A new look at social attention: Orienting to the eyes is not (entirely) under volitional control

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance

Volumn 38, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 1132-1143

  Laidlaw, Kaitlin E W ^a   Risko, Evan F ^b   Kingstone, Alan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Attentional orienting; Eye movements; Face processing; Reflexive versus volitional; Visual attention

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; COGNITION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EYE; EYE MOVEMENT; FEMALE; HUMAN; INSTRUMENTATION; MALE; MOUTH; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; OCULOGRAPHY; PERCEPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; VISION;

ADULT; ATTENTION; EYE; EYE MOVEMENT MEASUREMENTS; EYE MOVEMENTS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MOUTH; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; VISUAL PERCEPTION; VOLITION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84874447191     PISSN: 00961523     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0027075     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Ando, S. (2002). Luminance-induced shift in the apparent direction of gaze. Perception, 31, 657-674. doi:10.1068/p3332
2. Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Boston, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books.
3. Bindemann, M., Scheepers, C., & Burton, A. M. (2009). Viewpoint and center of gravity affect eye movements to human faces. Journal of Vision, 9,, 1-16. doi:10.1167/9.2.7
4. Birmingham, E., Bischof, W. F., & Kingstone, A. (2008a). Gaze selection in complex social scenes. Visual Cognition, 16, 341-355. doi:10.1080/13506280701434532
5. Birmingham, E., Bischof, W. F., & Kingstone, A. (2008b). Social attention and real world scenes: The roles of action, competition, and social content. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 986-998. doi:10.1080/17470210701410375
6. Birmingham, E., Bischof, W. F., & Kingstone, A. (2009). Saliency does not account for fixations to eyes within social scenes. Vision Research, 49, 2292-3000. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.09.014
7. Blais, C., Jack, R. E., Scheepers, C., Fiset, D., & Caldara, R. (2008). Culture shapes how we look at faces. PLoS ONE, 3, e3022. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003022
8. Dahl, C. D., Logothetis, N. K., Bülthoff, H. H., & Wallraven, C. (2010). The Thatcher illusion in humans and monkeys. Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences, 1696, 2973-2981. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0438
9. Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. D., Johnstone, T., Schafer, H. S., Gersbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., Davidson, R. J. (2005). Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 519-526. doi:10.1038/nn1421
10. Driver, J., Davis, G., Ricciardelli, P., Kidd, P., Maxwell, E., & Baron-Cohen, S. (1999). Gaze perception triggers reflexive visuospatial orienting. Visual Cognition, 6, 509-540. doi:10.1080/135062899394920
11. Everling, S., & Fischer, B. (1998). The antisaccade: A review of basic research and clinical studies. Neuropsychologia, 36, 885-899. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(98)00020-7
12. Farah, M. J., Tanaka, J. W., & Drain, H. M. (1995). What causes the face inversion effect? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 628-634. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.21.3.628
13. Fletcher-Watson, S., Findlay, J. M., Leekam, S. R., & Benson, V. (2008). Rapid detection of person information in a naturalistic scene. Perception, 37, 571-583. doi:10.1068/p5705
14. Folk, C. L., Remington, R. W., & Johnston, J. C. (1992). Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 1030-1044. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.18.4.1030
15. Friesen, C. K., & Kingstone, A. (1998). The eyes have it! Reflexive orienting is triggered by nonpredictive gaze. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5, 490-495. doi:10.3758/BF03208827
16. Frischen, A., Bayliss, A. P., & Tipper, S. P. (2007). Gaze cuing of attention: Visual attention, social cognition, and individual differences. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 694-724. doi:10.1037/0033-2909 .133.4.694
17. Gauthier, I., & Tarr, M. J. (1997). Becoming a "Greeble" expert: Exploring mechanisms for face recognition. Vision Research, 37, 1673-1682. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(96)00286-6
18. Guo, K., Robertson, R. G., Mahmoodi, S., Tadmor, Y., & Young, M. P. (2003). How do monkeys view faces? A study of eye movements. Experimental Brain Research, 150, 363-374. doi:10.1007/s0331-003-1429-1
19. Henderson, J. M., Williams, C. C., & Falk, R. J. (2005). Eye movements are functional during face learning. Memory & Cognition, 33, 98-106. doi:10.3758/BF03195300
20. Itier, R. J., Villate, C., & Ryan, J. D. (2007). Eyes always attract attention but gaze orienting is task-dependent: Evidence from eye movement monitoring. Neuropsychologia, 45, 1019-1028. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsycholgia.2006.09.004
21. Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating auto-matic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541. doi:10.1016é0749-596X(91)90025-F
22. Kingstone, A., & Olk, B. (2003). Why are antisaccades slower than prosaccades? A novel finding using a new paradigm. NeuroReport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research, 14, 151-155. doi: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000053062.88427.d7
23. Kuhn, G., & Kingstone, A. (2009). Look away! Eyes and arrows engage oculomotor responses automatically. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 71, 314-327. doi:10.3758/APP.71.2.314
24. Kundel, H. L., Nodine, C. F., Krupinski, E. A., & Mello-Thoms, C. (2008). Using gaze-tracking data and mixture distribution analysis to support a holistic model for the detection of cancers on mammograms. Academic Radiology, 15, 881-886. doi:10.1016/j.acra.2008.01.023
25. Maurer, D., Le Grand, R., & Mondloch, C. J. (2002). The many faces of configural processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 255-260. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01903-4
26. Minear, M., & Park, D. C. (2004). A lifespan database of adult facial stimuli. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 630-633. doi:10.3758/BF03206543
27. Munoz, D. P., & Everling, S. (2004). Look away: The anti-saccade task and the voluntary control of eye movement. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 218-228. doi:10.1038/nrn134
28. Olk, B., & Garay-Vado, A. M. (2011). Attention to faces: Effects of face inversion. Vision Research, 51, 1659-1666. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2011.05.007
29. Pelphrey, K. A., Sasson, N. J., Reznick, S., Paul, G., Goldman, B. D., & Piven, J. (2002). Visual scanning of faces in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 249-261. doi:10.1023/A: 1016374617369
30. Posner, M. I., Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1988). Localization of cognitive operations in the human brain. Science, 240, 1627-1631.
31. Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25-42. doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325
32. Senju, A., & Hasegawa, T. (2005). Direct gaze captures visuospatial attention. Visual Cognition, 12, 127-144. doi:10.1080/13506280444000157
33. Theeuwes, J. (2010). Top-down and bottom-up control of visual selection. Acta Psychologica, 135, 77-99.
34. Theeuwes, J., Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., & Irwin, D. E. (1998). Our eyes do not always go where we want them to do: Capture of the eyes by new objects. Psychological Science, 9, 379-385. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00071
35. Von Grünau, M., & Anston, C. (1995). The detection of gaze direction: A stare-in-the-crowd effect. Perception, 24, 1297-1313. doi:10.1068/p241297
36. Walker-Smith, G. J., Gale, A. G., & Findlay, J. M. (1977). Eye movement strategies involved in face perception. Perception, 6, 313-326. doi: 10.1068/p060313
37. Williams, C. C., & Henderson, J. M. (2007). The face inversion effect is not a consequence of aberrant eye movements. Memory & Cognition, 35, 1977-1985. doi:10.3758/BF03192930
38. Yantis, S., & Jonides, J. (1990). Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: Voluntary versus automatic allocation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 121-134. doi: 10.1037/0096.1523.16.1.121
39. Yarbus, A. L. (1967). Eye movements and vision (B. Haigh, Trans.). New York, NY: Plenum Press (Original work published 1965).
40. Yovel, G., & Kanwisher, N. (2005). The neural basis of the behavioral face-inversion effect. Current Biology, 15, 2256-2262. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.10.072