Measles Outbreak in South Africa: Epidemiology of Laboratory-Confirmed Measles Cases and Assessment of Intervention, 2009-2011

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2013, Pages

  Ntshoe, Genevie M ^a   McAnerney, Johanna M ^a   Archer, Brett N ^a   Smit, Sheilagh B ^a   Harris, Bernice N ^b   Tempia, Stefano ^c   Mashele, Mirriam ^a   Singh, Beverley ^a   Thomas, Juno ^a   Cengimbo, Ayanda ^a   Blumberg, Lucille H ^a   Puren, Adrian ^a   Moyes, Jocelyn ^a   van den Heever, Johann ^d   Schoub, Barry D ^a   Cohen, Cheryl ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR COMMUNICABLE DISEASES   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

^c CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^d NATIONAL DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN M ANTIBODY; MEASLES VACCINE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; EPIDEMIC; FEMALE; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; INFANT; LABORATORY TEST; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEASLES; MEASLES VACCINATION; MEASLES VIRUS; MORBIDITY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SCHOOL CHILD; SERUM; SOUTH AFRICA; VIRUS STRAIN;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; FEMALE; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M; INCIDENCE; INFANT; MALE; MEASLES; MEASLES VACCINE; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SOUTH AFRICA; VACCINATION;

EID: 84874267374     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055682     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Heymann DL, editor (2004) Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 18th ed. Washington: American Public Health Association: 347-54.
2. World Health Organisation Regional Office for Africa. Measles pre-elimination. Available: http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/ard/immunisation-and-vaccines-development/programme-component/measles-pre-elimination.html. Accessed 2010 Nov 30.
3. WHO/UNICEF Joint Statement on Global plan for reducing measles mortality 2006-2010. Available: http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF06/WHO_IVB_05_11.pdf. Accessed 2010 Nov 30.
4. World Health Organisation (2009) Measles. Fact sheet No 286. 2009 December. Available: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs286/en/. Accessed 2010 Nov 30.
5. World Health Organisation. Expanded Programme on Immunisation, Measles Control in the 1990s: Protocol for analyzing the age distribution and age-specific incidence of measles cases in a given population or region. (WHO/EPI/GEN/94.7).
6. Hull HF, Williams PJ, Oldfield F (1983) Measles mortality and vaccine efficacy in rural West Africa. Lancet 1(8331):972-5. Epub 1983/04/30.
7. World Health Organisation (1999) WHO Guidelines for epidemic preparedness and response to measles outbreaks. Geneva (WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/99.1).
8. World Health Organisation. Department of Immunisation, Vaccines and Biologicals (2009) Response to measles outbreaks in measles mortality reduction settings. (WHO/IVB/09.03).
9. Dubray C, Gervelmeyer A, Djibo A, Jeanne I, Fermon F, et al. (2006) Late vaccination reinforcement during a measles epidemic in Niamey, Niger (2003-2004). Vaccine 24: 3984-9.
10. Goodson JL, Wiesen E, Perry RT, Mach O, Kitambi M, et al. (2009) Impact of measles outbreak response vaccination campaign in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Vaccine 27: 5870-4.
11. McMorrow ML, Gebremedhin G, van den Heever J, Kezaala R, Harris BN, et al. (2009) Measles outbreak in South Africa, 2003-2005. SAMJ 99(5): 314-9.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1999) Progress towards measles elimination - Southern Africa, 1996-1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 48(27): 585-9. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4827a3.htm. Accessed 10 December 2010.
13. World Health Organisation (2009) Progress towards measles control in WHO's African Region, 2001-2008. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 84(39): 397-404.
14. Department of Health (1998) Expanded Programme on Immunisation in South Africa, EPI (SA) 1998 October. EPI Disease Surveillance Field Guide. Guidelines for detecting, reporting, investigating and responding to EPI priority diseases. 2nd ed.
15. McAnerney J, Smit S, Cohen C, Singh B, Masango M, et al. (2007) Suspected measles case-based surveillance, South Africa, 2006. Communicable Diseases Surveillance Bulletin 5(1): 1-2. Available: http://www.nicd.ac.za/pubs/survbull/2007/CommDisBullMarch07.pdf. Accessed 7 December 2010.
16. McAnerney J, Cohen C, Smit S, Singh B, Masango M, et al. (2008) Suspected measles case-based surveillance, South Africa, 2007. Communicable Diseases Surveillance Bulletin 6(1): 2-4. Available: http://www.nicd.ac.za/pubs/survbull/2008/CommDisBullMarch08.pdf. Accessed 2010 Dec 7.
17. McAnerney J, Cohen C, Smit S, Singh B, Mashele M, et al. (2009) Suspected measles case-based surveillance, South Africa, 2008. Communicable Diseases Surveillance Bulletin 7(1): 2-3. Available: http://www.nicd.ac.za/pubs/survbull/2009/CommDisBullMarch09.pdf. Accessed 7 December 2010.
18. Statistics South Africa. Statistical release P0302. Mid-year population estimates, South Africa 2010. Available: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022010.pdf. Accessed 2010 Dec 13.
19. Leuridan E, Hens N, Hutse V, Leven M, Aerts M, et al. (2010) Early waning of maternal measles antibodies in era of measles elimination: longitudinal study. BMJ 340: c1626.
20. Pabst HF, Spady DW, Marusyk RG, Carson MM, Chui LW, et al. (1992) Reduced measles immunity in infants in a well vaccinated population. Pediatr Infect Dis J 11(7): 525-9.
21. Scott S, Cumberland P, Shulman C, Cousens S, Cohen BJ, et al. (2005) Neonatal measles immunity in rural Kenya: the influence of HIV and placental malaria infections on placental transfer of antibodies and levels of antibody in maternal and cord serum samples. J Infect Dis 191: 1854-60.
22. de Moraes-Pinto MI, Almeida AC, Kenj G, Filgueiras TE, Tobias W, et al. (1996) Placental transfer and maternally acquired neonatal IgG immunity in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 173(5): 1077-84.
23. Embree JE, Datta P, Stackiw W, Sekla L, Braddick M, et al. (1992) Increased risk of early measles in infants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive mothers. J Infect Dis 165(2): 262-7.
24. Scott S, Moss WJ, Cousens S, Beeler JA, Audet SA, et al. (2007) The influence of HIV-1 exposure and infection on levels of passively acquired antibodies to measles virus in Zambian infants. Clin Infect Dis 45: 1417-24.
25. Lepage P, Dabis F, Msellati P, Hitimana DG, Stevens AM, et al. (1992) Safety and immunogenicity of high dose Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine in children with HIV-1 infection: a cohort study in Kigali Rwanda. Am J Dis Child 146(5): 550-5.
26. National Department of Health South Africa (2010) Guidelines for the management of HIV in Children 2nd ed.
27. EUVAC.NET (2010) A surveillance community network for vaccine preventable infectious diseases. Measles surveillance annual report 2010. Available: http://www.euvac.net/graphics/euvac/pdf/annual_2010.pdf. Accessed 2011 Jun 20.
28. European Center for Disease Prevention and Control. Epidemiological update on measles in EU/EEA. Current situation in France 2011. Available: http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC. Accessed 2011 Jun 20.
29. Aylward RB, Clements J, Olive JM, (1997) The impact of immunization control activities on measles outbreaks in middle and low income countries. Int J Epidemiol 26: 662-9.
30. World Health Organisation (2006) Global distribution of measles and rubella genotypes - update. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 81: 469-80.
31. World Health Organisation (2011) Measles outbreaks and progress towards meeting measles pre-elimination goals: WHO African Region, 2009-2010. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 86(14): 129-40.