Systematic review of agents for the management of gastrointestinal mucositis in cancer patients

Supportive Care in Cancer

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 313-326

  Gibson, Rachel J ^a   Keefe, Dorothy M K ^b,c   Lalla, Rajesh V ^d   Bateman, Emma ^b   Blijlevens, Nicole ^e   Fijlstra, Margot ^f   King, Emily E ^d   Stringer, Andrea M ^g   Van Der Velden, Walter J F M ^e   Yazbeck, Roger ^g   Elad, Sharon ^h   Bowen, Joanne M ^a  

^a Frome Road University of Adelaide   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^c ROYAL ADELAIDE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT HEALTH CENTER   (United States)

^e RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

^f UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^g UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^h UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Clinical management; Gastrointestinal; Guidelines; Mucositis

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED CARBON; AMIFOSTINE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BALSALAZIDE; BUDESONIDE; BUTYRIC ACID; CEFIXIME; CELECOXIB; CHRYSIN; COLESTYRAMINE; ENEMA; FOLINIC ACID; GLUTAMINE; IRINOTECAN; LEVOFLOXACIN; LOPERAMIDE; MESALAZINE; METRONIDAZOLE; MISOPROSTOL; NEOMYCIN; OCTREOTIDE; OLSALAZINE; PALIFERMIN; PLACEBO; PROBIOTIC AGENT; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; SUCRALFATE;

CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COLORECTAL CANCER; DIARRHEA; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; ESOPHAGITIS; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL MUCOSITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HUMAN; HYPERBARIC OXYGEN; LACTOBACILLUS RHAMNOSUS; LUNG CARCINOMA; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; OSTEOSARCOMA; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVENTION STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROCTITIS; PROSTATE CANCER; RADIATION ENTEROPATHY; RADIATION INJURY; RECTUM HEMORRHAGE; REVIEW; SOLID TUMOR; SUPPOSITORY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT PLANNING; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; HUMANS; HYPERBARIC OXYGENATION; MUCOSITIS; NEOPLASMS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PROBIOTICS; RADIATION-PROTECTIVE AGENTS;

EID: 84874108624     PISSN: 09414355     EISSN: 14337339     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00520-012-1644-z     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Sonis ST et al (2004) Perspectives on cancer therapy-induced mucosal injury: pathogenesis, measurement, epidemiology, and consequences for patients. Cancer 100(9):1995-2025
2. Krishna SG et al (2011) Incidence and risk factors for lower alimentary tract mucositis after 1529 courses of chemotherapy in a homogenous population of oncology patients: clinical and research implications. Cancer 117(3):648-655
3. Elting LS et al (2003) The burdens of cancer therapy. Clinical and economic outcomes of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. Cancer 98(7):1531-1539
4. Elting LS et al (2007) Risk, outcomes, and costs of radiation-induced oral mucositis among patients with head-and-neck malignancies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 68(4):1110-1120
5. Gibson RJ, Keefe DM (2006) Cancer chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea and constipation: mechanisms of damage and prevention strategies. Support Care Cancer 14(9):890-900
6. Sonis ST (1998) Mucositis as a biological process: a new hypothesis for the development of chemotherapy-induced stomatotoxicity. Oral Oncol 34(1):39-43
7. Rubenstein EB et al (2004) Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of cancer therapy-induced oral and gastrointestinal mucositis. Cancer 100(9):2026-2046
8. Sonis ST (2004) Perspectives on cancer therapy-induced mucosal injury: pathogenesis, measurement, epidemiology, and consequences for patients. Cancer 100(9):1995-2025
9. Keefe DM (2007) Updated clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of mucositis. Cancer 109(5):820-831
10. Keefe DM (2004) Gastrointestinal mucositis: a new biological model. Support Care Cancer 12(1):6-9
11. Somerfield M et al (2000) ASCO clinical practice guidelines: process, progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Class Pap Curr Comm 4(4):881-886
12. Hadorn DC, Baker D, Hodges JS, Hicks N (1996) Rating the quality of evidence for clinical practice guidelines. J Clin Epidemiol 49(7):749-754
13. Delia P et al (2002) Prevention of radiation-induced diarrhea with the use of VSL#3, a new high-potency probiotic preparation. Am J Gastroenterol 97(8):2150-2512
14. Osterlund P et al (2007) Lactobacillus supplementation for diarrhoea related to chemotherapy of colorectal cancer: a randomised study. Br J Cancer 97(8):1028-1034
15. Urbancsek H et al (2001) Results of a double-blind, randomized study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Antibiophilus in patients with radiation-induced diarrhoea. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 13(4):391-396
16. Koukourakis MI et al (2007) Hypofractionated accelerated radiochemotherapy with cytoprotection (Chemo-HypoARC) for inoperable non-small cell lung carcinoma. Anticancer Res 27(5B):3625-3631
17. Han HS et al (2008) Randomized phase 2 study of subcutaneous amifostine versus epoetin-alpha given 3 times weekly during concurrent chemotherapy and hyperfractionated radiotherapy for limited-disease small cell lung cancer. Cancer 113(7):1623-1631
18. Movsas B et al (2005) Randomized trial of amifostine in locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and hyperfractionated radiation: radiation therapy oncology group trial 98-01. J Clin Oncol 23(10):2145-2154
19. Komaki R et al (2002) Randomized phase III study of chemoradiation with or without amifostine for patients with favorable performance status inoperable stage II-III non-small cell lung cancer: preliminary results. Sem Rad Onc 12(1 Suppl 1):46-49
20. Baughan CA et al (1993) A randomized trial to assess the efficacy of 5-aminosalicylic acid for the prevention of radiation enteritis. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 5(1):19-24
21. Martenson JA Jr et al (1996) Olsalazine is contraindicated during pelvic radiation therapy: results of a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 35(2):299-303
22. Resbeut M et al (1997) A randomized double blind placebo controlled multicenter study of mesalazine for the prevention of acute radiation enteritis. Radiother Oncol 44(1):59-63
23. Shukla P et al (2010) Circadian variation in radiation-induced intestinal mucositis in patients with cervical carcinoma. Cancer 116(8):2031-2035
24. Hille A et al (2005) A phase III randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of misoprostol rectal suppositories to prevent acute radiation proctitis in patients with prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 63(5):1488-1493
25. Kertesz T et al (2009) Effect of a prostaglandin - given rectally for prevention of radiation-induced acute proctitis - on late rectal toxicity. Results of a phase III randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Strah Onkol 185(9):596-602
26. Blijlevens NM et al (2005) A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, pilot study of parenteral glutamine for allogeneic stem cell transplant patients. Support Care Cancer 13(10):790-796
27. Sornsuvit C et al (2008) Pilot Study: effects of parenteral glutamine dipeptide supplementation on neutrophil functions and prevention of chemotherapy-induced side-effects in acute myeloid leukaemia patients. J Int Med Res 36(6):1383-1391
28. Li Y et al (2006) Oral glutamine ameliorates chemotherapy-induced changes of intestinal permeability and does not interfere with the antitumor effect of chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer: a prospective randomized trial. Tumori 92(5):396-401
29. Delia P et al (2007) Use of probiotics for prevention of radiation-induced diarrhea. World J Gastroenterol 13(6):912-915
30. Giralt J et al (2008) Effects of probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 in prevention of radiation-induced diarrhea: results from multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled nutritional trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 71(4):1213-1219
31. Syndman DR (2008) The safety of probiotics. Clin Infect Dis 46(2):104-111. doi: 2
32. Ijiri K, Potten CS (1988) Circadian rhythms in the incidence of apoptotic cells and number of clonogenic cells in intestinal crypts after radiation using normal and reversed light conditions. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med 53(5):717-727
33. Tomita M et al (1990) Effect of ethanol on fatal carbon monoxide poisoning in awake mice [correction of rats]. Toxicol Lett 50(2-3):151-157
34. Richter J et al (1996) Reversibility of lower reproductive tract abnormalities in women with Schistosoma haematobium infection after treatment with praziquantel - an interim report. Acta Trop 62(4):289-301
35. Michael M et al (2004) Phase II study of activated charcoal to prevent irinotecan-induced diarrhea. J Clin Oncol 22(21):4410-4417
36. Sergio GC, Felix GM, Luis JV (2008) Activated charcoal to prevent irinotecan-induced diarrhea in children. Ped Blood Cancer 51(1):49-52
37. Gridelli C et al (2000) Thoracic radiotherapy and daily vinorelbine as radiosensitizer in locally advanced non small cell lung cancer: a phase I study. Lung Cancer 29(2):131-137
38. Garces YI et al (2007) Phase I North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trial-N9923 of escalating doses of twice-daily thoracic radiation therapy with amifostine and with alternating chemotherapy in limited stage small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67(4):995-1001
39. Koukourakis MI et al (2002) Concurrent administration of Docetaxel and stealth liposomal doxorubicin with radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: excellent tolerance using subcutaneous amifostine for cytoprotection. Review 38 refs. Br J Cancer 87(4):385-892
40. Antonadou D et al (2001) Randomized phase III trial of radiation treatment +/- amifostine in patients with advanced-stage lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51(4):915-922, Erratum appears in Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002 Apr 1;52(5):1458. Erratum appears in Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002 Sep 1;54(1):308
41. Marina N et al (2005) Amifostine does not protect against the ototoxicity of high-dose cisplatin combined with etoposide and bleomycin in pediatric germ-cell tumors: a children's oncology group study. Cancer 104(4):841-847
42. Delioukina ML et al (2002) Phase II trial of irinotecan in combination with amifostine in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 94(8):2174-2179
43. Garcia-Manero G et al (2002) A phase I study of idarubicin dose escalation with amisfostine and high-dose cytarabine in patients with relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Haematologica 87(8):804-807
44. Arquette M et al (2002) Phase II evaluation of amifostine as an esophageal mucosal protectant in the treatment of limited-stage small cell lung cancer with chemotherapy and twice-daily radiation. Sem Radiat Oncol 12(1 Suppl 1):59-61
45. Leong SS et al (2003) Randomized double-blind trial of combined modality treatment with or without amifostine in unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 21(9):1767-1774
46. Antonadou D et al (2003) Effect of amifostine on toxicities associated with radiochemotherapy in patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 57(2):402-408
47. Capelli D et al (2000) Amifostine can reduce mucosal damage after high-dose melphalan conditioning for peripheral blood progenitor cellautotransplant: a retrospective study. Br J Haematol 110(2):300-307
48. Dunst J et al (2001) Intermittent use of amifostine during postoperative radiochemotherapy and acute toxicity in rectal cancer patients. Strahlenther Onkol 176(9):416-421
49. Awasthy BS et al (2001) Effect of amifostine on toxicities associated with salvage combination chemotherapy. J Assoc Physic India 49:236-239
50. Werner-Wasik M et al (2001) Preliminary report on reduction of esophagitis by amifostine in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy. Clin Lung Can 2(4):284-289, discussion 290
51. Tsavaris N et al (2003) Amifostine, in a reduced dose, protects against severe diarrhea associated with weekly fluorouracil and folinic acid chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer: a pilot study. J Pain Symptom Manage 26(3):849-854
52. Singh AK et al (2006) Intrarectal amifostine suspension may protect against acute proctitis during radiation therapy for prostate cancer: a pilot study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65(4):1008-1013
53. Simone NL et al (2008) Intrarectal amifostine during external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer produces significant improvements in Quality of Life measured by EPIC score. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 70(1):90-95
54. Ben-Josef E et al (2002) A pilot study of topical intrarectal application of amifostine for prevention of late radiation rectal injury. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 53(5):1160-1164
55. Takeda Y et al (2005) A phase I/II trial of irinotecan-cisplatin combined with an anti-late-diarrhoeal programme to evaluate the safety and antitumour response of this combination therapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 93(12):1341-1349
56. Ando M et al (2004) Weekly administration of irinotecan (CPT-11) plus cisplatin for refractory or relapsed small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 44(1):121-127
57. Jahraus CD et al (2005) Prevention of acute radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis by balsalazide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial in prostate cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 63(5):1483-1487
58. Karthaus M et al (2005) Prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, randomized phase III study with orally administered budesonide for prevention of irinotecan (CPT-11)-induced diarrhea in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Oncology 68(4-6):326-332
59. Lenfers BH et al (1999) Substantial activity of budesonide in patients with irinotecan (CPT-11) and 5-fluorouracil induced diarrhea and failure of loperamide treatment. Ann Oncol 10(10):1251-1253
60. Furman WL et al (2006) Cefixime allows greater dose escalation of oral irinotecan: a phase I study in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 24(4):563-570
61. Wirth LJ et al (2005) Phase I study of gefitinib plus celecoxib in recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol 23(28):6976-6981
62. Villalona-Calero M et al (2007) Thalidomide and celecoxib as potential modulators of irinotecan's activity in cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 59(1):23-33
63. Dy GK et al (2005) A phase I trial of celecoxib in combination with docetaxel and irinotecan in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 56(6):623-628
64. Argiris A et al (2006) Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of docetaxel, irinotecan, and celecoxib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Invest New Drugs 24(3):203-212
65. Javle MM et al (2007) Celecoxib and mucosal protection: translation from an animal model to a phase I clinical trial of celecoxib, irinotecan, and 5-fluorouracil. Clin Cancer Res 13(3):965-971
66. Flieger D et al (2007) Phase II clinical trial for prevention of delayed diarrhea with cholestyramine/levofloxacin in the second-line treatment with irinotecan biweekly in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Oncology 72(1-2):10-16
67. Heusinkveld RS, Manning MR, Aristizabal SA (1978) Control of radiation-induced diarrhea with cholestyramine. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 4(7-8):687-690
68. Chary S, Thomson DH (1984) A clinical trial evaluating cholestyramine to prevent diarrhea in patients maintained on low-fat diets during pelvic radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 10(10):1885-1890
69. Tobin PJ et al (2006) A pilot study on the safety of combining chrysin, a non-absorbable inducer of UGT1A1, and irinotecan (CPT-11) to treat metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 57(3):309-316
70. Hrushesky WJ et al (1990) Circadian-shaped infusions of floxuridine for progressive metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 8(9):1504-1513
71. Adler S et al (1994) Chronotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid in advanced colorectal carcinoma. Results of a chronopharmacologic phase I trial. Cancer 73(12):2905-2912
72. Depres-Brummer P et al (1995) Circadian rhythm-modulated (CRM) chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer with mitoxantrone, 5-fluorouracil, and folinic acid: preliminary results of a phase I trial. J Infusl Chemother 5(3 Suppl 1):144-147
73. Price TJ et al (2004) Phase III study of mitomycin-C with protracted venous infusion or circadian-timed infusion of 5-fluorouracil in advanced colorectal carcinoma. Clinical Colo Cancer 3(4):235-242
74. Rajagopalan K, et al (1998-1999) Phase II trial of circadian infusion floxuridine (FUDR) in hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Invest New Drugs. 16(3):255-258
75. Bertheault-Cvitkovic F et al (1993) Circadian rhythm-modulated chemotherapy with high-dose 5-fluorouracil: a pilot study in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Eur J Cancer 29A(13):1851-1854
76. Conroy T et al (1993) Simplified chronomodulated continuous infusion of floxuridine in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 72(7):2190-2197
77. Coudert B et al (2008) A randomized multicenter study of optimal circadian time of vinorelbine combined with chronomodulated 5-fluorouracil in pretreated metastatic breast cancer patients: EORTC trial 05971. Chronobiol Int 25(5):680-696
78. Tsujinaka S et al (2005) Formalin instillation for hemorrhagic radiation proctitis. Surg Innov 12(2):123-128
79. Algara M et al (2007) Prevention of radiochemotherapy-induced esophagitis with glutamine: results of a pilot study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 69(2):342-349
80. Jazieh AR et al (2007) Phase I clinical trial of concurrent paclitaxel, carboplatin, and external beam chest irradiation with glutamine in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Invest 25(5):294-298
81. Muscaritoli M et al (1997) Oral glutamine in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. Eur J Cancer 33(2):319-320
82. Jebb SA, Marcus R, Elia M (1995) A pilot study of oral glutamine supplementation in patients receiving bone marrow transplants. Clin Nutr 14(3):162-165
83. Daniele B et al (2001) Oral glutamine in the prevention of fluorouracil induced intestinal toxicity: a double blind, placebo controlled, randomised trial. Gut 48(1):28-33
84. Canovas G et al (2000) Oral glutamine supplements in autologous hematopoietic transplant: impact on gastrointestinal toxicity and plasma protein levels. Haematologica 85(11):1229-1230
85. Bozzetti F et al (1997) Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a double-blind randomized study. Nutrition 13(7-8):748-751
86. Coghlin Dickson TM et al (2000) Effect of oral glutamine supplementation during bone marrow transplantation. Jpen: J Parenter Enter Nutr 24(2):61-66
87. Pytlik R et al (2002) Standardized parenteral alanyl-glutamine dipeptide supplementation is not beneficial in autologous transplant patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Bone Marrow Transplant 30(12):953-961
88. Kernstine KH et al (2005) Hyperbaric oxygen treatment of hemorrhagic radiation-induced gastritis after esophagectomy. Ann Thor Surg 80(3):1115-1117
89. Jones K et al (2006) Treatment of radiation proctitis with hyperbaric oxygen. Radiother Oncol 78(1):91-94
90. Fink D et al (2006) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for delayed radiation injuries in gynecological cancers. Int J Gynecol Cancer 16(2):638-642
91. Huddy JE et al (2006) Hyperbaric oxygen as a treatment for malabsorption in a radiation-damaged short bowel. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 18(6):685-688
92. Dall'Era MA et al (2006) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for radiation induced proctopathy in men treated for prostate cancer. J Urol 176(1):87-90
93. Girnius S et al (2006) Treatment of refractory radiation-induced hemorrhagic proctitis with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Am J Clin Oncol 29(6):588-592
94. Safra T et al (2008) Improved quality of life with hyperbaric oxygen therapy in patients with persistent pelvic radiation-induced toxicity. Clinical Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 20(4):284-287
95. Sidik S et al (2007) Does hyperbaric oxygen administration decrease side effect and improve quality of life after pelvic radiation? Acta Med Indones 39(4):169-173
96. Woo TC, Joseph D, Oxer H (1997) Hyperbaric oxygen treatment for radiation proctitis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 38(3):619-622
97. Mayer R et al (2001) Hyperbaric oxygen - an effective tool to treat radiation morbidity in prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol 61(2):151-156
98. Bui QC et al (2004) The efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of radiation-induced late side effects. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 60(3):871-878
99. Bem J, Bem S, Singh A (2000) Use of hyperbaric oxygen chamber in the management of radiation-related complications of the anorectal region: report of two cases and review of the literature. Review 17 refs. Dis Col Rect 43(10):1435-1438
100. Charneau J et al (1991) Severe hemorrhagic radiation proctitis advancing to gradual cessation with hyperbaric oxygen. Dig Dis Sci 36(3):373-375
101. Kitta T et al (2000) The treatment of chronic radiation proctitis with hyperbaric oxygen in patients with prostate cancer. BJU Inter 85(3):372-374
102. Bates TD (1969) The treatment of stage 3 carcinoma of the cervix by external radiotherapy and high-pressure oxygen. Br J Radiol 42(496):266-269
103. Jensen DM et al (1997) A randomized prospective study of endoscopic bipolar electrocoagulation and heater probe treatment of chronic rectal bleeding from radiation telangiectasia. Gastrointest Endo 45(1):20-25
104. Flombaum CD, Meyers PA (1999) High-dose leucovorin as sole therapy for methotrexate toxicity. J Clin Oncol 17(5):1589-1594
105. Cavcic J et al (2000) Metronidazole in the treatment of chronic radiation proctitis: clinical trial. Croat Med J 41(3):314-318
106. Khan AM et al (2000) A prospective randomized placebo-controlled double-blinded pilot study of misoprostol rectal suppositories in the prevention of acute and chronic radiation proctitis symptoms in prostate cancer patients. Am J Gastroenterol 95(8):1961-1966
107. de Jong FA et al (2006) Prophylaxis of irinotecan-induced diarrhea with neomycin and potential role for UGT1A1*28 genotype screening: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Oncologist 11(8):944-954
108. Schmittel A et al (2004) Neomycin as secondary prophylaxis for irinotecan-induced diarrhea. Ann Oncol 15(8):1296
109. Alimonti A et al (2003) Prevention of irinotecan plus 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin-induced diarrhoea by oral administration of neomycin plus bacitracin in first-line treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 14(5):805-806
110. Kehrer DF et al (2001) Modulation of irinotecan-induced diarrhea by cotreatment with neomycin in cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 7(5):1136-1141
111. Topkan E, Karaoglu A (2006) Octreotide in the management of chemoradiotherapy-induced diarrhea refractory to loperamide in patients with rectal carcinoma. Oncology 71(5-6):354-360
112. Barbounis V et al (2001) Control of irinotecan-induced diarrhea by octreotide after loperamide failure. Support Care Cancer 9(4):258-260
113. Gebbia V et al (1993) Subcutaneous octreotide versus oral loperamide in the treatment of diarrhea following chemotherapy. Anti-Can Drugs 4(4):443-445
114. Cascinu S et al (1992) Control of chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea with octreotide in patients receiving 5-fluorouracil. Eur J Cancer 28(2-3):482-483
115. Zidan J et al (2001) Octreotide in the treatment of severe chemotherapy-induced diarrhea. Ann Oncol 12(2):227-229
116. Cascinu S et al (1993) Octreotide versus loperamide in the treatment of fluorouracil-induced diarrhea: a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 11(1):148-151
117. Geller RB et al (1995) Randomized trial of loperamide versus dose escalation of octreotide acetate for chemotherapy-induced diarrhea in bone marrow transplant and leukemia patients. Am J Hematol 50(3):167-172
118. Rosenoff S (2004) Resolution of refractory chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (CID) with octreotide long-acting formulation in cancer patients: 11 case studies. Support Care Cancer 12(8):561-570
119. Pro B, Lozano R, Ajani JA (2001) Therapeutic response to octreotide in patients with refractory CPT-11 induced diarrhea. Invest New Drugs 19(4):341-343
120. Rosen LS et al (2006) Palifermin reduces the incidence of oral mucositis in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 24(33):5194-5200
121. Johansson JE et al (2009) Gut protection by palifermin during autologous haematopoietic SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant 43(10):807-811
122. Andersen C et al (2006) The effect of a multidimensional exercise programme on symptoms and side-effects in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy - the use of semi-structured diaries. Eur J Oncol Nurs 10(4):247-262
123. Jarden M et al (2009) A randomized trial on the effect of a multimodal intervention on physical capacity, functional performance and quality of life in adult patients undergoing allogeneic SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant 43(9):725-737
124. Dimeo F et al (1997) Effects of aerobic exercise on the physical performance and incidence of treatment-related complications after high-dose chemotherapy. Blood 90(9):3390-3394
125. DeNysschen CA et al (2011) Nutritional symptom and body composition outcomes of aerobic exercise in women with breast cancer. Clin Nurs Res 20(1):29-46
126. Abd El-Atti S et al (2009) Use of probiotics in the management of chemotherapy-induced diarrhea: a case study. JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr 33(5):569-570
127. Chitapanarux I et al (2010) Randomized controlled trial of live Lactobacillus acidophilus plus Bifidobacterium bifidum in prophylaxis of diarrhea during radiotherapy in cervical cancer patients. Radiat Oncol 5:31
128. Benchimol EI, Mack DR (2004) Probiotics in relapsing and chronic diarrhea. J Ped Hematol Oncol 26(8):515-517
129. Delia P et al (2002) Prophylaxis of diarrhoea in patients submitted to radiotherapeutic treatment on pelvic district: personal experience. Dig Liver Dis 34(Suppl 2):S84-S86
130. Hille A et al (2008) Sodium butyrate enemas in the treatment of acute radiation-induced proctitis in patients with prostate cancer and the impact on late proctitis. A prospective evaluation. Strahlenther und Onkol 184(12):686-692
131. Vernia P et al (2000) Topical butyrate for acute radiation proctitis: randomised, crossover trial. Lancet 356(9237):1232-1235
132. Martenson JA et al (2000) Sucralfate in the prevention of treatment-induced diarrhea in patients receiving pelvic radiation therapy: a north central cancer treatment group phase III double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 18(6):1239-1245
133. Henriksson R, Franzen L, Littbrand B (1991) Prevention of irradiation-induced bowel discomfort by sucralfate: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study when treating localized pelvic cancer. Am J Med 91(2A):151S-157S
134. Duffour J et al (2002) Efficacy of prophylactic anti-diarrhoeal treatment in patients receiving Campto for advanced colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res 22(6B):3727-3731, Erratum appears in Anticancer Res. 2003 Mar-Apr;23(2B): following 1648. Erratum appears in Anticancer Res. 2003;23:5369
135. Franzen L et al (1988) Managing side-effects in radiotherapy with regard to the gastrointestinal tract. Rec Res Cancer Res 108:127-133
136. Castagna L et al (2001) Prevention of mucositis in bone marrow transplantation: a double blind randomised controlled trial of sucralfate. Ann Oncol 12(7):953-9551
137. Kneebone A et al (2001) The effect of oral sucralfate on the acute proctitis associated with prostate radiotherapy: a double-blind, randomized trial. Intl J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51(3):628-635
138. Stellamans K et al (2002) Does sucralfate reduce early side effects of pelvic radiation? A double-blind randomized trial. Radiother Oncol 65(2):105-108
139. Kochhar R et al (1991) Radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis. Prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of oral sulfasalazine plus rectal steroids versus rectal sucralfate. Dig Dis Sci 36(1):103-107
140. O'Brien PC et al (1997) A phase III double-blind randomised study of rectal sucralfate suspension in the prevention of acute radiation proctitis. Radiother Oncol 45(2):117-123
141. Kochhar R et al (1999) Natural history of late radiation proctosigmoiditis treated with topical sucralfate suspension. Dig Dis Sci 44(5):973-978
142. Melko GP et al (1999) Treatment of radiation-induced proctitis with sucralfate enemas. Ann Pharmacother 33(12):1274-1276
143. O'Brien PC et al (2002) Acute symptoms, not rectally administered sucralfate, predict for late radiation proctitis: longer term follow-up of a phase III trial - Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 54(2):442-449
144. Gul YA et al (2002) Pharmacotherapy for chronic hemorrhagic radiation proctitis. World J Surg 26(12):1499-1502
145. Sanguineti G et al (2003) Sucralfate versus mesalazine versus hydrocortisone in the prevention of acute radiation proctitis during conformal radiotherapy for prostate carcinoma. A randomized study. Strahlenther Onkol 179(7):464-4704
146. Chun M et al (2004) Rectal bleeding and its management after irradiation for uterine cervical cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 58(1):98-105
147. Kilic D et al (2000) Double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effectiveness of sulphasalazine in preventing acute gastrointestinal complications due to radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 57(2):125-129
148. Kilic D et al (2001) Sulfasalazine decreases acute gastrointestinal complications due to pelvic radiotherapy. Ann Pharmacother 35(7-8):806-810