Quality and quantity monitoring of five rainwater tanks in Western Sydney, Australia

Journal of Environmental Engineering (United States)

Volumn 139, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 332-340

  Van Der Sterren, M ^a,b   Rahman, A ^b   Dennis, G R ^b  

^a OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENT AND HERITAGE   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Harvesting; On site testing; Overflow; Rainwater tanks; Water quality

Indexed keywords

AUSTRALIA; DATA COLLECTION; FIRST FLUSH; FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENT; ON-SITE TESTING; OVERFLOW; RAINWATER TANKS; ROOFING MATERIALS; SYDNEY , AUSTRALIA; WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT;

HARVESTING; ROOFS; WATER QUALITY;

TANKS (CONTAINERS);

CLEANUP; CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL; DATA ACQUISITION; LAND USE; QUALITY CONTROL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RAINWATER; ROOF; STORAGE TANK; TEMPERATURE PROFILE; TESTING METHOD; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER QUALITY; WATER RESOURCE; WATER STORAGE;

AUSTRALIA; NEW SOUTH WALES; SYDNEY [NEW SOUTH WALES];

EID: 84874589812     PISSN: 07339372     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000614     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Adams, B. J., and, Papa, F. (2000). Urban stormwater management and planning with analytical probabilistic models, Wiley, New York.
2. Albrechtsen, H. J. (2002). " Microbiological investigations of rainwater and graywater collected for toilet flushing." Water Sci. Technol., 46 (6-7), 311-316. WSTED4 0273-1223
3. Askeland, D. R. (1998). The science and engineering of materials, 3rd Ed., Stanley Thornes Ltd, Cheltenham, U.K.
4. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC), and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand (ARMCANZ). (2000). Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water quality-Volume 1 and volume 2, Australian Water Association, Artarmon, Australia.
5. Berdahl, P., Akbari, H., Levinson, R., and, Miller, W. A. (2008). " Weathering of roofing materials-An overview." Constr. Build. Mater., 22 (4), 423-433. 0950-0618 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.10.015 (Pubitemid 351179258)
6. BlueScope Steel. (2010). " Benefits of ZINCALUME steel." 〈 http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au/brands/zincalume/steel/features/andbenefits 〉 (Jan. 13, 2010).
7. Bridgman, H. A. (1989). " Acid rain studies in Australia and New Zealand." Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 18 (1-2), 137-146. AECTCV 0090-4341 10.1007/BF01056198 (Pubitemid 18266569)
8. Bridgman, H. A. (1992). " Evaluating rainwater contamination and sources in southeast Australia using factor analysis." Atmos. Environ., 26A (13), 2401-2412. 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90370-Z AENVEQ 0004-6981 (Pubitemid 23372412)
9. Bridgman, H. A., Rothwell, R., Tio, P. H., and, Pang-Way, C. (1988). " The Hunter region (Australia) acid rain project." Bul. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 69 (3), 266-271. BAMIAT 0003-0007 10.1175/1520-0477(1988)069<0266: THRARP>2.0.CO;2
10. Bucheli, T. D., Müller, S. R., Heberle, S., and, Schwarzenbach, R. P. (1998). " Occurrence and behaviour of pesticides in rainwater, roof runoff, and artificial stormwater infiltration." Environ. Sci. Technol., 32 (22), 3457-3464. ESTHAG 0013-936X 10.1021/es980317n (Pubitemid 28527734)
11. Bureau of Meteorology. (2012). 〈 www.bom.gov.au 〉 Australian Government, Canberra.
12. Chapra, S. C. (1997). Surface water-quality modeling, WCB/McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y.
13. Coombes, P. J. (2002). " Rainwater tanks revisited: New opportunities for urban water cycle management." Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.
14. Coombes, P. J., Dunstan, H., Spinks, A., Evans, C., and, Harrison, T. (2006). " Key messages from a decade of water quality research into roof collected rainwater supplies. " Proc. 1st National Hydropolis Conf., Promacco Conventions, Perth, Australia, 77-85.
15. Cunliffe, D. A. (1998). Guidance on the use rainwater tanks, Dept. of Human Services, Rundle Mall, Australia.
16. Doods, W. (2002). Freshwater ecology-Concepts and environmental applications, Elsevier, San Diego, California.
17. Duncan, H. P. (1999). Urban stormwater quality: A statistical overview, Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology, Melbourne, Australia.
18. enHealth Council. (2004). Guidance on use of rainwater tanks, Australian Government Dept. of Health and Agency, Canberra, Australia.
19. Evans, C. A., Coombes, P. J., and, Dunstan, R. H. (2006). " Wind, rain and bacteria: The effect of weather on the microbial composition of roof-harvested rainwater." Water Res., 40 (1), 37-44. WATRAG 0043-1354 10.1016/j.watres.2005.10.034 (Pubitemid 43021300)
20. Fletcher, T., Duncan, H., Poelsma, P., and, Lloyd, S. (2004). Stormwater flow and quality, and the effectiveness of non-proprietary stormwater treatment measures-A review and gap analysis, Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology, Melbourne, Australia.
21. Föster, J. (1999). " Variability of roof runoff quality." Water Sci. Technol., 39 (5), 137-144. WSTED4 0273-1223 10.1016/S0273-1223(99) 00095-5 (Pubitemid 29149772)
22. Francey, M., Feltcher, T. D., Deletic, A., and, Duncan, H. (2010). " New insights into the quality of urban storm water in south eastern Australia." J. Environ. Eng., 136 (4), 381-390. JOEEDU 0733-9372 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000038
23. Franson, M. A. H., ed. (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
24. Helmreich, B., and, Horn, H. (2009). " Opportunities in rainwater harvesting." Desalination, 248 (1-3), 118-124. DSLNAH 0011-9164 10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.046
25. Hermansson, M., and, Dahlbäck, B. (1983). " Bacterial activity at the air/water interface." Microb. Ecol., 9 (4), 317-328. MCBEBU 0095-3628 10.1007/BF02019021 (Pubitemid 14151803)
26. Hermansson, M., Jones, G. W., and, Kjelleberg, S. (1987). " Frequency of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance, pigmentation and plasmids in bacteria of the marine air-water interface." Appl. Environ. Microb., 53 (10), 2338-2342. AEMIDF 0099-2240
27. Herngren, L., Goonetilleke, A., and, Ayoko, G. A. (2005). " Understanding heavy metal and suspended solids relationships in urban stormwater using simulated rainfall." J. Environ. Manage., 76 (2), 149-158. JEVMAW 0301-4797 10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.01.013 (Pubitemid 40796625)
28. Heyworth, J. S., Maynard, E. J., and, Cunliffe, D. A. (1998). " Who drinks what? Potable water use in south Australia." Water (Melbourne), 25 (1), 9-13. 0310-0367 (Pubitemid 28163548)
29. Holländer, R., Block, D., and, Walter, C. (1993). " Hygienische Aspekte bei der Wäsche mit Regenwasser (The health consequences of washing with rainwater)." Forum Stadte-Hygiene, 44, 251-256.
30. Huston, R., Chan, Y. C., Chapman, H., Gardner, T., and, Shaw, G. (2012). " Source apportionment of heavy metals and ionic contaminants in rainwater tanks in subtropical urban area in Australia." Water Res., 46 (4), 1121-1132. WATRAG 0043-1354 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.008
31. International Organisation for Standardisation. (2006). Water quality-Sampling for microbiological analysis, ISO 19458:2006.
32. Kearney, M., Porter, W., Williams, C., Ritchie, S., and, Hoffmann, A. (2009). " Integrating biophysical models and evolutionary theory to predict climatic impacts on species' ranges: The dengue mosquito Aedes aegypti in Australia." Funct. Ecol., 23 (3), 528-538. FECOE5 1365-2435 10.1111/fec.2009.23.issue-3
33. Kus, B., Kandasamy, J., Vigneswaran, S., and, Shon, H. K. (2010 a). " Analysis of first flush to improve the water quality in rainwater tanks." Water Sci. Technol., 61 (2), 421-428. WSTED4 0273-1223 10.2166/wst.2010.823
34. Kus, B., Kandasamy, J., Vigneswaran, S., and, Shon, H. K. (2010 b). " Water quality characterisation of rainwater in tanks at different times and locations." Water Sci. Technol., 61 (2), 429-439. WSTED4 0273-1223 10.2166/wst.2010.824
35. Lye, D. J. (2009). " Rooftop runoff as a source of contamination: A review." Sci. Total Environ., 407 (21), 5429-5434. STENDL 0048-9697 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.07.011
36. Ma, J., Kang, J., Kayhanian, M., and, Stenstrom, M. K. (2009). " Sampling issues in urban runoff monitoring programs: Composite versus grab." J. Environ. Eng., 135 (3), 118-127. JOEEDU 0733-9372 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2009)135:3(118)
37. Magyar, M. I., Ladson, A. R., and, Diaper, C. (2011 a). " Sediment transport in rainwater tanks and implications for water quality." Sediment transport in aquatic environments, A. J. Manning., ed., InTech Open Access, Croatia, 65-88.
38. Magyar, M. I., Ladson, A. R., Mitchell, V. G., and, Diaper, C. (2011 b). " The effect of rainwater tank design on sediment re-suspension and subsequent outlet water quality." Aust. J. Water Resour., 15 (1), 71-83. 1324-1583
39. Magyar, M. I., Mitchell, V. G., Ladson, A. R., and, Diaper, C. (2007). " An investigation of rainwater tanks quality and sediment dynamics." Water Sci. Technol., 56 (9), 21-28. WSTED4 0273-1223 10.2166/wst.2007.738 (Pubitemid 350285236)
40. Magyar, M. I., Mitchell, V. G., Ladson, A. R., and, Diaper, C. (2008). " Lead and other heavy metals: Common contaminants of rainwater tanks in Melbourne." Proc. 31st Hydrology and Water Resources Symp. and 4th Int. Conf. on Water Resources and Environmental Research: Water Down Under 2008, Institute of Engineers Australia, Adelaide, Australia, 409-417.
41. Marshall, K. C. (1980). " Microorganisms and interfaces." BioScience, 30 (4), 246-249. BISNAS 0006-3568 10.2307/1307879
42. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), and Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council (NRMMC). (2011). National water quality management strategy-Australian drinking water guidelines 6, Canberra, Australia.
43. Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council (NRMMC), Environment Protection and Heritage Council (EPHC), and National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). (2009). National water quality management strategy-Australian guidelines for water recycling: Stormwater harvesting and reuse, Canberra, Australia.
44. O'Connor, J. B., Mitchell, V. G., Magyar, M. I., Ladson, A. R., and, Diaper, C. (2009). " Where is the lead in rainwater tanks coming from? " Proc. 32nd Hydrology and Water Resources Symp., Institute of Engineers Australia, Newcastle, Australia, 653-660.
45. Office of Environment and Heritage. (2011). Air quality, 〈 http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/aqms/index.htm 〉 (Nov. 28, 2012).
46. Palla, A., Gnecco, I., and, Lanza, L. G. (2011). " Non-dimensional design parameters and performance assessment of rainwater harvesting systems." J. Hydrol. (Amsterdam), 401 (1-2), 65-76. JHYDA7 0022-1694 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.02.009
47. Parker, B., and, Barson, G. (1970). " Biological and chemical significance of surface microlayers in aquatic ecosystems." BioScience, 20 (2), 87-93. BISNAS 0006-3568 10.2307/1294827
48. Penrith City Council. (2010). Penrith City Council development control plan, Penrith, Australia.
49. Percival, S. L., Walker, J. T., and, Hunter, P. R. (2000). Microbiological aspects of biofilms and drinking water, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
50. Pilgrim, D. H. (1987). Australian rainfall and runoff: A guide to flood estimation, The Institution of Engineers Australia, Barton, Australia.
51. Rodrigo, S., Sinclair, M., Forbes, A., Cunliffe, D., and, Leder, K. (2011). " Drinking rainwater: A double-blinded, randomized controlled study of water treatment filters and gastroenteritis incidence." Am. J. Public Health, 101 (5), 842-847. AJHEAA 0090-0036 10.2105/AJPH.2009.185389
52. Schets, F. M., van den Berg, H. H. J. L., Lodder, W. J., Docters van Leeuwen, A. E., in 't Veld, S., and, de Rhoda Husman, A. M. (2005). De microbiologische kwaliteit van hemelwater toegepast voor toiletspoeling, schoonmaken en tuinsproeien (The microbiological quality of rainwater used for toilet flushing, cleaning and irrigation), Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, Bilthoven.
53. Sigee, D. C. (2005). Freshwater microbiology-Biodiversity and dynamic interactions of microorganisms in the aquatic environment, Wiley, Chichester, U.K.
54. Simmons, G., Jury, S., Thornley, C., Harte, D., Mohiuddin, J., and, Taylor, M. (2007). " A Legionnaires' disease outbreak, a water blaster and roof-collected rainwater systems." Water Res., 42 (6-7), 1-28. 10.1016/j.waterres.2007.10.016 WATRAG 0043-1354
55. Sorenson, J. R. J., Campbell, I. R., Tepper, L. B., and, Lingg, R. D. (1974). " Aluminium in the environment and human health." Environ. Health Perspect., 8, 3-95. EVHPAZ 0091-6765 10.1289/ehp.7483
56. Spinks, A. T., Coombes, P. J., Dunstan, R. H., and, Kuczera, G. (2003). " Water quality treatment processes in domestic rainwater harvesting systems." Proc. 28th Int. Hydrology and Water Resources Symp., Institution of Engineers Australia, Wollongong, Australia, 227-234.
57. Standards Australia. (1998). " Water quality-Sampling (Australian and New Zealand Standards)." AS/NZS 5667.1:1998, SAI Global, Homebush, Australia.
58. Standards Australia. (2005). " Testing of products for use in contact with drinking water (Australian and New Zealand Standards)." AS/NZS 4020:2005, SAI Global, Homebush, Australia.
59. Standards Australia. (2007 a). " Water microbiology-Method 5: Coliforms-Membrane filtration method (Australian and New Zealand Standards)." AS/NZS 4276.5:2007, SAI Global.
60. Standards Australia. (2007 b). " Water microbiology-Method 6: Coliforms Escherichia coli and thermotolerant coliforms-Determination of most probable number (MPN) (Australian and New Zealand Standards)." AS/NZS 4276.6:2007, SAI Global.
61. Standards Australia. (2007 c). " Water microbiology-Method 9: Enterococci-Membrane filtration method (Australian and New Zealand Standards)." AS/NZS 4276.9:2007, SAI Global.
62. Sydney Water. (2010). " North Richmond water filtration plant." Sydney Water Community Education Team, Sydney.
63. Taylor, R., Sloan, D., Cooper, T., Morton, B., and, Hunter, I. (2000). " A waterborne outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul." Communicable Diseases Intelligence Informit, 24 (11), 336-340.
64. Thomas, P. R., and, Greene, G. R. (1993). " Rainwater quality from different roof catchments." Water Sci. Technol., 28 (3-5), 291-299. WSTED4 0273-1223
65. van der Sterren, M. (2011). " Assessment of the impact of rainwater tanks on urban run-off quantity and quality characteristics (under review)." Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
66. van der Sterren, M., Dennis, G. R., Rahman, A., Ryan, G., and, Barker, G. (2009 a). " A case study of rainwater tank water quality testing in Western Sydney, Australia. " Proc. Science and Information Technologies for Sustainable Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, 8th Int. Conf. on Hydroinformatics, International Assn for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), Concepcíon, Chile.
67. van der Sterren, M., Rahman, A., and, Dennis, G. R. (2012). " Implications to stormwater management as a result of lot scale rainwater tank systems: A case study in Western Sydney, Australia." Water Sci. Technol., 65 (8), 1475-1482. WSTED4 0273-1223 10.2166/wst.2012.033
68. van der Sterren, M., Rahman, A., and, Ryan, G. (2009 b). " Investigation of water quality and quantity of five rainwater tanks in Western Sydney Australia. " Proc. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress-Challenges of Change, Providence, RI, ASCE.
69. van Olmen, R. (2009). " Gebruik van hemelwater in woningen-economische en ecologische analyse (The use of rainwater in residences: economical and ecological analysis)." Masters thesis, Universiteit Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium.
70. Wight, I., Huddle, L., and, Mullens, R. (2000). " Why any old galvanised iron won't do. " The Heritage Advisor, 〈 http://www.dpcd.vic.gov.au/-data/assets/word-doc/0004/36877/Why-any-old- galvanised-iron.doc 〉 (Nov. 10, 2009).