin, D. (2007). Emotional ratings of anchor periods in life and their relation to subjective well-being among Holocaust survivors. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 495–506.
14. Cohen-Mansfield, J. (2000). Heterogeneity in dementia: Challenges and opportunities. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 14, 60–63.
15. Cohen-Mansfield, J., & Lipson, S. (2002). Pain in cognitively impaired nursing home residents: How well are physicians diagnosing it? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, 1039–1044.
16. Cohen-Mansfield, J., Parpura-Gill, A., & Golander, H. (2006). Salience of selfidentity roles in persons with dementia:Differences in perceptions among elderly persons, family members and caregivers. Social Science andMedicine, 62, 745–757.
17. Cook, J. M., Ruzek, J. I., & Cassidy, E. (2003). Possible association of posttraumatic stress disorder with cognitive impairment among older adults. Psychiatric Services, 54, 1223–1225.
18. Danieli, Y. (1981). On the achievement of integration in aging survivors of the Nazi Holocaust. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 191–210.
19. Dekel, R.,& Hobfoll, S. E. (2007). The impact of resource loss onHolocaust survivors facing war and terrorism in Israel. Aging and Mental Health, 11, 159–167.
20. Eitinger, L. (1964). Concentration camp survivors in Norway and Israel. Oslo: Oslo University Press.
21. Erikson, E. H. (1998). The life cycle completed: Extended version with new chapters on the ninth stage by Joan M. Erikson. New York: Norton.
22. Erskine, J. A. K., Kvavilashvili, L., Conway, M. A., & Myers, L. (2007). The effects of age on psychopathology, well-being, and repressive coping. Aging and Mental Health, 11, 394–404.
23. Ferri, C. P., Prince, M., Brayne, C., Brodaty, H., Fratiglioni, L., Ganguli, M., et al. (2005). Global prevalence of dementia: A Delphi consensus study. Lancet, 366, 2112–2117.
24. Frankl, V. E. (1963). Man's search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy. New York:Washington Square Press.
25. Golier, J. A., Harvey, P. D., Legge, J., & Yehuda, R. (2006).Memory performance in older trauma survivors: Implications for the longitudinal course of PTSD. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 54–66.
26. Grady, C. L., Furey, M. L., Pietrini, P., Horwitz, B., & Rapoport, S. I. (2001). Altered brain connectivity and impaired short-term memory in Alzheimer's disease. Brain, 124, 739–756.
27. Grossman, A. B., Levin, B. E., Katzen, H. L., & Lechner, S. (2004). PTSD symptoms and onset of neurologic disease in elderly trauma survivors. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26, 698–705.
28. Gutmann, D. (1998). The psychoimmune system in later life: The problem of the late-onset disorders. In J. Lomranz (Ed.), Handbook of aging and mental health (pp. 281–295). New York: Plenum Press.
29. Hamann, S. (2001). Cognitive and neural mechanisms of emotionalmemory. Trends in Cognitive Science, 5, 394–400.
30. Hantman, S., & Solomon, Z. (2007). Recurrent trauma: Holocaust survivors cope with aging and cancer. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 396–402.
31. Helmreich, W. B. (1992). Against all odds: Holocaust survivors and the successful lives they made in America. New York: Simon and Schuster.
32. Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377–391.
33. Hyer, L., & Sacks, A. (2008). PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorders) in later life. In D. Gallagher-Thompson, A. M. Steffen, & L.W. Thompson (Eds.), Handbook of behavioral and cognitive therapies with older adults (pp. 278–294). New York: Springer.
34. Jennings, P. A., Aldwin, C. M., Levenson, M. R., Spiro, A., & Mroczek, D. K. (2006). Combat exposure, perceived benefits of military service, and wisdomin later life. Research on Aging, 28, 115–134.
35. Joffe, C., Brodaty, H., Luscombe, G., & Ehrlich, F. (2003). The Sydney Holocaust study: Posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychosocialmorbidity in an aged community sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 39–47.
36. Johnston, D. (2000). A series of cases of dementia presenting with PTSD symptoms in World War II combat veterans. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48, 70–72.
37. Kahana, B. (1992). Late-life adaptation in the aftermath of extreme stress. In M. L. Wykle, E. Kahana, & J. Kowal (Eds.), Stress and health among the elderly (pp. 151–171). New York: Springer.
38. Kahana, B., Harel, Z., & Kahana, E. (2005).Holocaust survivors and immigrants: Late life adaptations. New York: Springer.
39. Kensinger, E. A. (2006). Remembering emotional information: Effects of aging and Alzheimer's disease. In E.M.Welsh (Ed.), Frontiers in Alzheimer's disease research (pp. 213–226). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.
40. Kraaij, V., & DeWilde, E. J. (2001). Negative life events and depressive symptoms in the elderly: A life span perspective. Aging and Mental Health, 5, 84–91.
41. Krause, N. (2005). Traumatic events and meaning in life: Exploring variations in three age cohorts. Aging and Society, 25, 501–524.
42. Landau, R., & Litwin, H. (2000). The effects of extreme early stress in very old age. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 473–487.
43. Laufer, R. S. (1988). The serial self: War trauma, identity, and adult development. In J. P.Wilson, Z. Harel, & B. Kahana (Eds.), Human adaptation to extreme stress: From the Holocaust to Vietnam (pp. 33–53). New York: Plenum.
44. Lomranz, J. (2005). Amplified comment: The triangular relationships between the Holocaust, aging, and narrative gerontology. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 60, 255–267.
45. Martin, P., da Rosa, G., Siegler, I. C., Davey, A., MacDonald, M., & Poon, L. W. (2006). Personality and longevity: Findings fromthe Georgia Centenarian Study. Age, 28, 343–352.
46. Martin, P., & Martin, M. (2002). Proximal and distal influences on development: The model of developmental adaptation. Developmental Review, 22, 78–96.
47. McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5, 100–122.
48. Müller, U., & Barash-Kishon, R. (1998). Psychodynamic-supportive group therapy model for elderly Holocaust survivors. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 48, 461–475.
49. Palgi, Y., & Shmotkin, D. (2007). The relations of experiences in World War II and affect types of subjective well-being with functioning and mortality at old-old age. Gerontology: Journal of Aging Studies, 34, 35–62 (in Hebrew).
50. Peretz, T., Baider, L., Ever-Hadani, P., & Kaplan De-Nour, A. (1994). Psychological distress in female cancer patients with Holocaust experience. General Hospital Psychiatry, 16, 413–418.
51. Poon, L. W., & Perls, T. T. (2007). The trials and tribulations of studying the oldest old. InL.W.Poon&T. T. Perls (Eds.), Biopsychosocial approaches to longevity. Vol. 27: Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics (pp. 1–10). New York: Springer.
52. Ryff, C. D., Singer, B., Love, G. D., & Essex, M. J. (1998). Resilience in adulthood and later life: Defining features and dynamic processes. In J. Lomranz (Ed.), Handbook of aging and mental health: An integrative approach (pp. 69–99). New York: Plenum Press.
53. Ryn, Z. (1990). The evolution of mental disturbances in the concentration camp syndrome (KZ-syndrome). Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 116, 21–36.
54. Schnurr, P. P., Spiro, A., Vielhauer, M. J., Findler, M. N., & Hamblen, J. L. (2002). Trauma in the lives of older men: Findings from the Normative Aging Study. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 8, 175–187.
55. Shamai, M., & Levin-Megged, O. (2006). The myth of creating an integrative story: The therapeutic experience of Holocaust survivors. Qualitative Health Research, 16, 692–712.
56. Shanan, J. (1989). Surviving the survivors: Late personality development of Jewish Holocaust survivors. International Journal of Mental Health, 17, 42–71.
57. Shmotkin, D. (2003). Vulnerability and resilience intertwined: A review of research onHolocaust survivors. In R. Jacoby & G. Keinan (Eds.), Between stress and hope: From a disease-centered to a health-centered perspective (pp. 213–233). Westport, CT: Praeger.
58. Shmotkin, D. (2005).Happiness in face of adversity:Reformulating the dynamic and modular bases of subjective well-being. Review of General Psychology, 9, 291–325.
59. Shmotkin, D., & Barilan, Y. M. (2002). Expressions of Holocaust experience and their relationship tomental symptoms and physical morbidity among Holocaust survivor patients. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 115–134.
60. Shmotkin, D., Berkovich, M., & Cohen, K. (2006). Combining happiness and suffering in a retrospective view of anchor periods in life: A differential approach to subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 77, 139–169.
61. Shmotkin, D., Blumstein, T., & Modan, B. (2003). Tracing long-term effects of early trauma: A broad-scope view of Holocaust survivors in late life. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 223–234.
62. Shmotkin, D., & Lomranz, J. (1998). Subjective well-being among Holocaust survivors: An examination of overlooked differentiations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 141–155.
63. Shmotkin, D., & Shrira, A. (in press). On the distinction between subjective wellbeing and meaning in life: Regulatory versus reconstructive functions in the face of a hostile world. In P. T. P. Wong (Ed.), The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical applications (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
64. Shrira, A., Palgi, Y., Ben-Ezra, M., & Shmotkin, D. (in press). Functioning andmortality of Holocaust survivors: Physical resilience and psychosocial vulnerabilities. Journal of Loss and Trauma.
65. Shrira, A., & Shmotkin, D. (2008). Can past keep life pleasant even for old-old trauma survivors? Aging and Mental Health, 12, 807–819.
66. Solomon, Z., & Prager, E. (1992). Elderly Israeli Holocaust survivors during the Persian Gulf War: A study of psychological distress. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1707–1710.
67. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 1–18.
68. Terno, P., Barak, Y., Hadjez, J., Elizur, A., & Szor, H. (1998). Holocaust survivors hospitalized for life:The Israeli experience.Comprehensive Psychiatry, 39, 364–367.
69. Verma, S., Orengo, C. A., Maxwell, R., Kunik, M. E., Molinari, V. A., Vasterling, J. J., et al. (2001). Contribution of PTSD/POW history to behavioral disturbances in dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 356–360.
70. Vogt, L. J.K., Human, B.T., VanHoesen, G.W.,& Damasio, A.R. (1990).Pathological alterations in the amygdala in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience, 37, 377–385.