Application of land use regression to identify sources and assess spatial variation in urban SVOC concentrations

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 47, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 1887-1895

  Melymuk, Lisa ^a,c   Robson, Matthew ^a,d   Helm, Paul A ^a,b   Diamond, Miriam L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b ONTARIO MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT   (Canada)

^c MASARYK UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^d MER Consulting   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR CONCENTRATIONS; COMPLEX EMISSIONS; HOUSEHOLD INCOME; LAND USE REGRESSION; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHER (PBDES); POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL (PCBS); POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS); POLYCYCLIC MUSKS; POPULATION DENSITIES; POTENTIAL SOURCES; SEMI-VOLATILE ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; SPATIAL VARIATIONS; TORONTO; TORONTO , CANADA; TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURES;

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS; LAND USE; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; POPULATION DISTRIBUTION; POPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION STATISTICS; REGRESSION ANALYSIS;

ORGANIC POLLUTANTS;

ACENAPHTHYLENE; AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; BIPHENYL; DIPHENYL ETHER; HYDROCARBON; MUSK; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AIR QUALITY; BUILDING; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); GIS; LAND USE; PAH; PBDE; PCB; POPULATION DENSITY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SPATIAL VARIATION; SUBURBAN AREA; TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AIR ANALYSIS; AIR SAMPLING; ARTICLE; CANADA; COMBUSTION; ELECTRONIC WASTE; EXHAUST GAS; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM; HEATING; INCINERATION; LAND USE; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE; POPULATION DENSITY; SAMPLING; URBAN AREA; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT;

AIR POLLUTANTS; CITIES; HALOGENATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

CANADA; ONTARIO [CANADA]; TORONTO;

EID: 84874094925     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es3043609     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Du, S.; Wall, S. J.; Cacia, D.; Rodenburg, L. A. Passive air sampling for polychlorinated biphenyls in the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (5) 1287-1292
2. Hu, D. F.; Lehmler, H. J.; Martinez, A.; Wang, K.; Hornbuckle, K. C. Atmospheric PCB congeners across Chicago Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44 (12) 1550-1557
3. Melymuk, L.; Robson, M.; Helm, P. A.; Diamond, M. L.; PCBs, PBDEs and PAHs in Toronto air: Spatial and seasonal trends and implications for contaminant transport Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 429, 272-280
4. Hoek, G.; Beelen, R.; de Hoogh, K.; Vienneau, D.; Gulliver, J.; Fischer, P.; Briggs, D. A review of land-use regression models to assess spatial variation of outdoor air pollution Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42 (33) 7561-7578
5. Briggs, D. J.; de Hoogh, C.; Guiliver, J.; Wills, J.; Elliott, P.; Kingham, S.; Smallbone, K. A regression-based method for mapping traffic-related air pollution: Application and testing in four contrasting urban environments Sci. Total Environ. 2000, 253 (1-3) 151-167 (Pubitemid 30259258)
6. Breivik, K.; Sweetman, A.; Pacyna, J. M.; Jones, K. C. Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners-A mass balance approach-3. An update Sci. Total Environ. 2007, 377 (2-3) 296-307 (Pubitemid 46662002)
7. Hafner, W. D.; Carlson, D. L.; Hites, R. A. Influence of local human population on atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39 (19) 7374-7379
8. Chalmers, A. T.; Van Metre, P. C.; Callender, E. The chemical response of particle-associated contaminants in aquatic sediments to urbanization in New England, USA J. Contam. Hydrol. 2007, 91 (1-2) 4-25 (Pubitemid 46331904)
9. Melymuk, L.; Robson, M.; Helm, P. A.; Diamond, M. L. Evaluation of passive air sampler calibrations: Selection of sampling rates and implications for the measurement of persistent organic pollutants in air Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45 (10) 1867-1875
10. Venier, M.; Hites, R. A. Flame retardants in the atmosphere near the Great Lakes Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (13) 4745-4751 (Pubitemid 351958417)
11. Motelay-Massei, A.; Harner, T.; Shoeib, M.; Diamond, M.; Stern, G.; Rosenberg, B. Using passive air samplers to assess urban-rural trends for persistent organic pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 2. Seasonal trends for PAHs, PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39 (15) 5763-5773
12. Peck, A. M.; Hornbuckle, K. C. Synthetic musk fragrances in urban and rural air of Iowa and the Great Lakes Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40 (32) 6101-6111 (Pubitemid 44302329)
13. McDonald, C. J.; Tourangeau, R. E. PCBs: Question and Answer Guide Concerning Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Environment Canada: Ottawa, Ontario, 1986.
14. Environment Canada PCB Regulations: An Overview. http://www.ec.gc.ca/bpc- pcb/default.asp?lang=en&n=E794BDF1-1 (accessed October 20, 2012).
15. Robson, M.; Melymuk, L.; Csiszar, S. A.; Giang, A.; Diamond, M. L.; Helm, P. A. Continuing sources of PCBs: The significance of building sealants Environ. Int. 2010, 36 (6) 506-513
16. Rudel, R. A.; Seryak, L. M.; Brody, J. G. PCB-containing wood floor finish is a likely source of elevated PCBs in residents' blood, household air and dust: A case study of exposure Environ. Health 2008, 7, 2
17. Grochowalski, A.; Lassen, C.; Holtzer, M.; Sadowski, M.; Hudyma, T. Determination of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and HCB emissions from the metallurgical sector in Poland Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2007, 14 (5) 326-332 (Pubitemid 47195151)
18. Hu, D. F.; Hornbuckle, K. C. Inadvertent polychlorinated biphenyls in commercial paint pigments Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44 (8) 2822-2827
19. Environment Canada Environmental Screening Assessment Report on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)-Draft for Public Comments. http://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/default.asp?lang=En&n=DF7DE982-1&offset= 6&toc=show.
20. Alcock, R. E.; Sweetman, A. J.; Prevedouros, K.; Jones, K. C. Understanding levels and trends of BDE-47 in the UK and North America: An assessment of principal reservoirs and source inputs Environ. Int. 2003, 29 (6) 691-698 (Pubitemid 37337115)
21. Batterman, S. A.; Chernyak, S.; Jia, C. R.; Godwin, C.; Charles, S. Concentrations and emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from U.S. houses and garages Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (8) 2693-2700
22. Reiner, J. L.; Kannan, K. A survey of polycyclic musks in selected household commodities from the United States Chemosphere 2006, 62 (6) 867-873 (Pubitemid 43181520)
23. Lee, H. B.; Peart, T. E.; Sarafin, K. Occurrence of polycyclic and nitro musk compounds in Canadian sludge and wastewater samples Water Qual. Res. J. Can. 2003, 38 (4) 683-702 (Pubitemid 38092967)
24. Galarneau, E.; Makar, P. A.; Sassi, M.; Diamond, M. L. Estimation of atmospheric emissions of six semivolatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in southern Canada and the United States by use of an emissions processing system Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41 (12) 4205-4213 (Pubitemid 46981705)
25. Environment Canada. National Inventory of PCBs in Use and PCB Wastes in Storage in Canada-2005 Annual Report; Environmental Stewardship Branch Government of Canada: Ottawa, Ontario, 2006.
26. Reisen, F.; Arey, J. Reactions of hydroxyl radicals and ozone with acenaphthene and acenaphthylene Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36 (20) 4302-4311
27. Rogge, W. F.; Hildemann, L. M.; Mazurek, M. A.; Cass, G. R.; Simoneit, B. R. T. Sources of fine organic aerosol 0.7. Hot asphalt roofing tar pot fumes Environ. Sci. Technol. 1997, 31 (10) 2726-2730 (Pubitemid 27426101)
28. Hydro One, EB-2009-0096, Exhibit C1, Tab 2, Schedule 2: Sustaining OM&A. In 2010/2011 Distribution Rate Application (EB-2009-0096); Hydro One: Toronto, 2009; pp 8-9-22-23.
29. Breivik, K.; Sweetman, A.; Pacyna, J. M.; Jones, K. C. Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners-a mass balance approach 1. global production and consumption Sci. Total Environ. 2002, 290 (1-3) 181-198 (Pubitemid 34450978)
30. Andersson, M.; Ottesen, R.; Volden, I. Building materials as a source of PCB pollution in Bergen, Norway Sci. Total Environ. 2004, 325 (1-3) 139-144 (Pubitemid 38622282)
31. Aries, E.; Anderson, D. R.; Fisher, R.; Fray, T. A. T.; Hemfrey, D. PCDD/F and ″dioxin-like″ PCB emissions from iron ore sintering plants in the UK Chemosphere 2006, 65 (9) 1470-1480 (Pubitemid 44479870)
32. Van Gerven, T.; Geysen, D.; Vandecasteele, C. Estimation of the contribution of a municipal waste incinerator to the overall emission and human intake of PCBs in Wilrijk, Flanders Chemosphere 2004, 54 (9) 1303-1308 (Pubitemid 38147887)
33. Chen, T.; Li, X. D.; Yan, J. H.; Jin, Y. Q. Polychlorinated biphenyls emission from a medical waste incinerator in China J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 172 (2-3) 1339-1343
34. Harrad, S. J.; Sewart, A. P.; Alcock, R.; Boumphrey, R.; Burnett, V.; Duarte-Davidson, R.; Halsall, C.; Sanders, G.; Waterhouse, K.; Wild, S. R.; Jones, K. C. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the British environment: Sinks, sources and temporal trends Environ. Pollut. 1994, 85 (2) 131-146 (Pubitemid 24113341)
35. Breivik, K.; Sweetman, A.; Pacyna, J. M.; Jones, K. C. Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners-A mass balance approach 2. emissions Sci. Total Environ. 2002, 290 (1-3) 199-224 (Pubitemid 34460498)
36. Gill, C. G.; Kuipers, B.; Simpson, C. D.; Lai, V. W. M.; Reimer, K. J.; Cullen, W. R. PCBs from old paint? Environ. Sci. Technol. 1997, 31 (8) A343-A343
37. Zhang, X. M.; Diamond, M. L.; Ibarra, C.; Harrad, S. Multimedia modeling of polybrominated diphenyl ether emissions and fate indoors Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (8) 2845-2850
38. Ward, J.; Mohapatra, S. P.; Mitchell, A. An overview of policies for managing polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Great Lakes basin Environ. Int. 2008, 34 (8) 1148-1156
39. Zhang, X. M.; Diamond, M. L.; Robson, M.; Harrad, S. Sources, emissions, and fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls indoors in Toronto, Canada Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (8) 3268-3274
40. Province of Ontario. Ontario Regulation 213/07, Fire Protection and Prevention Act, Fire Code. In Ontario Gazette, Toronto, 2007.
41. Li, H. Z.; Bai, J. M.; Li, Y. T.; Cheng, H. F.; Zeng, E. Y.; You, J. Short-range transport of contaminants released from e-waste recycling site in South China J. Environ. Monit. 2011, 13 (4) 836-843
42. Robinson, B. H. E-waste: An assessment of global production and environmental impacts Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 408 (2) 183-191
43. Petreas, M.; Oros, D. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in California wastestreams Chemosphere 2009, 74 (7) 996-1001
44. Csiszar, S. A.; Daggupaty, S. M.; Verkoeyen, S.; Giang, M.; Diamond, M. L. SO-MUM: A coupled atmospheric transport and multimedia model used to predict intraurban-scale PCB and PBDE emissions and fate Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (1) 436-445
45. La Guardia, M. J.; Hale, R. C.; Harvey, E. Detailed polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener composition of the widely used penta-, octa-, and deca-PBDE technical flame-retardant mixtures Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (20) 6247-6254 (Pubitemid 44630885)
46. Schenker, U.; Soltermann, F.; Scheringer, M.; Hungerbuhler, K. Modeling the environmental fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): The importance of photolysis for the formation of lighter PBDEs Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (24) 9244-9249
47. Soderstrom, G.; Sellstrom, U.; De Wit, C. A.; Tysklind, M. Photolytic debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38 (1) 127-132 (Pubitemid 38044744)
48. Weinberg, I.; Dreyer, A.; Ebinghaus, R. Waste water treatment plants as sources of polyfluorinated compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and musk fragrances to ambient air Environ. Pollut. 2011, 159 (1) 125-132
49. U.S. EPA EPI Suite; Office of Pollution Prevention Toxics and Syracuse Research Corporation, 2008.
50. Draxler, R. R.; Rolph, G. D., HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model; NOAA Air Resources Laboratory: Silver Spring, MD, 2003.
51. Weinberg, I.; Dreyer, A.; Ebinghaus, R. Landfills as sources of polyfluorinated compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and musk fragrances to ambient air Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45 (4) 935-941
52. Chen, D. H.; Zeng, X. Y.; Sheng, Y. Q.; Bi, X. H.; Gui, H. Y.; Sheng, G. Y.; Fu, J. M. The concentrations and distribution of polycyclic musks in a typical cosmetic plant Chemosphere 2007, 66 (2) 252-258
53. Diamond, M.; Goosey, E.; Csiszar, S.; Verkoeyon, S.; Catching, C. Reconnaisance Study of Coal Tar Sealcoat Application in Toronto and an Estimate of Related PAH Emissions; Report prepared for Environment Canada by the Diamond Environmental Group, University of Toronto: Toronto, 2011.
54. Van Metre, P. C.; Majewski, M. S.; Mahler, B. J.; Foreman, W. T.; Braun, C. L.; Wilson, J. T.; Burbank, T. L. PAH volatilization following application of coal-tar-based pavement sealant Atmos. Environ. 2012, 51 (0) 108-115
55. Ravindra, K.; Sokhi, R.; Van Grieken, R. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42 (13) 2895-2921
56. Cahill, T. A.; Cahill, T. M.; Barnes, D. E.; Spada, N. J.; Miller, R. Inorganic and organic aerosols downwind of California's Roseville railyard Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (9) 1049-1059
57. Dunn, R. Diesel Fuel Quality and Locomtive Emissions in Canada; Transportation Development Centre: Montreal, 2001.
58. Gevao, B.; Jones, K. C. Kinetics and potential significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon desorption from creosote-treated wood Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32 (5) 640-646 (Pubitemid 28225132)
59. Kohler, M.; Kunniger, T.; Schmid, P.; Gujer, E.; Crockett, R.; Wolfensberger, M. Inventory and emission factors of creosote, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and phenols from railroad ties treated with creosote Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34 (22) 4766-4772
60. Li, Y. F.; Yang, C.; Li, D.; Michajluk, S., Mapping anthropogenic B(a)P releases in the Great Lakes Basin. In Wit Transactions on Ecology and the Environment: Air Pollution XV-Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Modelling, Monitoring and Management of Air Pollutio, n, April 23-25, 2007, Algrave, Portugal 2007; Vol. 101, pp 301-310. (Pubitemid 350109058)
61. Dvorská, A.; Lammel, G.; Klánová, J. Use of diagnostic ratios for studying source apportionment and reactivity of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over Central Europe Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45 (2) 420-427
62. Prevedouros, K.; Jones, K. C.; Sweetman, A. J. Modelling the atmospheric fate and seasonality of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the UK Chemosphere 2004, 56 (3) 195-208 (Pubitemid 38692703)
63. Ontario Ministry of the Environment Brownfields Environmental Site Registry. http://www.environet.ene.gov.on.ca/besr-public/generalSearch.do? action=display& (accessed August 30, 2011).
64. Toronto Board of Trade Toronto as a Global City: Scorecard on Prosperity-2011; Toronto Board of Trade: Toronto, 2011; p 72.
65. Grieshop, A. P.; Lipsky, E. M.; Pekney, N. J.; Takahama, S.; Robinson, A. L. Fine particle emission factors from vehicles in a highway tunnel: Effects of fleet composition and season Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, S287-S298
66. Vallurupalli, R. K. New Methods to Estimate Average Annual Daily Traffic using Data from Permanent Count Stations; University of Toronto, Toronto, 1997.
67. Environment Canada National Climate Data and Information Archive. http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climateData/canada-e.html (accessed July 21, 2011).
68. Gingrich, S.; Macfarlane, R. Air Pollution from Wood-burning Fireplaces and Stoves; Toronto Public Health, City of Toronto: Toronto, 2002.
69. Hobson, M.; Thistlethwaite, G. Emission factors programme Task 7-Review of Residential & Small-Scale Commercial Combustion Sources, AEAT/ENV/R/1407 Issue 1; Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK: Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK, 2003.
70. Diamond, M. L.; Melymuk, L.; Csiszar, S. A.; Robson, M. Estimation of PCB stocks, Emissions, and urban fate: Will our policies reduce concentrations and exposure? Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44 (8) 2777-2783
71. Environment Canada National Pollutant Release Inventory. http://www.ec.gc.ca/inrp-npri/default.asp?lang=en (accessed July 15, 2011).
72. Van de Weghe, J. R.; Kennedy, C. A spatial analysis of residential greenhouse gas emissions in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area J. Ind. Ecol. 2007, 11 (2) 133-144 (Pubitemid 46743593)