Gender differences and posttraumatic stress disorder: The role of trauma type and frequency of exposure

Traumatology

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 229-235

  Gehrke, Anne ^a   Violanti, John M ^b  

^a BG Institute Work and Health   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

Gender differences; PTSD; Trauma risk

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874441038     PISSN: 15347656     EISSN: 10859373     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1534765606294992     Document Type: Article

References (21)

1. Allen, J. G. (1995). Coping with trauma: A guide to selfunderstanding. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Andrews, B., Brewin, C. R., & Rose, S. (2003). Gender, social support, and PTSD in victims of violent crime. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 421-427.
4. Baumann, U., Humer, K., Lettner, K., & Thiele, C. (1998). Die Vielschichtigkeit von sozialer Unterstützung [The complexity of social support]. In J. Margraf, J. Siegrist, & S. Neumer (Eds.), Gesundheits-oder Krankheitstheorie? Saluto-versus pathogenetische Ansätze im Gesundheitswesen (pp. 101-113). Berlin: Springer.
5. Bramsen, I., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., & van der Ploeg, H. M. (2000). Predeployment personality traits and exposure to trauma as predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms: A prospective study of former peacekeepers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1115-1119.
6. Breslau, N., Chilcoat, H. D., Kessler, R. C., Peterson, E. L., & Lucia, V. C. (1999). Vulnerability to assaultive violence: Further specification of the sex difference in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 29, 813-821.
7. Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Metaanalysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748-766.
8. Brown, J., Fielding, J., & Grover, J. (1999). Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers. Work & Stress, 13, 312-325.
9. Davis, G. C., & Breslau, N. (1998, July). Are women at greater risk for PTSD than men? Psychiatric Times, 15. Retrieved November 23, 2003, from http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/p980765.html
10. Halligan, S. L., & Yehuda, R. (2000). Risk factors for PTSD. PTSD Research Quarterly, 11, 1-8.
11. Freedman, S. A., Gluck, N., Tuval-Mashiach, R., Brandes, D., Peri, T., & Shalev, A. Y. (2002). Gender differences in responses to traumatic events: A prospective study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 407-413.
12. Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., Epstein, R. S., Crowley, B., Vance, K., Kao, T. C., et al. (2001). Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1486-1491.
13. Horowitz, M. J., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of objective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218.
14. Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E. Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060.
15. Martin, C. A., McKean, H. E., & Veltkamp, L. J. (1986). Post-traumatic stress disorder in police working with victims: A pilot study. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 14, 98-101.
16. Niland, C. (1996, July). The impact of police culture on women and their performance in policing. Paper presented at the Australian Institute of Criminology Conference, First Australasian Women Police Conference, Sydney.
17. O'Toole, B. I., Marshall, R. P., Schureck, R. J., & Dobson, M. (1998). Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in Australian Vietnam veterans. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 21-31.
18. Patterson, G. T. (2001). The relationship between demographic variables and exposure to traumatic incidents among police officers. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 2001-2. Retrieved November 23, 2003, from http://www.massey.ac.nz/%7Etrauma/issues/2001-2/patterson2.htm
19. Sundin, E. C., & Horowitz, M. J. (2002). Impact of Event Scale: Psychometric properties. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 205-209.
20. Turner, H. (1994). Gender and social support: Taking the bad with the good. Sex Roles, 30, 521-541.
21. Yehuda, R. (1998). Resilience and vulnerability factors in the course of adaptation to trauma. NC-PTSD Clinical Quarterly, 8(1), 1-5.