A randomized clinical trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy versus unrestricted services for health anxiety (hypochondriasis)

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

Volumn 80, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 817-828

  McManus, Freda ^a,b   Surawy, Christina ^a   Muse, Kate ^a   Vazquez Montes, Maria ^c   Mark Williams, J G ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b University of Oxford ^*  (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

health anxiety; hypochondriasis; mindfulness; mindfulness based cognitive therapy

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; HYPOCHONDRIASIS; INTENTION TO TREAT ANALYSIS; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; MENTAL STRESS; MINDFULNESS BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY; PSYCHOTHERAPY; QUESTIONNAIRE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SELF REPORT;

ADULT; ANXIETY; COGNITIVE THERAPY; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; HYPOCHONDRIASIS; MALE; MEDITATION; MIDDLE AGED; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84874065330     PISSN: 0022006X     EISSN: 19392117     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0028782     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Authors.
2. Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., . . . Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in meditating and non-meditating samples. Assessment, 15, 329-342. doi:10.1177/1073191107313003
3. Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Hargus, E., Amarasinghe, M., Winder, R., & Williams, J. M. G. (2009). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for chronic depression: A preliminary study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 366-373. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.01.019
4. Barsky, A. J., & Ahern, D. K. (2004). Cognitive behavior therapy for hypochondriasis. A randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291, 1464-1470. doi:10.1001/jama.291.12.1464
5. Barsky, A J., Ettner, S., Horsky, J., & Bates, D. (2001). Resource utilization of patients with hypochondriacal health anxiety and somatization. Medical Care, 39, 705-715. doi:10.1097/00005650-200107000-00007
6. Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893-897.
7. Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1993). Beck Anxiety Inventory manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
8. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
9. Buwalda, F. M., Bouman, T., & van Duijn, M. (2007). Psychoeducation for hypochondriasis: A comparison of a cognitive-behavioural approach and a problem-solving approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 887-899. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.08.004
10. Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M., Grey, N., . . . Wild, J. (2006). Cognitive therapy versus exposure and applied relaxation in social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 568-578. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.568
11. Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., McManus, F., Hackmann, A., Fennell, M., Campbell, H., . . . Louis, B. (2003). Cognitive therapy versus fluoxetine in generalized social phobia: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 1058-1067. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.6. 1058
12. Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P. M., Hackmann, A., Wells, A., Fennell, M., Ludgate, J., . . . Gelder, M. (1998). Two psychological treatments for hypochondriasis. A randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 218-225. doi:10.1192/bjp.173.3.218
13. Creed, F., & Barsky, A. J. (2004). A systematic review of the epidemiology of somatisation disorder and hypochondriasis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 56, 391-408. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00622-6
14. First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). User's guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders-Research version, patient edition (SCID-I/P). New York: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
15. Greeven, A., van Balkom, A. J., Visser, S., Merkelbach, J. W., van Rood, Y. R., van Dyck, R., . . . Spinhoven, P. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy and paroxetine in the treatment of hypochondriasis: A randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 91-99. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.1.91
16. Gureje, O., Ü stun, T. B., & Simon, G. E. (1997). The syndrome of hypochondriasis: A cross-national study in primary care. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1001-1010. doi:10.1017/S0033291797005345
17. Hargus, E., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., & Williams, J. M. G. (2010). Effects of mindfulness on meta-awareness and specificity of describing prodromal symptoms in suicidal depression. Emotion, 10, 34-42. doi:10.1037/a0016825
18. Hayes, A. F. (n.d.). My macros and code for SPSS and SAS. Retrieved July 13, 2011, from http://www.afhayes.com/spss-sas-and-mplus-macrosand-code.html
19. Heeren, A., & Philippot, P. (2011). Changes in ruminative thinking mediate the clinical benefits of mindfulness: Preliminary findings. Mindfulness, 2, 8-13, doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0037-y
20. Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A metaanalytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 169-183. doi:10.1037/a0018555
21. Kuyken, W., Byford, S., Taylor, R. S., Watkins, E., Holden, E., White, K., . . . Teasdale, J. D. (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to prevent relapse in recurrent depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 966-978. doi:10.1037/a0013786
22. Kuyken, W., Watkins, E., Holden, E., White, K., Taylor, R. S., Byford, S., . . . Dalgleish, T. (2010). How does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy work? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 1105-1112. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.08. 003
23. Lovas, D. A., & Barsky, A. J. (2010). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for hypochondriasis, or severe health anxiety: A pilot study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 931-935. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.019
24. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 99-128. doi:10.1207/ s15327906mbr3901-4
25. Marcus, D. K., Hughes, K. T., & Arnau, R. C. (2008). Health anxiety, rumination, and negative affect: A mediational analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64, 495-501. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores .2008.02.004
26. McManus, F., Muse, K., & Surawy, C. (2011). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for severe health anxiety: An overview of principles and practices. Healthcare Counselling and Psychotherapy Journal, 11, 19-23.
27. Michalak, J., Hölz, A., & Teismann, T. (2011). Rumination as a predictor of relapse in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84, 230-236. doi:10.1348/147608310X520166
28. Mykletun, A., Heradstveit, O., Eriksen, K., Glozier, N., Øverland, S., Maeland. J. G., & Wilhelmsen, I. (2009). Health anxiety and disability pension award: The HUSK Study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 353-360. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31819cc772
29. Nakao, M., Shinozaki, Y., Ahern, D. K., & Barsky, A. J. (2011). Anxiety as a predictor of improvements in somatic symptoms and health anxiety associated with cognitive-behavioral intervention in hypochondriasis. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 80, 151-158. doi:10.1159/000320122
30. Noyes, R., Kathol, R. G., Fisher, M. M., Phillips, B. M., Suelzer, M. T., & Woodman, C. L. (1994). One-year follow-up of medical outpatients with hypochondriasis. Psychosomatics, 35, 533-545. doi:10.1016/S0033-3182(94)71722-9
31. Olde Hartman, T. C., Borghuis, M. S., Lucassen, P. L. B. J., van de Laar, F. A., Speckens, A. E., & van WeeL, C. V. (2009). Medically unexplained symptoms, somatisation disorder, and hypochondriasis: Course and prognosis. A systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 66, 363-377. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.09.018
32. Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (1998). Effects of attention training on hypochondriasis: A brief case series. Psychological Medicine, 28, 193-200. doi:10.1017/S0033291797005825
33. Piet, J., & Hougaard, E. (2011). The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for prevention of relapse in recurrent major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 1032-1040. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.002
34. Pilowsky, I. (1967). Dimensions of hypochondriasis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 89-93. doi:10.1192/bjp.113.494.89
35. Pocock, S. J. (1983). Clinical trials: A practical approach. Chichester, England: Wiley.
36. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behaviour Research Methods, 40, 879-891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
37. Raes, F., Dewulf, D., van Heeringen, C., & Williams, J. M. G. (2009). Mindfulness and reduced cognitive reactivity to sad mood: Evidence from a correlational study and a non-randomized waiting list controlled study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 623-627. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.03.007
38. Rassin, E., Muris, P., Franken, I., & van Straten, M. (2008). The featurepositive effect and hypochondriacal concerns. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 263-269. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.11.003
39. Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1991). Essentials of behavioral research: Methods and data analysis (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
40. Salkovskis, P. M., Rimes, K. A., Warwick, H. M. C., & Clark, D. M. (2002). The Health Anxiety Inventory: Development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychological Medicine, 32, 843-853. doi:10.1017/S0033291702005822
41. Segal, Z. V., Bieling, P., Young, T., MacQueen, G., Cooke, R., Martin, L., . . . Levitan, R. D. (2010). Antidepressant monotherapy vs. sequential pharmacotherapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, or placebo, for relapse prophylaxis in recurrent depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 1256-1264. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.168
42. Segal, Z. V., Teasdale, J. T., Williams, J. M. G., & Gemar, M. C. (2002). The Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Adherence Scale: Inter-rater reliability, adherence to protocol, and treatment distinctiveness. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 9, 131-138. doi:10.1002/cpp.320
43. Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulnessbased cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. London, England: Guilford Press.
44. Taylor, S. T., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2004). Appendix 1: Health Anxiety Interview. In Treating health anxiety: A cognitive-behavioral approach (pp. 245-249). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
45. Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., & Williams, J. M. G. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help. Behavior Research and Therapy, 33, 25-39. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)E0011-7
46. Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 615-923. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.4.615
47. Thomson, A. B., & Page, L. A. (2007). Psychotherapies for hypochondriasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4, 1-43. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006520.pub2
48. Visser, S., & Bouman, T. K. (2001). The treatment of hypochondriasis: Exposure plus response prevention vs. cognitive therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 423-442. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00022-X
49. Vøllestad, J., Sivertsen, B., & Høstmark, G. H. (2011). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for patients with anxiety disorders: Evaluation in a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 281-288. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.01.007
50. Walker, J., Vincent, N., Furere, P., Cox, B., & Kjernisted, K. (1999). Treatment preference in hypochondriasis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 30, 251-258. doi:10.1016/S0005-7916(99)00027-0
51. Warwick, H. M. C., & Salkovskis, P. M. (1990). Hypochondriasis. Behaviour, Research and Therapy, 28, 105-117. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90023-C
52. Wattar, U., Sorensen, P., Buemann, I., Birket-Smith, M., Salkovskis, P. M., Albertsen, M., & Strange, S. (2005). Outcome of cognitive-behavioural treatment for health anxiety (hypochondriasis) in a routine clinical setting. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 33, 165-175. doi: 10.1017/ S1352465804002000
53. Welch, P. G., Carleton, R. N., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2009). Measuring health anxiety: Moving past the dichotomous response option of the original Whiteley Index. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 1002-1007. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.05.006
54. Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Mindfulness, depression, and modes of mind. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 721-733. doi10.1007/s10608-008-9204-z
55. Williams, M. J., McManus, F., Muse, K., & Williams, J. M. G. (2011). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for severe health anxiety (hypochondriasis): An interpretative phenomenological analysis of patients' experiences. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50, 379-397. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.2010. 02000.x
56. World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.