Participation and performance trends in triple iron ultra-triathlon - A cross-sectional and longitudinal data analysis

Asian Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 145-152

  Rüst, Christoph Alexander ^a   Knechtle, Beat ^a,b   Knechtle, Patrizia ^b   Rosemann, Thomas ^a   Lepers, Romuald ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b State Hospital St Gallen   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE BOURGOGNE   (France)

Author keywords

Athletic performance; Bicycling; Running; Swimming; Ultra endurance

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874158155     PISSN: 2008000X     EISSN: 20087209     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34605     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Ackland TR, Blanksby BA, Landers G, Smith D. Anthropometric profiles of elite triathletes. J Sci Med Sport 1998;1:52-6.
2. Bentley DJ, Millet GP, Vleck VE, McNaughton LR. Specific aspects of contemporary triathlon. Sports Med 2002;32:345-59.
3. Lepers R. Analysis of Hawaii Ironman performances in elite triathletes from 1981 to 2007. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40:1828-34.
4. Lepers R, Maffiuletti, NA. Age and gender interactions in ultraendurance performance: insight from the triathlon. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011;43:134-9.
5. Lehmann M, Huonker M, Dimeo F, et al. Serum amino acid concentrations in nine athletes before and after the 1993 Colmar ultra-triathlon. Int J Sports Med 1995;16:155-9.
6. Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Rosemann T, Oliver S. A Triple Iron triathlon leads to a decrease in total body mass but not to dehydration. Res Q Exerc Sport 2010;81:319-27.
7. Knechtle B, Duff B, Amtmann G, Kohler G. Cycling and running performance, not anthropometric factors, are associated with race performance in a Triple Iron Triathlon. Res Sports Med 2007;15:257-69.
8. Knechtle B, Duff B, Amtmann G, Kohler G. An ultra-triathlon leads to decrease of body fat and skeletal muscle mass -the triple iron triathlon Austria 2006. Res Sports Med 2008;16:97-110.
9. Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Rosemann T, Senn O. Personal best time, not anthropometry or training volume, is associated with total race time in a Triple Iron triathlon. J Strength Cond Res 2011;25:1142-50.
10. Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Rüst CA, Rosemann T. A comparison of anthropometric and training characteristics of Ironman triathletes and Triple Iron ultra-triathletes. J Sports Sci 2011;29:1373-80.
11. Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Lepers R. Participation and performance trends in ultra-triathlons from 1985 to 2009. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 21:e82-90.
12. Lepers R, Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Rosemann T. Analysis of ultra-triathlon performances. Open Access J Sports Med. 2011;2:131-6.
13. Hoffman MD, Fogard K. Factors related to successful completion of a 161-km ultramarathon. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2011;6:25-37.
14. Hoffman MD, Wegelin JA. The Western States 100-Mile Endurance Run: participation and performance trends. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:2191-8.
15. Hoffman MD, Ong JC, Wang G. Historical analysis of participation in 161 km ultramarathons in North America. Int J Hist Sport 2010;27: 1877-91.
16. Hoffman MD. Performance trends in 161-km ultramarathons. Int J Sports Med 2010;31:31-7.
17. Rüst CA, Knechtle B, Knechtle P, et al. European athletes dominate Double Iron ultra-triathlons - a retrospective data analysis from 1985 to 2010. Eur J Sports Sci DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2011.641033
18. Lepers R, Rüst CA, Stapley P, Knechtle B. Relative improvements in endurance performance with age: Evidence from 25 years of Hawaii Ironman racing. Age (Dordr) DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9392-z
19. Lepers R, Cattagni T. Do older athletes reach limits in their performance during marathon running? Age (Dordr) 2012;34:773-81.
20. Knechtle B, Rüst CA, Rosemann T, Lepers R. Age-related changes in 100-km ultramarathon running performance. Age (Dordr) 2012; 34:1033-45.
21. Bam J, Noakes TD, Juritz J, Dennis SC. Could women outrun men in ultramarathon races? Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:244-7.
22. Coast JR, Blevins JS, Wilson BA. Do gender differences in running performance disappear with distance? Can J Appl Physiol 2004; 29:139-45.
23. Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Rosemann T. Similarity of anthropometric measures for male ultra-triathletes and ultra-runners. Percept Mot Skills 2010;111:805-18.
24. Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Rosemann T, Senn O. What is associated with race performance in male 100-km ultra-marathoners--anthropometry, training or marathon best time? J Sports Sci 2011;29:571-7.
25. Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Rüst CA, et al. Predictor variables of performance in recreational male long-distance inline skaters. J Sports Sci 2011;29:959-66
26. Herbst L, Knechtle B, Lopez CL, et al. Pacing strategy and change in body composition during a Deca Iron Triathlon. Chin J Physiol 2011;54:255-63.
27. Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Schück R, et al. Effects of a Deca Iron Triathlon on body composition: a case study. Int J Sports Med 2008; 29:343-51.
28. Robins, A. Nutritional recommendations for competing in the Ironman triathlon. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2007;6:241-8.
29. Knechtle B, Wirth A, Baumann B, et al. Differential correlations between anthropometry, training volume, and performance in male and female Ironman triathletes. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24:2785-93.
30. Knechtle B, Schwanke M, Knechtle P, Kohler G. Decrease in body fat during an ultra-endurance triathlon is associated with race intensity. Br J Sports Med 2008;42:609-13.
31. Krouse RZ, Ransdell LB, Lucas SM, Pritchard ME. Motivation, goal orientation, coaching, and training habits of women ultrarunners. J Strength Cond Res 2011;25:2835-42.
32. O'Connor LM, Vozenilek JA. Is it the athlete or the equipment? An analysis of the top swim performances from 1990 to 2010. J Strength Cond Res 2011;25:3239-41.
33. Parise CA, Hoffman MD. Influence of temperature and performance level on pacing a 161 km trail ultramarathon. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2011;6:243-51.
34. Wegelin JA, Hoffman MD.Variables associated with odds of finishing and finish time in a 161-km ultramarathon. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:145-53.
35. R̈st CA, Knechtle B, Knechtle P, et al. Gender difference and age-related changes in performance at the long distance duathlon World Championships. J Strength Cond Res 2012, DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825420d0
36. Bond K. Running for their lives: A qualitative analysis of the exercise experience of female recreational runners. Women Sport Phys Act J 2005;14:69-82.
37. Frederick C, Ryan R. Differences in motivation for sport and exercise and their relations with participation and mental health. J Sport Behav 1993;16:124-146.
38. Gill K, Overdorf V. Incentives for exercise in younger and older women. J Sport Behav 1994;17:87-97.
39. Hodge K, Allen J, Smellie L. Motivation in masters sports: achievement and social goals. Psyc Sport Exerc 2008;9:157-76.
40. Levy S. Women and the personal meaning of competition: A qualitative investigation. Women Sport Phys Act J 2002;11:107-19.
41. Zaryski C, Smith DJ. Training principles and issues for ultra-endurance athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep 2005;4:165-70.
42. Knechtle B, Kohler G.Running performance, not anthropometric factors, is associated with race success in a Triple Iron Triathlon. Br J Sports Med 2009;43:437-41.
43. Lepers R, Stapley PJ. Differences in gender and performance in off-road triathlon. J Sports Sci 2010;28:1555-62