Nārĩ in the Levant: Historical and etymological aspects of a specific calcrete formation

Earth Sciences History

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 210-228

  Itkin, Danny ^a   Geva Kleinberger, Aharon ^b   Yaalon, Dan H ^c   Shaanan, Uri ^d   Goldfus, Haim ^a  

^a BEN GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV   (Israel)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

^c HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

^d UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874327557     PISSN: 0736623X     EISSN: 19446187     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.17704/eshi.31.2.5m8261038p3w1782     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Abu-Jaber, Nizar and Al-Saad, Ziad (eds). 2007. Landscape, Provenance and Conservation of Stone Sources from Selected Archaeological Sites in Jordan. Irbid: Yarmouk University
2. Ackermann, O., Bruins, H., Sarah, P., Zhevelev, H. and Maeir, A. M. 2005. Landscape archaeology in a dry stream valley near Tell es-Safi/Gath (Israel): Agricultural terraces and the origin of fill deposits. Environmental Archaeology 10: 199-215
3. Al-Barghouti, Abdullatif M. (ed.). 2001. Dictionary of Colloquial Palestinian Arabic Dialect. Ramallah- Bireh: Palestinian Heritage (in Arabic
4. Al-Kilani, Aamir Abd al-Fattah (ed.). 2008. Geological Encyclopedia & the Earth Sciences. Amman: Dar Hijla (in Arabic
5. Alonso-Zarza, A. M. and Wright, V. P. 2010. Calcretes. In: Carbonates in Continental Settings: Facies Environments and Processes, edited by Ana Maria Alonso-Zarza and Lawrence H. Tanner, 225- 268. Amsterdam and Oxford: Elsevier
6. Amit, R. and Harrison, B. 1995. Biogenic calcic horizon development under extremely arid conditions Nizzana sands dunes, Israel. In: Arid Ecosystems, Advances in Geoecology, edited by Hans-Peter Blume and Simon M. Berkowicz, 65-88
7. Arkin, Y., Braun, M. and Starinsky, A. 1965. Type Sections of Cretaceous Formations in the Jerusalem - Bet Shemesh Area: Lithostratigraphy. Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel
8. Arkin, Y., Braun, M., Buchbinder, B., Diamant, E., Itzhaki, Y., Lasman, N., Rot, I. and Shachnai, E. 1976. The Geological Map of Israel 1:50,000 Sheet 11-I/II: Jerusalem and its Vicinity. Jerusalem: Ministry of Infrastructures, Geological Survey of Israel (in Hebrew
9. Arkin, Yaacov and Ecker, Amos. 2007. Geotechnical and Hydrogeological Concerns in Developing the Infrastructure Around Jerusalem. GSI/12/2007. Jerusalem: Ministry of Infrastructures, Geological Survey of Israel
10. Avnimelech, Moshe. 1936. Études géologiques dans la région de la Shéphélah en Palestine. PhD dissertation, University of Grenoble: Allier père et fils, imprimeurs de l'université.
11. Baalbaki, Ramzi M. (ed.). 1990. Dictionary of Linguistic Terms. Beirut: Dar el-Ilm lilMalayin. Bar, Oded., Zilberman, Ezra., Gvirtzman, Zohar and Feinstein, Shimon. 2006. Reconstruction of the Uplift Stages of the Mountain Backbone in Central Israel. GSI/28/2006. Jerusalem: Ministry of Infrastructures, Geological Survey of Israel
12. Bar, O., Zilberman, E., Gvirtzman, Z., Feinstein, S. and Buchbinder, B. 2012. From the Judea Mountains to the Judea Plain: Erosion-surfaces development in the rims of an uplifted ridge, In: Israel Geological Society Conference, Ashkelon 2012 Field Trips, edited by Eldad Levi and Yael Sagi, 69-95. Jerusalem: Geological Society (in Hebrew
13. Bar-Matthews, M. and Ayalon, A. 1997. Late Quaternary paleoclimate in the Mediterranean region from stable isotope analysis of speleothems at soreq cave, Israel. Quaternary Research 47: 155-168
14. Barthélemy, Adrien (ed.). 1935. Dictionnaire Arabe- Français. Dialectes de Syrie: Alep, Damas, Liban, Jérusalem. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner
15. Begin, Ze'ev B. and Zilberman, Ezra. 1997. Main Stages and Rate of Relief Development in Israel. Report GSI/24/97, Jerusalem: Ministry of Infrastructures, Geological Survey of Israel (in Hebrew
16. Bender, Friedrich. 1968. Geologie von Jordanien. Berlin and Stuttgart: Gebruder Borntraeger
17. Blake, George S. 1935. The Stratigraphy of Palestine and its Building Stones. Jerusalem: Geological Advisor, Palestine Government
18. Blanckenhorn, Max L. 1888. Die geognostiscben Verhaltnisse von Afrika. Gotha: Justus Perthes
19. Blanckenhorn, Max L. 1896. Entstehung und Geschichte des Todten Meeres: Ein Beitrag zur Geologie Palastinas. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palaestina-Vereins 19: 5-51
20. Blanckenhorn, Max L. 1904. Geologie der naheren Umgebung von Jerusalem. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palaestina-Vereins 27: 75-120
21. Bogoch, R. and Sneh, A. 2008. Geological Map of Israel 1:50,000 Sheet 4-I: Arbel. Jerusalem: Ministry of Infrastructures, Geological Survey of Israel (in Hebrew
22. Bosworth, Clifford E., Van Donzel, Emeri J., Heinrichs, Wolfhart P. and Pellat, Charles (eds). 1993. The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, vol. VII; NIF-NAZ, pp. 957-960. Leiden and New York: E. J. Brill
23. Buchbinder, B. 1969. Geological Map of Hashephela Region, Israel 1:20,000 - Explanatory Notes. Jerusalem: The Institute for Petroleum Research and Geophysics, Report 1030. The Geological Survey of Israel, report OD/1/68
24. Burg, Avihu. 1991. The Geology of the Hatrurim Formation. GSI/18/91. Jerusalem: Ministry of Infrastructures, Geological Survey of Israel (in Hebrew with English abstract
25. Burg, A., Kolodny, Y. and Lyakhovsky, V. 1999. Hatrurim-2000: The "Mottled Zone" revisited forty years later. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 48: 209-223
26. Canaan, Tawfiq. 1933. The Palestinian Arab House: Its Architecture and Folklore. Jerusalem: Syrian Orphanage Press
27. Candy, I. and Black, S. 2009. The timing of Quaternary calcrete development in semi-arid southeast Spain: Investigating the role of climate on calcrete genesis. Sedimentary Geology 218: 6-15
28. Clauser, C. and Huenges, E. 1995. Thermal Conductivity of Rocks and Minerals. In: Rock Physics and Phase Relations: A Handbook of Physical Constants, edited by Thomas J. Ahrens, 105-147. Washington D.C: The American Geophysical Union
29. Cook, P. 2000. Geological Map of Israel 1:50,000 sheet 5-IV: Shekhem. Jerusalem: Ministry of Infrastructures, Geological Survey of Israel (in Hebrew
30. Dan, J. 1962. The disintegration of Nari lime crust in relation to relief, soil and vegetation. In: Transactions of the Symposium on Photo Interpretation, edited by Commission VII, International Society for Photogrammetry, 189-194. Delft: Uitgeverij Waltman
31. Dan, Joel. 1966. The Relief's Impact on the Formation and Distribution of The Country's Soils. PhD dissertation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (in Hebrew
32. Dan, J. 1977. The distribution and origin of Nari and other lime crusts in Israel. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 26: 68-83
33. Dan, Joel., Fine, Pinchas and Lavee, Hanoch. 2007. The Soils of the Land of Israel. Tel Aviv: Eretz, Tel Aviv University (in Hebrew with English abstract
34. Danin, A., Gerson, R., Marton, K and Garty, J. 1982. Patterns of Limestone and dolomite weathering by lichens and blue-green algae and their paleoclimate significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 37: 221-233
35. Danin, A. 1985. Palaeoclimates in Israel: Evidence from Weathering Patterns of Stones in and near Archaeological Sites. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 259: 33-43
36. Dudeen, B. 2001. The soils of Palestine (The West Bank and Gaza Strip): Current status and future perspectives. In: Soil Resources of Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries, edited by Pandi Zdruli, Pasquale Steduto, Cosimo Lacirignola and Luca Montanarella, 203-233. Bari: CIHEAMIAMB
37. Eren, M., Kadir, S., Hatipoǧlu, Z. and Gul, M. 2008. Quaternary calcrete development in the Mersin area, southern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 17: 763-784
38. Flexer, A. 1968. Stratigraphy and facies development of Mount Scopus Group (Senonian-Paleocene) in Israel and adjacent countries. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 17: 85-114
39. Fraas, Oscar. F. von. 1867. Geologisches aus dem Orient. In: Jahreshefte des Vereins Für Vaterländische Naturkunde. Stuttgart: Verlag von Ebner & Seubert
40. Gallala, W., Gaied M. E., Essefi, E. and Montacer, M. 2010. Pleistocene calcretes from eastern Tunisia: The stratigraphy, the microstructure and the environmental significance. Journal of African Earth Sciences 58: 445-456
41. Garfunkel, Z. 1988. The pre-Quaternary Geology of Israel. In: The Zoogeography of Israel, edited by Yoram Yom-Tov and Eitan Tchernov, 7-34. Dordrecht: The Netherlands
42. Geva-Kleinberger, A. 2006. Arabic loanwords in Ivrit. In: New Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Literature, edited by Lutz Edzard and Rudolf de Jong, Vol. 2, 461-464. Leiden: Brill
43. Geze, M. B. 1956. Carte de reconnaissance des sols du Liban au 1:200,000. Beirut: Ministère de l'agriculture, station agronomique libano-française
44. Gile, L. H., Peterson, F. F. and Grossman, R. B. 1965. The K horizon: A master soil horizon of carbonate accumulation. Soil Science 99: 72-82
45. Goldberg, Avraham A. 1958. Contributions to the Study of Nari in Israel and Especially in the Eastern Esdraelon Valley. PhD dissertation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (in Hebrew
46. Goudie, A. S. 1972. The chemistry of world calcrete deposits. Journal of Geology 80: 449-463
47. Goudie, Andrew S. 1973. Duricrusts in Tropical and Subtropical Landscapes. Oxford: Clarendon Press
48. Gündoǧan, R., Merdun, H., Demirkiran, A. R., Hall, N., Aǧtürk, R., Erol A. and Erşahin, S. 2010 Temporal variation of soil moisture under alley cropping system in pistachio in semi-arid region of Turkey. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology 12: 601-605
49. Gur, D., Steinitz, G., Kolodny, Y. Starinskey, A. and McWilliams, M. 1995. 40Ar/39Ar dating of combustion metamorphism (the "Mottled Zone", Israel). Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section) 122: 171-184
50. Hatzor, Y. H. 2000. The Geological Map of Israel 1:50,000 Sheet 6-I,II: Bet She'an. Jerusalem: Ministry of Infrastructures, Geological Survey of Israel (in Hebrew
51. Hirsch, F. 1983. Geological Map of Israel 1:50,000 Sheet 11-III: Bet Guvrin Geological Map. Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel (in Hebrew
52. Hull, Edward. 1886. The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoir on the Physical Geology and Geography of Arabia Petraea, Palestine and Adjoining Districts. London: The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
53. Ibn-Manūr, Muhammad ibn Mukarram (ed.). 1988. Lisān al-'Arab. Beirut: Dār 'Iyā' at-Turā al-'Arabī.
54. Ildefonso, A. 2010. Diagenesis of carbonates in continental settings. In: Carbonates in Continental Settings: Geochemistry, Diagenesis and Applications, edited by Ana Maria Alonso-Zarza and Lawrence H. Tanner, 61-152. Amsterdam and Oxford: Elsevier
55. James, N. P. 1972. Holocene and Pleistocene calcareous crust (caliche) profiles: Criteria for subaerial exposure. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 42: 817-836
56. James, N. P. and Choquette, P. W. 1984. Diagenesis 9. Limestones: The meteoric diagenetic environment. Geoscience Canada 11: 163-193
57. Kapur, S., Chavushgil, V. S. and FitzPatrick, E. A. 1987. Soil-calcrete (caliche) relationship on a Quaternary surface of the Chukurova Region, Adana (Turkey). In: Soil Micromorphology, edited by N. Fedoroff, L. M. Bresson and M. A. Courty, 597-603. Paris: Association Française pour l'étude du sol
58. Kapur, S., Yaman, S., Gokcen, S. L. and Yetis, C. 1993. Soil stratigraphy and Quaternary caliche in the Misis area of the Adana basin, southern Turkey. Catena 20: 431-445
59. Kolodny, Yehoshua. 1965. Lithostratigraphy of the Mishash Formation in Nahal Efe'e, and the petrology of its siliceous rocks. PhD dissertation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (in Hebrew
60. Kolodny, Y., Bar, M. and Sass, E. 1971. Fission track age of the "Mottled Zone Event", Israel. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 11: 269-272
61. Kolodny, Y. and Gross, S. 1974. Thermal metamorphism by combustion of organic matter, isotopic and petrological evidence. Journal of Geology 82: 489-506
62. Krumbein, W. E. 1968. Geomicrobiology and geochemistry of the "Nari-lime-crust" (Israel). In: Recent Developments in Carbonate Sedimentology in Central Europe, edited by German Muller and Gerald M. Friedman, 138-147. Berlin, Heidelberg and New York: Springer-Verlag
63. Lamplugh, G. W. 1902. Calcrete. Geological Magazine 9: 575
64. Lartet, Louis. 1869. Essai sur la géologie de la Palestine et des contrées avoisinantes, Telles que l'Égypte et l'Arabie. 1ère partie: Géologie générale et stratigraphie. Paris: Martinet
65. Levi, Y. 1983. The Geological Map of Israel 1:50,000 Sheet 3-II: Shefar'am, Explanatory Notes. Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel (in Hebrew
66. Mashiah, Moshe., Greenbaum, Noam., Zilberman, Ezra., Ron, Hagai and Ronen, Avraham. 2009 Pleistocene Tectonic Stability of the Western Carmel Escarpment: Evidence from Magnetostratigraphy of Calcretes. Report ES-35-2008. Jerusalem: The Ministry of National Infrastructures, Geological Survey of Israel (in Hebrew with English abstract
67. Mimi, A. and Assi, A. 2009. Intrinsic vulnerability, hazard and risk mapping for karst aquifers: A case study. Journal of Hydrology 364: 298-310
68. Muelinen, Eberhard Graf von. 1908. Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Karmels. Leipzig: K. Baedeker
69. Muir, A. 1951. Notes on the soils of Syria. Journal of Soil Science 2: 163-187
70. NRA (Natural Resources Authority of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan). 2007. Building Stones. Internet site: Http://www.nra.gov.jo/index. phpÖption=com-content&task=view&id=47&Itemid=68
71. Netterberg, Frank. 1969. The Geology and Engineering Properties of South African Calcretes. PhD dissertation, University of Witwatersrand
72. Neuendorf, Klaus. K. E., Mehl, Jr, James P. and Jackson, Julia A. (eds). 2005. Glossary of Geology, Fifth Edition. Alexandria, Virginia: American Geosciences Institute
73. Parker, Sybil P. (ed). 2002. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. 9th edn, 20 vols. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional
74. Picard, Leo. 1943. Structure and Evolution of Palestine. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
75. Picard, L. 1951. Geomorphogeny of Israel: Part 1 The Negev. Bulletin of The Research Council of Israel 1: 6-32
76. Pla-Pueyo, S., Gierlowski-Kordesch, E. H., Viseras, C. and Soria, J. M. 2009. Major controls on sedimentation during the evolution of a continental basin: Pliocene-Pleistocene of the Guadix basin (Betic Cordillera, southern Spain). Sedimentary Geology 219: 97-114
77. Reeves, Corwin C. 1976. Caliche: Origin, Classification, Morphology and Uses. Lubbock: Estacado Books
78. Reich, R. 1987. Building materials and architectural elements in the ancient world. In: The Architecture of Ancient Israel from the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods. Jerusalem: The Society for the Exploration of Eretz Israel and its Antiquities
79. Robinson, S. A., Black, S., Sellwood, B. W. and Valdes, P. J. 2006. A review of palaeoclimates and palaeoenvironments in the Levant and eastern Mediterranean from 25,000 to 5,000 BP: Setting the environmental background for the evolution of human civilisation. Quaternary Science Reviews 25: 1517-1541
80. Sachsse, R. 1896. Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntnis der Mineralien, Gesteine und Gewächse Palästinas (in German). Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palaestina-Vereins 19: 1-23. Leipzig: K. Baedeker
81. Schumacher, G. 1896. Das südliche Basan, zum ersten Male aufgenommen und beschrieben. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palaestina-Vereins 19: 5-51. Leipzig: K. Baedeker
82. Schumacher, G. 1902. Recent discoveries near Galilee. In: Palestine Exploration Fund: Quarterly Statement, edited by Harrison and Sons, 301-304. London: The Fund's Office
83. Segev, A., and Sass, E. (ed.). 2009. Geological Map of Israel 1:50,000 Sheet 3-III: Atlit. Jerusalem: Ministry of Infrastructures, Geological Survey of Israel (in Hebrew
84. Şenel, M. (ed.). 2002a. Geological Map of Turkey 1:500,000: Adana. Ankara: General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (in Turkish and English
85. Şenel, M. (ed.). 2002b. Geological Map of Turkey 1:500,000: Hatay. Ankara: General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (in Turkish and English
86. Sharoni, Avraham (ed.). 1987. The Comprehensive Arabic-Hebrew Dictionary. Tel Aviv: University of Tel Aviv (in Arabic and Hebrew
87. Shiloh, Y. and Horowitz, A. 1975. Ashlar quarries of the Iron Age in the hill country of Israel. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 217: 37-48
88. Singer, Arieh. 2007. The Soil of Israel. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag
89. Sneh, A. (ed.). 2008. Geological Map of Israel 1:50,000 Sheet 25-I: Qiryat Gat. Jerusalem: Ministry of Infrastructures, Geological Survey of Israel (in Hebrew
90. Sneh, A. (ed.). 2009. Geological Map of Israel 1:50,000 Sheet 11-I: Bet Shemesh. Jerusalem: Ministry of Infrastructures, Geological Survey of Israel (in Hebrew
91. Tanner, L. H. 2010. Continental carbonates as indicators of paleoclimate. In: Carbonates in Continental Settings: Geochemistry, Diagenesis and Applications, edited by Ana Maria Alonso-Zarza and Lawrence H. Tanner, 179-214. Amsterdam and Oxford: Elsevier
92. Vaumas, E. (de). 1961. Structure et Morphologie du Proche-Orient. Nouvel essai de synthèse et orientations de recherche. Revue de géographie alpine 49: 645-739
93. Verrecchia, E. P. 1990a. New micromorphological interpretation of Nari-calcrete (Israel). In: Developments in Soil Science, Soil Micromorphology: Studies in Management and Genesis 19, edited by Lowell A. Douglas, 677-682. Amsterdam, London, New York and Tokyo: Elsevier
94. Verrecchia, E. P. 1990b. Litho-diagenetic implications of the calcium oxalate-carbonate biogeochemical cycle in semiarid calcretes, Nazareth, Israel. Geomicrobiology Journal 8: 87-99
95. Verrecchia, E. P. and Le Coustumer, M. N. 1996. Occurrence and genesis of palygorskite and associated clay minerals in a Pleistocene calcrete complex, Sde Boqer, Negev Desert, Israel. Clay Minerals 31: 183-202
96. Watson, John. 1911. British and Foreign Building Stones. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
97. Wieder, M. and Yaalon, D. H. 1982. Micromorphological fabrics and developmental stages of carbonate nodular forms related to soil characteristics. Geoderma 28: 203-220
98. Wieder, M., Sharabani, M., and Singer, A. 1993. Phases of calcrete (Nari) development by micromorphology. In: Developments in Soil Science, Soil Micromorphology: Studies in Management and Genesis 22, edited by Anthony J. Ringrose-Voase and Geoff S. Humphreys, 37- 49. Amsterdam, London, New York and Tokyo: Elsevier
99. Wolfart, F. 1967. Geologie von Syrien und dem Libanon. Berlin-Nikolassee: Gebrüder Borntraeger
100. Wright, V. P. 2007. Calcrete. In: Geochemical Sediments and Landscapes, edited by David Nash and Sue J. McLaren, 10-45. Malden, Oxford and Victoria: Blackwell Publishing
101. Yaalon, D. H. and Singer, S. 1974. Vertical variation in strength and porosity of calcrete (Nari) on chalk, Shefela, Israel and interpretation of its Origin. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 44: 1016-1023
102. Yaalon, D. H. 1978. "Geoderma" - Continental Sedimentation: Calcrete, Desert Loess and Paleosols, Sand Dunes and Eolianites (Post-Congress Excursion Y5). Jerusalem: Tenth International Congress on Sedimentology
103. Yechieli, Y. 2008. Geological Map of Israel 1:50,000 Sheet 8-III: Lod. Jerusalem: Ministry of Infrastructures, Geological Survey of Israel (in Hebrew